{"title":"The Communicative Image of the Battle of Záblatí","authors":"Josef Čížek","doi":"10.32725/oph.2018.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2018.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49502579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Draft Books of Vilém Slavata of Chlum and Košumberk (1572-1652). A Publication Project","authors":"Josef Hrdlička, P. Král","doi":"10.32725/oph.2018.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2018.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45385729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the modern era the need for knowledge and searching for truths connecting extraordinary minds of science started to become formalized by institutionalization which was – and is – one of the most important processes of the regulation of social life . The ideas of the English philosopher Francis Bacon presented in his work New Atlantis (1627) were of great importance in this process . He showed that science can and must be organized and used in practice and industry . The practical application of sciences would improve life conditions .1 Bacon insisted that the broad field of natural knowledge was too large for one man . Collecting information, which was the first step towards a scientific investigation of the laws of nature, had become so complicated by then, that is was only possible as a collective enterprise .2 In France, the process of institutionalization of scientific research was in the full swing . Groups of highly educated scholars eager to analyse their scientific discoveries and take part in intellectual disputes were created more frequently than ever before . Academies and scientific societies established in 18th century were a significant phenomenon of intellectual life not only in France, but in many European countries as well . They were set up as public institutions working for the state in the field of sciences and humanities in order to develop cooperation between scholars, exchange thoughts and achievements and create the workspace for scientific experiments . The day before the French revolution, 32 cities (without Paris) had one or more academic institutions3 . Between 1715 and 1760, the provincial academic movement acquired twenty new centers including Stanisław Leszczyński’s Academy in Nancy . It was established rather late in comparison to other scientific institutions in French provincial cities such as Dijon (1725), Marseille (1726), Arras (1737), Rouen (1744), Toulouse (1730) or Amiens (1746)4 . The Polish king, Stanisław Leszczyński, the duke of Lorraine and Bar created a formal institution with strict rules
{"title":"The Organisation of Scientific Research at Leszczyński's Academy in Nancy","authors":"Małgorzata Durbas","doi":"10.32725/oph.2018.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2018.019","url":null,"abstract":"During the modern era the need for knowledge and searching for truths connecting extraordinary minds of science started to become formalized by institutionalization which was – and is – one of the most important processes of the regulation of social life . The ideas of the English philosopher Francis Bacon presented in his work New Atlantis (1627) were of great importance in this process . He showed that science can and must be organized and used in practice and industry . The practical application of sciences would improve life conditions .1 Bacon insisted that the broad field of natural knowledge was too large for one man . Collecting information, which was the first step towards a scientific investigation of the laws of nature, had become so complicated by then, that is was only possible as a collective enterprise .2 In France, the process of institutionalization of scientific research was in the full swing . Groups of highly educated scholars eager to analyse their scientific discoveries and take part in intellectual disputes were created more frequently than ever before . Academies and scientific societies established in 18th century were a significant phenomenon of intellectual life not only in France, but in many European countries as well . They were set up as public institutions working for the state in the field of sciences and humanities in order to develop cooperation between scholars, exchange thoughts and achievements and create the workspace for scientific experiments . The day before the French revolution, 32 cities (without Paris) had one or more academic institutions3 . Between 1715 and 1760, the provincial academic movement acquired twenty new centers including Stanisław Leszczyński’s Academy in Nancy . It was established rather late in comparison to other scientific institutions in French provincial cities such as Dijon (1725), Marseille (1726), Arras (1737), Rouen (1744), Toulouse (1730) or Amiens (1746)4 . The Polish king, Stanisław Leszczyński, the duke of Lorraine and Bar created a formal institution with strict rules","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Educational patronage and Lutheran school system in the Bohemian Lands in 16th and early 17th Centuries","authors":"M. Holý","doi":"10.32725/oph.2017.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2017.027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42993870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ungnads of Sonneck - Lutheran nobility in Habsburg monarchy around the half of 16th Century","authors":"V. Bůžek","doi":"10.32725/oph.2017.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2017.024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44155874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"The air of Naples is in itself a remedy\". The Neapolitan journeys of Count Charles-Joseph of Clary-Aldringen in 1816 and from 1818 to 1820","authors":"Matthieu Magne","doi":"10.32725/oph.2017.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2017.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41596333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Habsburg Road to the Development of Civil Society","authors":"G. Cohen, Pavel Kladiwa, Ivo Cerman","doi":"10.32725/oph.2017.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2017.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47480259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"\"Just write a lot, you know how I look forward it.\" Issue Report: Karel Havlíček's Correspondence","authors":"M. Pokorná","doi":"10.32725/oph.2017.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2017.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction The decades around 1700 were decisive for both Central Europe and its major power, the Habsburg monarchy� Much has been written about its main events and protagonists from the Ottoman siege of Vienna and the subsequent pushback of Christendom’s „hereditary enemy“ across the Hungarian plains, and the contemporaneous wars against Louis XIV’s France, which culminated in the greatest territorial extent of the Austrian monarchy in the early 18th century�2 Hardly surprising, the historiography of this era is extensive, and in many cases very lopsided, yet despite the amounts of ink that have been spilled over the Habsburg monarchy’s so-called „Age of Heroes“, or Heldenzeitalter, there are also blind spots: Perhaps echoing much of the older literature, even most newer studies continue to focus on „big men“ and their actions at court, in the various diets, or on the many battle fields, often more or less influenced by the Cultural Turn, which resulted in the publication of a wide variety of studies highlighting the serious limitations of Habsburg absolutism, emphasising the symbolic characteristics of their rule, and offering systemic explanations for the changes in the wake of the Thirty Years’ War� This holds particularly true for the Westphalian treaties, viewed by many, historians and scholars in fields as diverse as International Relations, Political Science, Legal History, and Sociology alike as the foundation of our „modern“ era�3 If there is a common thread that unites virtually all of these studies, it is
{"title":"Lordship and State Formation. Bohemia and the Habsburg monarchy from the Thirty Years' War to Charles VI","authors":"Stephan Sander-Faes","doi":"10.32725/oph.2017.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2017.005","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction The decades around 1700 were decisive for both Central Europe and its major power, the Habsburg monarchy� Much has been written about its main events and protagonists from the Ottoman siege of Vienna and the subsequent pushback of Christendom’s „hereditary enemy“ across the Hungarian plains, and the contemporaneous wars against Louis XIV’s France, which culminated in the greatest territorial extent of the Austrian monarchy in the early 18th century�2 Hardly surprising, the historiography of this era is extensive, and in many cases very lopsided, yet despite the amounts of ink that have been spilled over the Habsburg monarchy’s so-called „Age of Heroes“, or Heldenzeitalter, there are also blind spots: Perhaps echoing much of the older literature, even most newer studies continue to focus on „big men“ and their actions at court, in the various diets, or on the many battle fields, often more or less influenced by the Cultural Turn, which resulted in the publication of a wide variety of studies highlighting the serious limitations of Habsburg absolutism, emphasising the symbolic characteristics of their rule, and offering systemic explanations for the changes in the wake of the Thirty Years’ War� This holds particularly true for the Westphalian treaties, viewed by many, historians and scholars in fields as diverse as International Relations, Political Science, Legal History, and Sociology alike as the foundation of our „modern“ era�3 If there is a common thread that unites virtually all of these studies, it is","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41809059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review article of Frederick Schauer, The Force of Law, Cambridge, Mass . Harvard UP 2015; Allen Buchanan, The Heart of Human Rights, New York, Oxford UP 2013; Samuel Moyn, Human Rights and the Uses of History, New York, Verso 2014; Brian Tierney, Liberty and Law. The Idea of Permissive Natural Law, 1100-1800, Washington, CUA Press 2014 . There has been much talk about revisionism in the history of human rights recently . Most often this term has been associated with Samuel Moyn and his book The Last Utopia . Apart from that the label „new histories of human rights“ has also appeared in connection with two conferences taking place in the USA in 2015 .1 What is new about these new histories? In his influential book Moyn rejects the triumphalism of old-style narratives about human rights and argues that real human rights did not appear until the 1970s . Before that, the noble idea had only been abused to protect national states and their sinister interest . To be honest, I do not see much difference between Moyn’s alleged revisionism and the enthusiastic language of older human rights histories . The developments in „new democracies“ in Eastern Europe after 1989 and the Middle East after 2010 should have warned us that enthusiasm is a very misleading guide, and imitating the American rights-talk does not solve any of the difficult issues of a just political order in a real world . If the idea of human rights is to be of any help in maintaining democracies, it would be more appropriate to require more realism and less enthusiasm in histories of human rights . For I believe that if historiography is to make a meaningful contribution to the study of the phenomenon we call human rights, it has to turn away from illusionary approaches to realism .
{"title":"Illusions and Realism in the History of Human Rights","authors":"Ivo Cerman","doi":"10.32725/oph.2016.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32725/oph.2016.026","url":null,"abstract":"Review article of Frederick Schauer, The Force of Law, Cambridge, Mass . Harvard UP 2015; Allen Buchanan, The Heart of Human Rights, New York, Oxford UP 2013; Samuel Moyn, Human Rights and the Uses of History, New York, Verso 2014; Brian Tierney, Liberty and Law. The Idea of Permissive Natural Law, 1100-1800, Washington, CUA Press 2014 . There has been much talk about revisionism in the history of human rights recently . Most often this term has been associated with Samuel Moyn and his book The Last Utopia . Apart from that the label „new histories of human rights“ has also appeared in connection with two conferences taking place in the USA in 2015 .1 What is new about these new histories? In his influential book Moyn rejects the triumphalism of old-style narratives about human rights and argues that real human rights did not appear until the 1970s . Before that, the noble idea had only been abused to protect national states and their sinister interest . To be honest, I do not see much difference between Moyn’s alleged revisionism and the enthusiastic language of older human rights histories . The developments in „new democracies“ in Eastern Europe after 1989 and the Middle East after 2010 should have warned us that enthusiasm is a very misleading guide, and imitating the American rights-talk does not solve any of the difficult issues of a just political order in a real world . If the idea of human rights is to be of any help in maintaining democracies, it would be more appropriate to require more realism and less enthusiasm in histories of human rights . For I believe that if historiography is to make a meaningful contribution to the study of the phenomenon we call human rights, it has to turn away from illusionary approaches to realism .","PeriodicalId":36082,"journal":{"name":"Opera Historica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70051732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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