Pub Date : 2019-04-10DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2788
J. Dossa, Michaël Pernaci, E. Togbe, E. Agbossou, B. Ahohuendo
Oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) is one of the cash crops that mainly contributes to the gross domestic production of growing countries. This crop is grown worldwide throughout the humid intertropical belt. Its production in Africa is mainly threatened by the telluric fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis, causal agent of the oil palm vascular wilt. It has been reported that some environmental factors, such as soil and air salinity, may determine the survival, development and severity of phytopathogenic agents including Fusarium. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of NaCl on growth, reproduction and pathogenic traits of this fungus by measuring mycelium daily growth, mycelium dry weight, sporulation rate, germination rate and number of infectious spores under four NaCl concentrations (0 g.L-1, 2.5 g.L-1, 5 g.L-1 ,10 g.L-1) of culture medium (MM solid medium and Armstrong liquid medium). The results indicated that NaCl reduced the radial daily growth and mycelium dry weight. In addition, the NaCl reduced significantly the sporulation rate and number of infectious spores while increasing the germination rate. Overall, these results indicated the negative NaCl effect on the development and the fitness of this pathogenic fungus. Thus, NaCl inputs appeared to be a potential solution for managing Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis in the field, if a good balance between a decrease of disease incidence and yield loss is reached.
{"title":"Effect of NaCl on the development of the oil palm vascular wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis.","authors":"J. Dossa, Michaël Pernaci, E. Togbe, E. Agbossou, B. Ahohuendo","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2788","url":null,"abstract":"Oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae) is one of the cash crops that mainly contributes to the gross domestic production of growing countries. This crop is grown worldwide throughout the humid intertropical belt. Its production in Africa is mainly threatened by the telluric fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis, causal agent of the oil palm vascular wilt. It has been reported that some environmental factors, such as soil and air salinity, may determine the survival, development and severity of phytopathogenic agents including Fusarium. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of NaCl on growth, reproduction and pathogenic traits of this fungus by measuring mycelium daily growth, mycelium dry weight, sporulation rate, germination rate and number of infectious spores under four NaCl concentrations (0 g.L-1, 2.5 g.L-1, 5 g.L-1 ,10 g.L-1) of culture medium (MM solid medium and Armstrong liquid medium). The results indicated that NaCl reduced the radial daily growth and mycelium dry weight. In addition, the NaCl reduced significantly the sporulation rate and number of infectious spores while increasing the germination rate. Overall, these results indicated the negative NaCl effect on the development and the fitness of this pathogenic fungus. Thus, NaCl inputs appeared to be a potential solution for managing Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis in the field, if a good balance between a decrease of disease incidence and yield loss is reached.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83951438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-10DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2776
S. Ghuffar, G. Irshad, A. Gondal, Raees Ahmad, H. Rosli, Xiaoyu Zhang, H. Aslam, M. Iqbal, M. Gleason
During June 2016, a postharvest survey of table grapes was carried out in the main fruit markets of Attock (33°46'07.9"N 72°21'43.0"E) and Jehlum (32°56'22.3"N 73°43'31.4"E) districts of Punjab Province. At the time of sampling, two cultivars (King’s Ruby and Perlette) were sampled at five different locations of both districts. Disease incidence % of bunches averaged 3 to 4 %. Some infected fruit appeared water-soaked, light brown and covered by fluffy mycelium consisting of erect sporangiophores with black sporangia on the top (Figure 1). Symptomatic tissue pieces were surface-sterilized with 0.1% NaOCl for 30 sec, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, dried on filter paper for 45 sec and incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C. After 1 day, mycelium on PDA was transferred to a fresh PDA plate and incubated at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Within 3 days, white to yellow colonies with black aerial sporangia were formed (Figure 2). A total of 64 isolates were examined morphologically. Sporangiophores were erect, light brown and 623 to 3800 µm long. One to three rhizoids were observed opposite to each sporangiophore. Sporangia were black, globose to sub-globose, 91 to 124 μm in diameter. Columellae were conical to cylindrical and 86 to 187 μm long × 72 to 205 μm wide. Sporangiospores were hyaline to light dark grey, globose, ellipsoidal in shape and 6.8 to 12.4 × 3.6 to 12.5 μm (Figure 3). These features were identical to the description of Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill (Liou et al., 2007). For molecular identification, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of two representative isolates (Rizo 05 and Rizo 07) was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990). Sequence comparison of two isolates Rizo05 and Rizo 07 (Accession no. MH348205 and MH356272) revealed 100% identity with previously reported isolates of Rhizopus stolonifer (Accession no. MG865992, KU729185, HM051076, and MF374842). To complete Koch’s postulates, 10-µl aliquots of spore suspensions (106 spores/ml) of Rizo 05 and Rizo 07 were pipetted onto three non-wounded and four wounded asymptomatic grape berries (seven berries per isolate), Sterile distilled water was applied to asymptomatic berries to serve as a negative control. Berries were incubated at 25 ± 2°C in sterile moisture chambers, and the experiment was conducted twice (Ghuffar et al., 2018). Black to light brown, fluffy mycelium with the original symptoms was observed on both wounded and non-wounded inoculated berries after 3 days, whereas no symptoms were recorded on the negative control (Figure 4). The morphology of the fungus that was re-isolated from each of the inoculated berries was identical to that of the original cultures. Previously, Rhizopus stolonifer has been reported as a pathogen on grapes in Chile (Latorre et al., 2002). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Rhizopus stolonifer causing bunch rot of grapes in Pakistan. This finding will help to plan effective disease management st
2016年6月，在旁遮普省阿托克(33°46'07.9"北纬72°21'43.0"E)和耶赫姆(32°56'22.3"北纬73°43'31.4"E)地区的主要水果市场对鲜食葡萄进行了采后调查。在取样时，两个品种(国王红宝石和佩莱特)在两个地区的五个不同地点取样。每束的发病率平均为3% ~ 4%。部分受感染的果实被水浸透，呈浅棕色，被绒毛菌丝体覆盖，菌丝体由直立的孢子囊组成，顶部有黑色孢子囊(图1)。有症状的组织片用0.1% NaOCl表面消毒30秒，用无菌蒸馏水冲洗3次，在滤纸上干燥45秒，然后在25°C的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)上孵育。1天后，将PDA上的菌丝体转移到新鲜的PDA平板上，在25℃光周期下培养12 h。在3天内，形成白色到黄色的菌落，带有黑色的空中孢子囊(图2)。共有64株菌株进行了形态学检查。孢子囊壁直立，浅棕色，长623 ~ 3800µm。在每个孢子囊的对面可观察到一至三个根状体。孢子囊黑色，球状至亚球状，直径91 ~ 124 μm。小柱呈圆锥形至圆柱形，长86 ~ 187 μm，宽72 ~ 205 μm。孢子被子孢子呈透明到浅深灰色，球形、椭球状，大小为6.8 ~ 12.4 × 3.6 ~ 12.5 μm(图3)。这些特征与匍匐茎根霉(Ehrenb)的描述相同。Vuill (Liou et al.， 2007)。为了进行分子鉴定，用引物ITS1/ITS4扩增了两个代表性分离株Rizo 05和Rizo 07的ITS1-5.8 s - its2区(White et al.， 1990)。两个分离株Rizo05和Rizo 07的序列比较。MH348205和MH356272)显示与先前报道的匍匐茎根霉分离株100%同源。MG865992, KU729185, HM051076, MF374842)。为了完成Koch的假设，将10µl等分Rizo 05和Rizo 07的孢子悬浮液(106个孢子/ml)移液到3个未受伤和4个受伤的无症状葡萄浆果上(每个分离物7个浆果)，无菌蒸馏水应用于无症状的浆果作为阴性对照。浆果在25±2℃无菌湿室中孵育，实验进行两次(Ghuffar et al.， 2018)。3天后，在受伤和未受伤的接种浆果上都观察到黑色到浅棕色的蓬松菌丝体，具有原始症状，而在阴性对照上没有记录任何症状(图4)。从接种的每个浆果中重新分离的真菌形态与原始培养的真菌相同。此前，有报道称匍匐茎霉是智利葡萄的一种病原体(Latorre et al, 2002)。据我们所知，这是巴基斯坦首次报道匍匐茎霉引起葡萄串腐病。这一发现将有助于制定有效的防治巴基斯坦葡萄腐根霉的疾病管理策略。
{"title":"First report of Rhizopus stolonifer causing Rhizopus bunch rot on grapes in Pakistan","authors":"S. Ghuffar, G. Irshad, A. Gondal, Raees Ahmad, H. Rosli, Xiaoyu Zhang, H. Aslam, M. Iqbal, M. Gleason","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2776","url":null,"abstract":"During June 2016, a postharvest survey of table grapes was carried out in the main fruit markets of Attock (33°46'07.9\"N 72°21'43.0\"E) and Jehlum (32°56'22.3\"N 73°43'31.4\"E) districts of Punjab Province. At the time of sampling, two cultivars (King’s Ruby and Perlette) were sampled at five different locations of both districts. Disease incidence % of bunches averaged 3 to 4 %. Some infected fruit appeared water-soaked, light brown and covered by fluffy mycelium consisting of erect sporangiophores with black sporangia on the top (Figure 1). Symptomatic tissue pieces were surface-sterilized with 0.1% NaOCl for 30 sec, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, dried on filter paper for 45 sec and incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C. After 1 day, mycelium on PDA was transferred to a fresh PDA plate and incubated at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Within 3 days, white to yellow colonies with black aerial sporangia were formed (Figure 2). A total of 64 isolates were examined morphologically. Sporangiophores were erect, light brown and 623 to 3800 µm long. One to three rhizoids were observed opposite to each sporangiophore. Sporangia were black, globose to sub-globose, 91 to 124 μm in diameter. Columellae were conical to cylindrical and 86 to 187 μm long × 72 to 205 μm wide. Sporangiospores were hyaline to light dark grey, globose, ellipsoidal in shape and 6.8 to 12.4 × 3.6 to 12.5 μm (Figure 3). These features were identical to the description of Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill (Liou et al., 2007). For molecular identification, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of two representative isolates (Rizo 05 and Rizo 07) was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990). Sequence comparison of two isolates Rizo05 and Rizo 07 (Accession no. MH348205 and MH356272) revealed 100% identity with previously reported isolates of Rhizopus stolonifer (Accession no. MG865992, KU729185, HM051076, and MF374842). To complete Koch’s postulates, 10-µl aliquots of spore suspensions (106 spores/ml) of Rizo 05 and Rizo 07 were pipetted onto three non-wounded and four wounded asymptomatic grape berries (seven berries per isolate), Sterile distilled water was applied to asymptomatic berries to serve as a negative control. Berries were incubated at 25 ± 2°C in sterile moisture chambers, and the experiment was conducted twice (Ghuffar et al., 2018). Black to light brown, fluffy mycelium with the original symptoms was observed on both wounded and non-wounded inoculated berries after 3 days, whereas no symptoms were recorded on the negative control (Figure 4). The morphology of the fungus that was re-isolated from each of the inoculated berries was identical to that of the original cultures. Previously, Rhizopus stolonifer has been reported as a pathogen on grapes in Chile (Latorre et al., 2002). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Rhizopus stolonifer causing bunch rot of grapes in Pakistan. This finding will help to plan effective disease management st","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80774505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-10DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2742
A. Eisold
European white elms (Ulmus laevis Pall.) growing in a park in Caputh near Berlin (Germany) were regularly monitored over a period of 18 years showing virus infection-like symptoms such as chloroses, chlorotic ringspots, mottling and dieback. To obtain the evidence for viral infection, RNA-seq using an Illumina Hi Seq2500 was conducted and three contigs were obtained. They match with the three EMoV genomic RNAs and cover the open reading frames for the viral replicase, the polymerase and the movement and coat proteins (MP, CP). The contigs show identities of 95.3–96.4%, 91.9–93.3% and 89.0–92.5% at the nucleotide level with RNA 1, RNA 2 and RNA 3 of reference sequences, respectively. The analyses of the MP and CP showed significant differences in amino acid sequence compositions compared to those of reference EMoV sequences. These results demonstrate the presence of a so far unknown isolate of EMoV. This is the first report of sequence data of EMoV infecting U. laevis.
生长在柏林附近Caputh公园的欧洲白榆树(Ulmus laevis Pall.)在18年的时间里被定期监测，显示出类似病毒感染的症状，如褪绿、褪绿环斑、斑驳和枯死。为了获得病毒感染的证据，使用Illumina Hi Seq2500进行了rna测序，获得了三个片段。它们与三种EMoV基因组rna匹配，覆盖病毒复制酶、聚合酶、运动蛋白和外壳蛋白的开放阅读框(MP, CP)。与参考序列的RNA 1、RNA 2和RNA 3在核苷酸水平上的一致性分别为95.3-96.4%、91.9-93.3%和89.0-92.5%。MP和CP的氨基酸序列组成与参考EMoV序列有显著差异。这些结果表明存在一种迄今未知的EMoV分离株。这是首次报道的欧洲鳗感染emv的序列数据。
{"title":"Molecular Characterization of the Movement and Coat Proteins of a New Elm Mottle Virus Isolate Infecting European White Elm (Ulmus laevis Pall.)","authors":"A. Eisold","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.008.01.2742","url":null,"abstract":"European white elms (Ulmus laevis Pall.) growing in a park in Caputh near Berlin (Germany) were regularly monitored over a period of 18 years showing virus infection-like symptoms such as chloroses, chlorotic ringspots, mottling and dieback. To obtain the evidence for viral infection, RNA-seq using an Illumina Hi Seq2500 was conducted and three contigs were obtained. They match with the three EMoV genomic RNAs and cover the open reading frames for the viral replicase, the polymerase and the movement and coat proteins (MP, CP). The contigs show identities of 95.3–96.4%, 91.9–93.3% and 89.0–92.5% at the nucleotide level with RNA 1, RNA 2 and RNA 3 of reference sequences, respectively. The analyses of the MP and CP showed significant differences in amino acid sequence compositions compared to those of reference EMoV sequences. These results demonstrate the presence of a so far unknown isolate of EMoV. This is the first report of sequence data of EMoV infecting U. laevis.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73662620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2735
Seri Serge Pacome, G. Phillipe, Assiri Kouamé Patrice, L. Turquin, Serge V. O. Theodore, Séka Koutoua, H. Diallo
The efficiency of lixiviate on the tolerance of plantain to root attacks of Pratylenchus coffeae has been examined. During the growing phase which lasted a month, four different treatments were applied to Banana plants of cultivars CORNE 1 and PITA 3: lix- (no lixiviate), lix100 (100% lixiviate), lix25 (25% lixiviate) and lix5 (5% lixiviate). Then, these plants were inoculated with 500 individuals of P. coffeae to assess the effect of lixiviate treatments against nematodes on both cultivars CORNE 1 and PITA 3. This study showed that 5% lixiviate and 25% lixiviate doses gave better agronomic parameters (mass of root system, the collar circumference, pseudo stem height, leaf area and a number of leaves) evaluated on vivoplants. Cultivars CORNE 1 treated with 25% lixiviate dose and cultivars PITA 3 treated with 5% lixiviate dose, gained tolerance against nematode’s attacks. Otherwise, cultivars PITA 3 were resistant to nematodes after 25% lixiviate dosage because P. coffeae were reduced by 80 % in this treatment. The results presented in this work are encouraging for the development of biological control methods of banana nematodes by lixiviate
{"title":"Bio-Control of the Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus coffeae Using Lixiviate from Banana Rachis (Musa sp.)","authors":"Seri Serge Pacome, G. Phillipe, Assiri Kouamé Patrice, L. Turquin, Serge V. O. Theodore, Séka Koutoua, H. Diallo","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2735","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of lixiviate on the tolerance of plantain to root attacks of Pratylenchus coffeae has been examined. During the growing phase which lasted a month, four different treatments were applied to Banana plants of cultivars CORNE 1 and PITA 3: lix- (no lixiviate), lix100 (100% lixiviate), lix25 (25% lixiviate) and lix5 (5% lixiviate). Then, these plants were inoculated with 500 individuals of P. coffeae to assess the effect of lixiviate treatments against nematodes on both cultivars CORNE 1 and PITA 3. This study showed that 5% lixiviate and 25% lixiviate doses gave better agronomic parameters (mass of root system, the collar circumference, pseudo stem height, leaf area and a number of leaves) evaluated on vivoplants. Cultivars CORNE 1 treated with 25% lixiviate dose and cultivars PITA 3 treated with 5% lixiviate dose, gained tolerance against nematode’s attacks. Otherwise, cultivars PITA 3 were resistant to nematodes after 25% lixiviate dosage because P. coffeae were reduced by 80 % in this treatment. The results presented in this work are encouraging for the development of biological control methods of banana nematodes by lixiviate","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74654900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2658
H. H. Truong, Toyozo Sato, Seiju Ishikawa, A. Minoshima, T. Nishimura, Y. Hirooka
By 2016, fruit rot and two different leaf diseases (leaf spot and leaf blight) were found on Synsepalum dulcificum (miracle fruit) in Tokyo, Kanagawa and Kagoshima prefectures of Japan. From the lesions, abundant conidial masses and acervuli of three Colletotrichum species, two of which produced sexual state, were observed. We conducted a pathogenicity assay using these Colletotrichum species on healthy fruits and leaves of S. dulcificum. Our artificial inoculation tests showed symptoms of disease on tested fruit and leaf and indicated all three Colletotrichum species as causal agents of anthracnose on S. dulcificum. Based on morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CAL and TUB2 loci, these species were identified as Colletotrichum aenigma (MAFF 246750), C. siamense (MAFF 246751) and C. karstii (MAFF 245966). They have been previously reported as plant pathogenic fungi elsewhere in the world. This is the first report of fruit rot, leaf blight and leaf spot on S. dulcificum caused by these three Colletotrichum species.
{"title":"Three Colletotrichum Species Responsible for Anthracnose on Synsepalum dulcificum (Miracle Fruit)","authors":"H. H. Truong, Toyozo Sato, Seiju Ishikawa, A. Minoshima, T. Nishimura, Y. Hirooka","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2658","url":null,"abstract":"By 2016, fruit rot and two different leaf diseases (leaf spot and leaf blight) were found on Synsepalum dulcificum (miracle fruit) in Tokyo, Kanagawa and Kagoshima prefectures of Japan. From the lesions, abundant conidial masses and acervuli of three Colletotrichum species, two of which produced sexual state, were observed. We conducted a pathogenicity assay using these Colletotrichum species on healthy fruits and leaves of S. dulcificum. Our artificial inoculation tests showed symptoms of disease on tested fruit and leaf and indicated all three Colletotrichum species as causal agents of anthracnose on S. dulcificum. Based on morphological characters and molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS, GAPDH, ACT, CAL and TUB2 loci, these species were identified as Colletotrichum aenigma (MAFF 246750), C. siamense (MAFF 246751) and C. karstii (MAFF 245966). They have been previously reported as plant pathogenic fungi elsewhere in the world. This is the first report of fruit rot, leaf blight and leaf spot on S. dulcificum caused by these three Colletotrichum species.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81947172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2668
R. Ahmed, A. Gondal, M. Khan, S. Shahzaman, S. Hyder
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is an important disease that attacks fruits, leaves and twigs of peach. Peach is grown on an area of 18,008 ha with an average production of 72,085 tons per year in Pakistan (FAO, 2017). During May 2017, brown spots on 33% of the peach fruits examined were observed in Swat district of KPK province of Pakistan. Infected fruits were incubated at 25±2 °C in a humid chamber resulted in greyish mycelial growth with light brown lesions. Hyphal growths on infected fruits were cultured on PDA media and purified by hyphal tip method. Morphologically whitish grey growth was observed on PDA and later on dark sclerotia were observed after 6-7 days of incubation. Hyphae were found septate with branched hyaline conidiophores having a bunch of ovoid conidia at their tips. Further confirmations were done by amplifying internal transcribed spacer regions (Andrew et al., 2009) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) region of the isolates (Li et al., 2012). Amplicons sequenced from Macrogen Korea were blasted and submitted in NCBI showed that ITS sequences (Accessions MH049690 and MH049691) were 99% identical with already reported (MG878388 and MG654661) sequences and the G3PDH gene sequences (Accessions MH560352 and MH560353) were 99 % identical with already reported (Accessions MG204876) sequences of B. cinerea. Pathogenicity was confirmed on healthy peach fruits disinfected with 50% ethanol, inoculated by placing a plug of about 1cm2 taken from the edge of actively growing B. cinerea isolate (BTS-16). Fruits were incubated at 25±2 °C in a humid chamber (Abata et al., 2016). A set of healthy fruits mock-inoculated with a plug of agar medium were used as control. Three days after inoculation, inoculated fruits showed sunken lesions with cottony greyish mycelial growth on their surface. Fungus isolated from these infections was re-confirmed as B. cinerea. Conducive environment for the disease progression in nearby areas can result into a huge loss in peach produce so there is a need to devise management strategies to cope with the pathogen. This is the first report of gray mold disease of peach caused by B. cinerea from Pakistan.
灰霉病是由灰霉病引起的一种危害桃果实、叶、枝的重要病害。巴基斯坦的桃子种植面积为18,008公顷，平均年产量为72,085吨(粮农组织，2017年)。2017年5月，在巴基斯坦KPK省斯瓦特地区，33%的桃子果实上发现了褐色斑点。受感染的果实在25±2°C的潮湿室内培养，菌丝生长呈灰色，病变呈浅棕色。在PDA培养基上培养菌丝生长，并用菌丝尖端法纯化菌丝生长。培养6-7 d后，在PDA上观察到形态上的灰白色生长，随后在暗色菌核上观察到。菌丝是分开的，有分枝的透明分生孢子，其尖端有一束卵球形分生孢子。通过扩增内部转录间隔区(Andrew et al.， 2009)和分离物的甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(G3PDH)区域(Li et al.， 2012)进一步证实。对Macrogen Korea的扩增子测序结果进行分析并提交NCBI，结果表明ITS序列(accession MH049690和MH049691)与已报道的菌株(MG878388和MG654661)序列的一致性为99%，G3PDH基因序列(accession MH560352和MH560353)与已报道的菌株(Accessions MG204876)序列的一致性为99%。用50%乙醇消毒的健康桃果实，从活跃生长的灰绿芽孢杆菌(BTS-16)的边缘取下约1cm2的栓子接种，证实致病性。果实在25±2°C的潮湿室内培养(Abata et al.， 2016)。以一组健康水果模拟接种琼脂培养基为对照。接种3 d后，接种果实表面菌丝体呈棉灰色，呈凹陷状。从这些感染中分离的真菌再次确认为灰葡萄球菌。邻近地区的有利环境会导致桃子产品的巨大损失，因此需要制定管理策略来应对病原体。这是首次报道由巴基斯坦灰霉菌引起的桃灰霉病。
{"title":"First Report of Botrytis cinerea Causing Gray Mold Disease on Peach from Pakistan","authors":"R. Ahmed, A. Gondal, M. Khan, S. Shahzaman, S. Hyder","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2668","url":null,"abstract":"Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is an important disease that attacks fruits, leaves and twigs of peach. Peach is grown on an area of 18,008 ha with an average production of 72,085 tons per year in Pakistan (FAO, 2017). During May 2017, brown spots on 33% of the peach fruits examined were observed in Swat district of KPK province of Pakistan. Infected fruits were incubated at 25±2 °C in a humid chamber resulted in greyish mycelial growth with light brown lesions. Hyphal growths on infected fruits were cultured on PDA media and purified by hyphal tip method. Morphologically whitish grey growth was observed on PDA and later on dark sclerotia were observed after 6-7 days of incubation. Hyphae were found septate with branched hyaline conidiophores having a bunch of ovoid conidia at their tips. Further confirmations were done by amplifying internal transcribed spacer regions (Andrew et al., 2009) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) region of the isolates (Li et al., 2012). Amplicons sequenced from Macrogen Korea were blasted and submitted in NCBI showed that ITS sequences (Accessions MH049690 and MH049691) were 99% identical with already reported (MG878388 and MG654661) sequences and the G3PDH gene sequences (Accessions MH560352 and MH560353) were 99 % identical with already reported (Accessions MG204876) sequences of B. cinerea. Pathogenicity was confirmed on healthy peach fruits disinfected with 50% ethanol, inoculated by placing a plug of about 1cm2 taken from the edge of actively growing B. cinerea isolate (BTS-16). Fruits were incubated at 25±2 °C in a humid chamber (Abata et al., 2016). A set of healthy fruits mock-inoculated with a plug of agar medium were used as control. Three days after inoculation, inoculated fruits showed sunken lesions with cottony greyish mycelial growth on their surface. Fungus isolated from these infections was re-confirmed as B. cinerea. Conducive environment for the disease progression in nearby areas can result into a huge loss in peach produce so there is a need to devise management strategies to cope with the pathogen. This is the first report of gray mold disease of peach caused by B. cinerea from Pakistan. ","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80065672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2643
A. Boka, A. Bouet, A. Tiendrebéogo, Abalo Itolou Kassankogno, I. Ouédraogo, Ghislain Noumouha Epa N’Da, Odette D. Denezon, A. Adiko
An assessment of rice crop resistance to Bipolaris oryzae, a causal agent of rice brown leaf spot or helminthosporium disease was carried out. Ten (10) irrigated and upland rice varieties were used in this study. Seven (7) isolates of B. oryzae from Burkina Faso, seven (7) from Côte d’Ivoire and six (6) from Togo were used. The ten (10) varieties were inoculated with B. oryzae strains to assess their effect and determine the resistance level of these varieties to rice leaf spot (Helminthosporium). The varieties Bouaké- AM, FKR60N, NIL130, V10, FKR62N and CY2 showed a good level of resistance against all the isolates. The incidence of the disease on leaves reached 62.22% of severity index. Results revealed also that the strain effects are not linked to their country of origin. The investigation on the pathogenicity of Bipolaris oryzae isolates displayed the existence of a pathogenic variability among the fungus populations. These findings suggest that the tested varieties possess resistance genes that can be used in varietal selection.
对水稻褐叶斑病和线虫病病原菌稻瘟病进行了抗性评价。本研究选用了10个灌溉和旱地水稻品种。7株来自布基纳法索，7株来自Côte d ' ivire, 6株来自多哥。将10个品种分别接种米芽孢杆菌菌株，评价其对水稻叶斑病(Helminthosporium)的抗性。品种bouak - AM、FKR60N、NIL130、V10、FKR62N和CY2对所有菌株均表现出较好的抗性。叶片发病率达到严重指数的62.22%。结果还显示，菌株效应与它们的原产国无关。对稻瘟病菌分离株的致病性研究表明，稻瘟病菌群体间存在致病性变异。这些结果表明，被试品种具有抗病基因，可用于品种选择。
{"title":"Pathogenic Variability of Bipolaris oryzae Causing Leaf Spot Disease of Rice in West Africa","authors":"A. Boka, A. Bouet, A. Tiendrebéogo, Abalo Itolou Kassankogno, I. Ouédraogo, Ghislain Noumouha Epa N’Da, Odette D. Denezon, A. Adiko","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2643","url":null,"abstract":"An assessment of rice crop resistance to Bipolaris oryzae, a causal agent of rice brown leaf spot or helminthosporium disease was carried out. Ten (10) irrigated and upland rice varieties were used in this study. Seven (7) isolates of B. oryzae from Burkina Faso, seven (7) from Côte d’Ivoire and six (6) from Togo were used. The ten (10) varieties were inoculated with B. oryzae strains to assess their effect and determine the resistance level of these varieties to rice leaf spot (Helminthosporium). The varieties Bouaké- AM, FKR60N, NIL130, V10, FKR62N and CY2 showed a good level of resistance against all the isolates. The incidence of the disease on leaves reached 62.22% of severity index. Results revealed also that the strain effects are not linked to their country of origin. The investigation on the pathogenicity of Bipolaris oryzae isolates displayed the existence of a pathogenic variability among the fungus populations. These findings suggest that the tested varieties possess resistance genes that can be used in varietal selection.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72996215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2688
F. Ayed, H. Jabnoun-Khiareddine, Rania Aydi-Ben-Abdallah, M. Daami‐Remadi
Sclerotium rolfsii is one of the devastating soilborne fungus responsible for significant plant losses. The effects of pH and aeration on pathogen mycelial growth, sclerotial production and germination were investigated for three Tunisian isolates. Optimal mycelial growth occurred at pH 6 for Sr2 and Sr3 isolates and at pH 6-7 for Sr1. Dry mycelial growth was optimum at pH values ranging between 4 and 7. Sclerotial initiation started on the 3rd day of incubation at all pH values tested and mature sclerotia were formed after 6 to 12 days. Optimal sclerotial production was noted at pH 5. The dry weight of 100 sclerotia varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH range 4-7. At pH 9, mycelial growth, sclerotial production and dry weight of 100 sclerotia were restricted. The optimum sclerotial germination, noted after 24 h of incubation, varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH 4-9. Mycelial growth was optimum in aerated plates with a significant isolates x aeration treatments interaction. Sclerotial initiation occurred at the 3rd day of incubation and mature sclerotia were observed after 6-9 days. Sclerotial development was very slow in completely sealed plates and dark sclerotia were produced only after 15 days of incubation. The highest sclerotial yields were noted in aerated plates. The highest dry weight of 100 sclerotia for Sr1 isolate was recorded in ½ sealed, no sealed and completely sealed plates, while for Sr2, it was noted in ½ and ⅔ sealed plates. For Sr3, the maximum dry weight of 100 sclerotia was recorded in ½, ⅔ and completely sealed plates. Germination of S. rolfsii sclerotia, after 24 h of incubation, did not vary significantly depending on aeration treatments and ranged from 90 to 100% for all isolates.
{"title":"Effects of pH and Aeration on Sclerotium rolfsii sacc. Mycelial Growth, Sclerotial Production and Germination","authors":"F. Ayed, H. Jabnoun-Khiareddine, Rania Aydi-Ben-Abdallah, M. Daami‐Remadi","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.03.2688","url":null,"abstract":"Sclerotium rolfsii is one of the devastating soilborne fungus responsible for significant plant losses. The effects of pH and aeration on pathogen mycelial growth, sclerotial production and germination were investigated for three Tunisian isolates. Optimal mycelial growth occurred at pH 6 for Sr2 and Sr3 isolates and at pH 6-7 for Sr1. Dry mycelial growth was optimum at pH values ranging between 4 and 7. Sclerotial initiation started on the 3rd day of incubation at all pH values tested and mature sclerotia were formed after 6 to 12 days. Optimal sclerotial production was noted at pH 5. The dry weight of 100 sclerotia varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH range 4-7. At pH 9, mycelial growth, sclerotial production and dry weight of 100 sclerotia were restricted. The optimum sclerotial germination, noted after 24 h of incubation, varied depending on isolates and pH and occurred at pH 4-9. Mycelial growth was optimum in aerated plates with a significant isolates x aeration treatments interaction. Sclerotial initiation occurred at the 3rd day of incubation and mature sclerotia were observed after 6-9 days. Sclerotial development was very slow in completely sealed plates and dark sclerotia were produced only after 15 days of incubation. The highest sclerotial yields were noted in aerated plates. The highest dry weight of 100 sclerotia for Sr1 isolate was recorded in ½ sealed, no sealed and completely sealed plates, while for Sr2, it was noted in ½ and ⅔ sealed plates. For Sr3, the maximum dry weight of 100 sclerotia was recorded in ½, ⅔ and completely sealed plates. Germination of S. rolfsii sclerotia, after 24 h of incubation, did not vary significantly depending on aeration treatments and ranged from 90 to 100% for all isolates.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79200491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-24DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2441
B. Bosco, Ocwa Akasairi, Oculi Jasper
Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril) is a key horticultural crop in tropical and sub-tropical countries valued for its economic and nutritional importance. However, the recent outbreak of pineapple heart rot disease (PHRD) in Uganda is a serious threat to production. Yet, information on the prevalence, incidence and severity is limited and scanty. This study, therefore, assessed the prevalence, incidence and severity of pineapple heart rot disease in the districts of Masaka, Luwero, Kayunga and Mukono in the Lake Victoria crescent of Uganda in 2015. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to solicit information from 216 respondents. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics of SPSS computer package versions 16.0. Varying incidences and severities of pineapple heart rot disease was observed in all fields surveyed. The disease was more prevalent in Kayunga than Masaka districts, respectively. Overall, 48% and 05% pineapple fields were infected with pineapple heart rot disease in Kayunga and Masaka district, respectively. Similarly, the highest and the lowest disease incidence were recorded in Kayunga and Masaka district, respectively. Overall, the incidence and severity varied from field to field. The findings have therefore shown that pineapple heart rot disease is widespread and devastating in central Uganda. Therefore, there is a need for the policymakers to priorities resources to develop an appropriate disease management strategy to combat this devastating epidemic to save the pineapple industry.
菠萝(Ananas comosus L. Merril)是热带和亚热带国家的重要园艺作物，因其经济和营养价值而受到重视。然而，最近在乌干达爆发的菠萝心腐病(PHRD)对生产构成了严重威胁。然而，关于流行程度、发病率和严重程度的信息有限而且稀少。因此，本研究评估了2015年乌干达维多利亚湖新月区的Masaka、Luwero、Kayunga和Mukono地区菠萝心脏腐烂病的患病率、发病率和严重程度。采用半结构化问卷向216名受访者征求信息。采用SPSS计算机软件包16.0版本进行描述性统计分析。菠萝心腐病的发病率和严重程度各不相同。该病分别在Kayunga区比Masaka区更为流行。总体而言，Kayunga区和Masaka区菠萝田的菠萝心腐病感染率分别为48%和05%。同样，疾病发病率最高和最低的分别是卡永加县和马萨卡县。总体而言，不同地区的发病率和严重程度各不相同。因此，研究结果表明，菠萝心脏腐烂病在乌干达中部广泛存在并具有破坏性。因此，决策者需要优先考虑资源，制定适当的疾病管理战略，以对抗这种毁灭性的流行病，以拯救菠萝产业。
{"title":"Diagnostic Survey of Pineapple Heart Rot Disease in Lake Victoria Crescent Basin of Uganda","authors":"B. Bosco, Ocwa Akasairi, Oculi Jasper","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2441","url":null,"abstract":"Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril) is a key horticultural crop in tropical and sub-tropical countries valued for its economic and nutritional importance. However, the recent outbreak of pineapple heart rot disease (PHRD) in Uganda is a serious threat to production. Yet, information on the prevalence, incidence and severity is limited and scanty. This study, therefore, assessed the prevalence, incidence and severity of pineapple heart rot disease in the districts of Masaka, Luwero, Kayunga and Mukono in the Lake Victoria crescent of Uganda in 2015. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to solicit information from 216 respondents. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics of SPSS computer package versions 16.0. Varying incidences and severities of pineapple heart rot disease was observed in all fields surveyed. The disease was more prevalent in Kayunga than Masaka districts, respectively. Overall, 48% and 05% pineapple fields were infected with pineapple heart rot disease in Kayunga and Masaka district, respectively. Similarly, the highest and the lowest disease incidence were recorded in Kayunga and Masaka district, respectively. Overall, the incidence and severity varied from field to field. The findings have therefore shown that pineapple heart rot disease is widespread and devastating in central Uganda. Therefore, there is a need for the policymakers to priorities resources to develop an appropriate disease management strategy to combat this devastating epidemic to save the pineapple industry.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89398651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-24DOI: 10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2522
Lukman Ahamad, M. Siddiqui
Fresh leaves of Calotropis procera, Wedelia chinensis, Lantana camara, Jatropha pandurifolia, Parthenium hysterophorus and Nerium indicum were evaluated for their hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita. After that tested plants were used as an organic amendment for the management of M. incognita affecting Tomato. Four concentrations S, S/10, S/100 and S/1000 of leaf extracts of tested plants were prepared. All the plant extracts showed varied and significant results over control. The “S” concentration of leaf extracts of C. procera, P. hysterophorus, L. camara and W. chinensis exhibited 100% mortality over J. Pandurifolia, N. indicum after 48 h exposure period. Similarly, larval hatching was completely inhibited by “S” concentration of extracts of tested plants except for N. indicum after five days of the exposure period. Increased dilution showed a direct effect on hatching but a contrary effect on mortality. The juvenile mortality increased with increase in exposure period. In pot condition, soil amended with chopped leaves of tested plants 50 g and100 g alone and in combination with 50 g leaves plus carbofuran significantly enhanced the plant growth and decreased host infestation caused by M. incognita over control. Among treatments, C. procera leaves plus carbofuran were found to be the best in increasing plant growth and chlorophyll content.
{"title":"Efficacy of Botanicals and Carbofuran for the Control of Meloidogyne incognita Affecting Solanum lycopersicum L.","authors":"Lukman Ahamad, M. Siddiqui","doi":"10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/PHYTOPATH.007.02.2522","url":null,"abstract":"Fresh leaves of Calotropis procera, Wedelia chinensis, Lantana camara, Jatropha pandurifolia, Parthenium hysterophorus and Nerium indicum were evaluated for their hatching and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita. After that tested plants were used as an organic amendment for the management of M. incognita affecting Tomato. Four concentrations S, S/10, S/100 and S/1000 of leaf extracts of tested plants were prepared. All the plant extracts showed varied and significant results over control. The “S” concentration of leaf extracts of C. procera, P. hysterophorus, L. camara and W. chinensis exhibited 100% mortality over J. Pandurifolia, N. indicum after 48 h exposure period. Similarly, larval hatching was completely inhibited by “S” concentration of extracts of tested plants except for N. indicum after five days of the exposure period. Increased dilution showed a direct effect on hatching but a contrary effect on mortality. The juvenile mortality increased with increase in exposure period. In pot condition, soil amended with chopped leaves of tested plants 50 g and100 g alone and in combination with 50 g leaves plus carbofuran significantly enhanced the plant growth and decreased host infestation caused by M. incognita over control. Among treatments, C. procera leaves plus carbofuran were found to be the best in increasing plant growth and chlorophyll content.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81982656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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