With the emergence of video game localisation studies in the last decade, scholarly interest in translation studies in this young discipline has increased. Although globalisation has encouraged video game companies to offer their products in as many languages and markets as feasible, this academic discipline is still an under-researched area, especially in the Arab context. This article presents an overview to engender a better understanding of the nature of video games and their localisation in the Arab market. This market is distinct due to its culture, politics and language. In addition to the translational challenges related to the Arabic language, this study deals with the specificities of video game localisation from political, cultural and linguistic perspectives. This research offers a historical overview of the localisation of video games into Arabic since the inception of the practice, including an outline of the main localisation milestones in this field.
{"title":"An overview of the localisation of video games into Arabic","authors":"Abdullah Goaid Alotaibi, Zafer Tuhaitah","doi":"10.1075/jial.20008.goa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.20008.goa","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000With the emergence of video game localisation studies in the last decade, scholarly interest in translation studies in this young discipline has increased. Although globalisation has encouraged video game companies to offer their products in as many languages and markets as feasible, this academic discipline is still an under-researched area, especially in the Arab context. This article presents an overview to engender a better understanding of the nature of video games and their localisation in the Arab market. This market is distinct due to its culture, politics and language. In addition to the translational challenges related to the Arabic language, this study deals with the specificities of video game localisation from political, cultural and linguistic perspectives. This research offers a historical overview of the localisation of video games into Arabic since the inception of the practice, including an outline of the main localisation milestones in this field.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42112621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital labour platforms, encompassing on-demand translation work via apps and websites, have grown exponentially in recent years and have significant consequences for translation workers. This study explores the critical literature on digital labour platforms from a labour studies perspective and submits the findings of a quantitative survey of 70 translation workers residing in Turkey and working on/for digital labour platforms. Our research suggests that the introduction of digital labour platforms into translation production and business networks has not yet provided a significant contribution to the working conditions of translation workers in Turkey. Instead, we argue that their working conditions have been rearranged and reorganized in accordance with the uberization of (translation) work. According to the survey findings, engaging in such work on/for digital labour platforms exposes translation workers to risks related to employment status, income level, work-life balance, social protections, free agency, bargaining power, dependence on the platform, allocation of risks and rewards, and data collection, protection and privacy.
{"title":"Uberization of translation","authors":"Gökhan Fırat","doi":"10.1075/jial.20006.fir","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.20006.fir","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Digital labour platforms, encompassing on-demand translation work via apps and websites, have grown exponentially\u0000 in recent years and have significant consequences for translation workers. This study explores the critical literature on digital\u0000 labour platforms from a labour studies perspective and submits the findings of a quantitative survey of 70 translation workers\u0000 residing in Turkey and working on/for digital labour platforms. Our research suggests that the introduction of digital labour\u0000 platforms into translation production and business networks has not yet provided a significant contribution to the working\u0000 conditions of translation workers in Turkey. Instead, we argue that their working conditions have been rearranged and reorganized\u0000 in accordance with the uberization of (translation) work. According to the survey findings, engaging in such work on/for digital\u0000 labour platforms exposes translation workers to risks related to employment status, income level, work-life balance, social\u0000 protections, free agency, bargaining power, dependence on the platform, allocation of risks and rewards, and data collection,\u0000 protection and privacy.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49669652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Warburton (2021): The Corporate Terminologist","authors":"Lynne Bowker","doi":"10.1075/jial.21001.bow","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.21001.bow","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45952926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Localization in the time of COVID-19","authors":"Nicole Anichini, D. Nemeth","doi":"10.1075/jial.00017.ani","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.00017.ani","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48484726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Localization around the globe","authors":"","doi":"10.1075/jial.7.1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.7.1-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47449308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditionally, website translation has been considered a process moving from the global to the local, or from the major to the minor, and has largely been termed localization. Yet, the various meanings and interpretations of the term create the need for more specific terms that designate specific types of localization such as the cases where a locally generated website, created in a locale with ‘minor’ presence on the international market, needs to be provided in a language that is considered ‘major’ in cyberspace, e.g. websites into English as a lingua franca. In such cases, the website content transfer follows an opposite direction, i.e. from the local to the global. We would like to capitalize on the major-minor metaphor as a methodological tool for cases emerging as a quasi-opposite process to the prevailing conceptualization of localization, in an attempt to highlight differences which might justify new terminology. It will be argued that the concept of locale from which the term localization stems does not apply when a culturally undefined audience is addressed, and a new term will be proposed.
{"title":"Website localization","authors":"G. Floros, P. Charalampidou","doi":"10.1075/JIAL.19004.CHA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JIAL.19004.CHA","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Traditionally, website translation has been considered a process moving from the global to the local, or from the\u0000 major to the minor, and has largely been termed localization. Yet, the various meanings and interpretations of the term create the\u0000 need for more specific terms that designate specific types of localization such as the cases where a locally generated website,\u0000 created in a locale with ‘minor’ presence on the international market, needs to be provided in a language that is considered\u0000 ‘major’ in cyberspace, e.g. websites into English as a lingua franca. In such cases, the website content transfer follows an\u0000 opposite direction, i.e. from the local to the global. We would like to capitalize on the major-minor metaphor as a methodological\u0000 tool for cases emerging as a quasi-opposite process to the prevailing conceptualization of localization, in an attempt to\u0000 highlight differences which might justify new terminology. It will be argued that the concept of locale from which the term\u0000 localization stems does not apply when a culturally undefined audience is addressed, and a new term will be proposed.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48948599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, translation and localization studies have started to include accessibility, and web accessibility in particular, as one of the key aspects to take into consideration when adapting a web product to another language and culture (web localization). This paper provides a comprehensive insight of the connections between these two fields and concepts and, above all, it discusses the possibility of transferring accessibility throughout the localization process. In particular, we analyze how the use of current localization and internationalization data exchange standards is connected to this notion of transfer, and how those standards may be capable of transferring accessibility qualities or information, or supporting localizers in their task. Finally, we present an analytical and pragmatic approach to explore this transferability challenge, which includes the study of the techniques proposed by the W3C to help web developers fulfil a set of success criteria that are included in the latest Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1, in relation to their possible integration in localization and internationalization standards.
{"title":"Transferring web accessibility through localization and\u0000 internationalization standards","authors":"Jesús Torres del Rey, Lucia Morado Vázquez","doi":"10.1075/JIAL.19002.TOR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JIAL.19002.TOR","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years, translation and localization studies have\u0000 started to include accessibility, and web accessibility in particular, as one of\u0000 the key aspects to take into consideration when adapting a web product to\u0000 another language and culture (web localization). This paper provides a\u0000 comprehensive insight of the connections between these two fields and concepts\u0000 and, above all, it discusses the possibility of transferring accessibility\u0000 throughout the localization process. In particular, we analyze how the use of\u0000 current localization and internationalization data exchange standards is\u0000 connected to this notion of transfer, and how those standards may be capable of\u0000 transferring accessibility qualities or information, or supporting localizers in\u0000 their task. Finally, we present an analytical and pragmatic approach to explore\u0000 this transferability challenge, which includes the study of the techniques\u0000 proposed by the W3C to help web developers fulfil a set of success criteria that\u0000 are included in the latest Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1, in\u0000 relation to their possible integration in localization and internationalization\u0000 standards.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42920829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Non-governmental organisations set different goals than for-profit corporations. However, they need to be advertised in order to keep working. One of the basic means NGOs use in order to attract volunteers and donators is their website. Although the English language is considered as the lingua franca of the internet it seems to be inadequate when a global audience is aimed at. NGOs seem to have realized the need to communicate with potential donators or volunteers in their native language and have started providing localized versions of their websites. In this paper we are going to examine the persuasive discourse adopted by NGOs in their English, French and Greek website versions. According to Aristotle (Rhetoric, 1356a) (2002) the three persuasive techniques used to change the audience’s beliefs are (a) pathos, which appeals to the audience’s emotions, (b) ethos, which establishes the good “character” and credibility of the author and (c) logos, which uses logic and evidence to convince the audience. Our aim is to examine both the use and the multisemiotic realization of the above mentioned techniques in different cultural contexts. For the needs of our analysis we will adopt methodological tools from the field of social semiotics (image and text relation (Barthes 2007) and the grammar of visual design and of colours (Kress and Van Leeuwen 1996, 2002). Translational theories such as Skopos theory (Reiss and Vermeer 1984; Nord 1997) will provide the theoretical framework for the study of the adaptation techniques and strategies adopted when the Greek audience is addressed.
{"title":"Culture and persuasive discourse in localized NGO\u0000 websites","authors":"P. Charalampidou","doi":"10.1075/JIAL.19001.CHA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JIAL.19001.CHA","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Non-governmental organisations set different goals than\u0000 for-profit corporations. However, they need to be advertised in order to keep\u0000 working. One of the basic means NGOs use in order to attract volunteers and\u0000 donators is their website. Although the English language is considered as the\u0000 lingua franca of the internet it seems to be inadequate\u0000 when a global audience is aimed at. NGOs seem to have realized the need to\u0000 communicate with potential donators or volunteers in their native language and\u0000 have started providing localized versions of their websites. In this paper we\u0000 are going to examine the persuasive discourse adopted by NGOs in their English,\u0000 French and Greek website versions. According to Aristotle (Rhetoric, 1356a) (2002) the three persuasive techniques used to\u0000 change the audience’s beliefs are (a) pathos, which appeals to\u0000 the audience’s emotions, (b) ethos, which establishes the good\u0000 “character” and credibility of the author and (c) logos, which\u0000 uses logic and evidence to convince the audience. Our aim is to examine both the\u0000 use and the multisemiotic realization of the above mentioned techniques in\u0000 different cultural contexts. For the needs of our analysis we will adopt\u0000 methodological tools from the field of social semiotics (image and text\u0000 relation (Barthes 2007) and the grammar of visual design\u0000 and of colours (Kress and Van\u0000 Leeuwen 1996, 2002).\u0000 Translational theories such as Skopos theory (Reiss and Vermeer 1984; Nord 1997) will provide the theoretical framework for\u0000 the study of the adaptation techniques and strategies adopted when the Greek\u0000 audience is addressed.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42722267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tabea De Wille, Reinhard Schäler, C. Exton, Geraldine Exton
Trommons is an open-source, web-based platform administered by The Rosetta Foundation. The Rosetta Foundation has worked since 2009 to eradicate the information gap faced by communities under-served by commercial localisation, by making information accessible in the languages of those communities. In recent years we have conducted several studies into crowdsourced volunteer translation from the perspective of the client organisations. In this paper we are reporting on the finding of those studies, which include two survey questionnaires as well as semi-structured interviews with representatives of the non-profit organisations and staff at the Rosetta Foundation. The studies conducted provide insights into the following questions: Do organisations work with volunteers, and why? What reasons would make them not work with volunteers? What expectations do organisations have of volunteers, as well as a platform like Trommons, and are those expectations being met? What are the interactions between organisations and staff at the Rosetta Foundation?
{"title":"Crowdsourcing localisation for non-profit projects","authors":"Tabea De Wille, Reinhard Schäler, C. Exton, Geraldine Exton","doi":"10.1075/JIAL.18004.WIL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JIAL.18004.WIL","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Trommons is an open-source, web-based platform administered by\u0000 The Rosetta Foundation. The Rosetta Foundation has worked since 2009 to\u0000 eradicate the information gap faced by communities under-served by commercial\u0000 localisation, by making information accessible in the languages of those\u0000 communities. In recent years we have conducted several studies into crowdsourced\u0000 volunteer translation from the perspective of the client organisations. In this\u0000 paper we are reporting on the finding of those studies, which include two survey\u0000 questionnaires as well as semi-structured interviews with representatives of the\u0000 non-profit organisations and staff at the Rosetta Foundation. The studies\u0000 conducted provide insights into the following questions: Do organisations work\u0000 with volunteers, and why? What reasons would make them not work with volunteers?\u0000 What expectations do organisations have of volunteers, as well as a platform\u0000 like Trommons, and are those expectations being met? What are the interactions\u0000 between organisations and staff at the Rosetta Foundation?","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41716747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advances in information technology and the needs of globalization made English the lingua franca (EFL) of the Web 1.0. Later, multi-modes of computer-mediated communication in the Web 2.0 fostered hybrid English as a new EFL by combing English with other languages. Moving into the Web 3.0 for information mining and knowledge acquisition without a language barrier, the author proposes ‘Webbish’, a controlled form of English, to write web texts for the purpose of gisting through the production of multilingual machine translation (MT) outputs. To demonstrate the effectiveness of ‘Webbish’, an empirical survey was conducted to measure the comprehensibility of the MT of ‘Webbish’ texts based on a 1–100 grading scale. An average score of 89.9 was earned from twenty-four international participants, showing a high degree of MT comprehensibility. Meanwhile, set within the framework of postmodernism, ‘Webbish’ writing takes on postmodernist significance of non-fixed norms, dynamic meanings and an equal right of comprehensible Web information access for global non-English audiences. Its linguistic features are suited to MT application and its fluid meanings are produced due to the MT system’s rendition and different target audiences’ different interpretations. ‘Webbish’ writing suggests acceptance, inclusiveness and equality. It is also an easy way to influence and improve global communication.
{"title":"‘Webbish writing’ for global communication in the Web 3.0","authors":"Chung-ling Shih","doi":"10.1075/JIAL.18002.SHI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JIAL.18002.SHI","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Advances in information technology and the needs of globalization made English the lingua franca (EFL) of the Web\u0000 1.0. Later, multi-modes of computer-mediated communication in the Web 2.0 fostered hybrid English as a new EFL by combing English\u0000 with other languages. Moving into the Web 3.0 for information mining and knowledge acquisition without a language barrier, the author\u0000 proposes ‘Webbish’, a controlled form of English, to write web texts for the purpose of gisting through the production of\u0000 multilingual machine translation (MT) outputs. To demonstrate the effectiveness of ‘Webbish’, an empirical survey was conducted to\u0000 measure the comprehensibility of the MT of ‘Webbish’ texts based on a 1–100 grading scale. An average score of 89.9 was earned\u0000 from twenty-four international participants, showing a high degree of MT comprehensibility. Meanwhile, set within the framework of\u0000 postmodernism, ‘Webbish’ writing takes on postmodernist significance of non-fixed norms, dynamic meanings and an equal right of\u0000 comprehensible Web information access for global non-English audiences. Its linguistic features are suited to MT application and\u0000 its fluid meanings are produced due to the MT system’s rendition and different target audiences’ different interpretations.\u0000 ‘Webbish’ writing suggests acceptance, inclusiveness and equality. It is also an easy way to influence and improve global\u0000 communication.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47841495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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