Although video game localization has lately attracted the attention of researchers, with many papers and books being devoted to this practice, it is still an underdeveloped area of Translation Studies research in Iran. The present study provides a literature review of research carried out in Iran on video game localization since 2009 to address this gap. The reviews revealed that studies on Iranian game localization fall into translational, social, cultural and political, and historical categories. The review also showed that the translational aspect is the most explored area followed by social, cultural and political, and historical aspects. The historical aspect has received the least attention in the literature, specifically in academic publications. This paper offers potential areas for future research on game localization in Iran in each aspect.
{"title":"A literature review of Iranian publications on video game localization between 2009 and 2022","authors":"Alireza Vahedi Kakhki","doi":"10.1075/jial.21009.vah","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.21009.vah","url":null,"abstract":"Although video game localization has lately attracted the attention of researchers, with many papers and books being devoted to this practice, it is still an underdeveloped area of Translation Studies research in Iran. The present study provides a literature review of research carried out in Iran on video game localization since 2009 to address this gap. The reviews revealed that studies on Iranian game localization fall into translational, social, cultural and political, and historical categories. The review also showed that the translational aspect is the most explored area followed by social, cultural and political, and historical aspects. The historical aspect has received the least attention in the literature, specifically in academic publications. This paper offers potential areas for future research on game localization in Iran in each aspect.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41494202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In late 2020, the free online translation tool Microsoft Translator began to offer the option of translating into “French (Canada)” as a target language, alongside the previously offered “French”. Using a list of ten COVID-19 terms previously identified by Bowker (2020) as having different equivalents in Canadian French and European French, we evaluate the ability of Microsoft Translator to localize these terms into the two varieties of French. The findings indicate that while this tool does a good job of localizing the terms into Canadian French, it also uses a high number of Canadian French terms when the target language is set to “French”. One potential reason for this may be that the corpus used to train the tool for “French” contains a disproportionate number of examples from Canadian sources, and so there may be a problem of bias where the tool is amplifying Canadian French in the machine translation output.
{"title":"When French becomes Canadian French","authors":"Lynne Bowker, F. Blain","doi":"10.1075/jial.22007.bow","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.22007.bow","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In late 2020, the free online translation tool Microsoft Translator began to offer the option of translating into\u0000 “French (Canada)” as a target language, alongside the previously offered “French”. Using a list of ten COVID-19 terms previously\u0000 identified by Bowker (2020) as having different equivalents in Canadian French and\u0000 European French, we evaluate the ability of Microsoft Translator to localize these terms into the two varieties of French. The\u0000 findings indicate that while this tool does a good job of localizing the terms into Canadian French, it also uses a high number of\u0000 Canadian French terms when the target language is set to “French”. One potential reason for this may be that the corpus used to\u0000 train the tool for “French” contains a disproportionate number of examples from Canadian sources, and so there may be a problem of\u0000 bias where the tool is amplifying Canadian French in the machine translation output.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47068499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thirty years and counting","authors":"B. Esselink","doi":"10.1075/jial.00020.ess","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.00020.ess","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47110502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clinical research using human participants to further medical knowledge has been at the forefront in 2021. Clinical research studying the efficacy of treatments can be categorised in two broad categories as ‘observational studies’ or ‘clinical trials’. Written from the perspective of a localization project manager at Vitaccess, which conducts global digital research for biopharmaceutical companies, this paper discusses five core challenges that impact the localization of such a study launched in France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Japan, the UK, the US and Canada, conducted via a smartphone app. The localization project manager role provides a bridge between translators, revisers, ethics bodies, authors, legal, and medical reviewers, enabling oversight to keep the balance between launching the study globally and enabling each country to have the content and structure tailored to their cultural and linguistic expectations through localization. The main challenges in localizing a real-world evidence study is the complexity and volume of ethical, legal, and medical feedback required for the content of the study, which is further complicated by the need to target different countries and languages. Subjectivity and variance in the feedback per country also pose difficulties. International harmonisation of ethical, medical, and legal reviews of such global studies could streamline the process.
{"title":"Localization of clinical research","authors":"Anna Richards","doi":"10.1075/jial.21002.ric","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.21002.ric","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Clinical research using human participants to further medical knowledge has been at the forefront in 2021.\u0000 Clinical research studying the efficacy of treatments can be categorised in two broad categories as ‘observational studies’ or\u0000 ‘clinical trials’. Written from the perspective of a localization project manager at Vitaccess, which conducts global digital\u0000 research for biopharmaceutical companies, this paper discusses five core challenges that impact the localization of such a study\u0000 launched in France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Japan, the UK, the US and Canada, conducted via a smartphone app. The\u0000 localization project manager role provides a bridge between translators, revisers, ethics bodies, authors, legal, and medical\u0000 reviewers, enabling oversight to keep the balance between launching the study globally and enabling each country to have the\u0000 content and structure tailored to their cultural and linguistic expectations through localization.\u0000 The main challenges in localizing a real-world evidence study is the complexity and volume of ethical, legal, and\u0000 medical feedback required for the content of the study, which is further complicated by the need to target different countries and\u0000 languages. Subjectivity and variance in the feedback per country also pose difficulties. International harmonisation of ethical,\u0000 medical, and legal reviews of such global studies could streamline the process.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42794169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Minako O’Hagan, Julie McDonough Dolmaya","doi":"10.1075/jial.00018.int","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.00018.int","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44373144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to distribute up-to-date public health information quickly and cost effectively in a wide range of languages and language varieties. Open Educational Resources (OER) are materials that are released under an open license and so can be freely accessed, used, adapted and shared with very few restrictions. There are currently few localization-related OER available, although the OER format could be a useful way of supporting localization efforts. This short article introduces the concept of OER, summarizes some key potential benefits of developing OER for the localization community, and presents Translating for Canada, eh? / Vous traduisez pour le Canada?, an OER that was developed to support localization efforts in Canadian English and French.
{"title":"Translating for Canada, eh?","authors":"Lynne Bowker","doi":"10.1075/jial.22005.bow","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.22005.bow","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In a situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to distribute up-to-date public health information\u0000 quickly and cost effectively in a wide range of languages and language varieties. Open Educational Resources (OER) are materials\u0000 that are released under an open license and so can be freely accessed, used, adapted and shared with very few restrictions. There\u0000 are currently few localization-related OER available, although the OER format could be a useful way of supporting localization\u0000 efforts. This short article introduces the concept of OER, summarizes some key potential benefits of developing OER for the\u0000 localization community, and presents Translating for Canada, eh? / Vous traduisez pour le Canada?, an OER that\u0000 was developed to support localization efforts in Canadian English and French.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42862118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Before the COVID-19 pandemic, telephone interpreters in Spain were used to communicating administrative issues, medical instructions, and even humanitarian social assistance rendered by social workers and psychologists. However, since March 2020 these interactions have been heavily replaced by conversations mediated by telephone interpreters related to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection. This contribution describes the provision of telephone interpreting during the COVID-19 pandemic using the information reported by the interpreters of the company Dualia Teletraducciones as a case study. It focuses on healthcare-related services and clients, offering data related to the frequency of use of telephone interpreting, the most common languages used, and the evolution of clients and services (Emergency Rooms, tracers, pandemic hotels, etc.). This article also describes the hiring, training and quality monitoring processes, including the main tools developed to facilitate remote interpreting during the pandemic.
{"title":"How COVID-19 changed telephone interpreting in Spain","authors":"Raquel Lázaro Gutiérrez, Gabriel Cabrera Méndez","doi":"10.1075/jial.21005.gut","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.21005.gut","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Before the COVID-19 pandemic, telephone interpreters in Spain were used to communicating administrative issues,\u0000 medical instructions, and even humanitarian social assistance rendered by social workers and psychologists. However, since March\u0000 2020 these interactions have been heavily replaced by conversations mediated by telephone interpreters related to severe acute\u0000 respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection. This contribution describes the provision of telephone interpreting during the\u0000 COVID-19 pandemic using the information reported by the interpreters of the company Dualia Teletraducciones as a case study. It\u0000 focuses on healthcare-related services and clients, offering data related to the frequency of use of telephone interpreting, the\u0000 most common languages used, and the evolution of clients and services (Emergency Rooms, tracers, pandemic hotels, etc.). This\u0000 article also describes the hiring, training and quality monitoring processes, including the main tools developed to facilitate\u0000 remote interpreting during the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48817565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we describe how a COVID-19 phone app was localized by students of the MA program in Translation and Interpreting at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The project presented unique challenges including the urgency and short time-lines, less-than-optimal internationalization of the source code, limitations of the CAT tool, and the use of an open-source platform and crowd-sourced agile development model, in addition to particular linguistic aspects related to the new specialized subject matter, limited string context, and potentially sensitive data. On the other hand, it offered the opportunity to experience a real-life localization project, which had important pedagogical benefits for translation students. These and other aspects are described and suggestions proposed to enable similar projects to run smoothly.
{"title":"Localizing a Covid phone app","authors":"Kara Warburton, Kamya Bharthi Krishnan","doi":"10.1075/jial.21007.war","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.21007.war","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper we describe how a COVID-19 phone app was localized by students of the MA program in Translation and\u0000 Interpreting at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The project presented unique challenges including the urgency and\u0000 short time-lines, less-than-optimal internationalization of the source code, limitations of the CAT tool, and the use of an\u0000 open-source platform and crowd-sourced agile development model, in addition to particular linguistic aspects related to the new\u0000 specialized subject matter, limited string context, and potentially sensitive data. On the other hand, it offered the opportunity\u0000 to experience a real-life localization project, which had important pedagogical benefits for translation students. These and other\u0000 aspects are described and suggestions proposed to enable similar projects to run smoothly.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46620032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Mitchell-Schuitevoerder (2020): A Project-Based Approach to Translation Technology","authors":"David Orrego-Carmona","doi":"10.1075/jial.00019.orr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.00019.orr","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44235512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Even though video games are highly popular, localization into Slovak is rather rare and the language struggles to maintain a presence in the video game industry. This is partly because Slovak is a less widely spoken language, and also because it is mutually intelligible with the more dominant Czech language, having a common history. Our paper examines the Slovak-Czech parallels in the respective language-, audiovisual- and multimedia- related legislation as well as market practices. A similar comparative analysis is conducted with other less widely spoken European languages, namely Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian. Our results show that among the examined languages, Czech is by far in the strongest position as a supported language in video games on various platforms whereas Slovak, Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian are hardly present. We hope that the results of our research will stimulate the discussion on this issue.
{"title":"The localization of video games into less widely spoken languages that share a common history","authors":"Mária Koscelníková","doi":"10.1075/jial.20013.kos","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jial.20013.kos","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Even though video games are highly popular, localization into Slovak is rather rare and the language struggles to\u0000 maintain a presence in the video game industry. This is partly because Slovak is a less widely spoken language, and also because\u0000 it is mutually intelligible with the more dominant Czech language, having a common history. Our paper examines the\u0000 Slovak-Czech parallels in the respective language-, audiovisual- and multimedia- related legislation as well as market practices.\u0000 A similar comparative analysis is conducted with other less widely spoken European languages, namely Serbian, Croatian and\u0000 Slovenian. Our results show that among the examined languages, Czech is by far in the strongest position as a supported language\u0000 in video games on various platforms whereas Slovak, Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian are hardly present. We hope that the results\u0000 of our research will stimulate the discussion on this issue.","PeriodicalId":36199,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Internationalization and Localization","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41989225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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