Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00206
Bong-ju Sung, Min-Ho Lee, K. Lee
PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify a sport-specific assessment for elite race-walking athletes by comparing physiological responses between walking and running graded exercise test (GXT) protocols.METHODS: Six elite race-walking athletes completed both walking and running protocols in a randomized crossover design with 1 week interval between trials. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilation (VE), and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout and after each trial, and blood lactate levels were collected during the recovery period.RESULTS: There were significant differences in VO2max, VE, and HR values between the walking and running protocols (p<.001). During the recovery period, VO2max, VE, HR, and blood lactate levels were significantly different in each measurement (p<.001); however, there was no difference between the walking and running protocols.CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, both the walking and running GXT protocols were inappropriate for assessing elite racewalking athletes. This study suggests that a supplement GXT protocol is required to specifically assess elite race-walking athletes.
{"title":"Comparing Cardiopulmonary Functions of National Race Walkers by Walking and Running during Graded Exercise Testing","authors":"Bong-ju Sung, Min-Ho Lee, K. Lee","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00206","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify a sport-specific assessment for elite race-walking athletes by comparing physiological responses between walking and running graded exercise test (GXT) protocols.METHODS: Six elite race-walking athletes completed both walking and running protocols in a randomized crossover design with 1 week interval between trials. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilation (VE), and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout and after each trial, and blood lactate levels were collected during the recovery period.RESULTS: There were significant differences in VO2max, VE, and HR values between the walking and running protocols (p<.001). During the recovery period, VO2max, VE, HR, and blood lactate levels were significantly different in each measurement (p<.001); however, there was no difference between the walking and running protocols.CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, both the walking and running GXT protocols were inappropriate for assessing elite racewalking athletes. This study suggests that a supplement GXT protocol is required to specifically assess elite race-walking athletes.","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44181856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-31DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00346
Jung-Ran Song, Sang-Hyun Lee, Dong-Ho Park
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of resistance exercise with intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) on the muscle thickness, maximal strength, and isokinetic muscular function (strength, power, endurance) in high school field hockey athletes.METHODS: The BFR group (n=10, 16.1±1.1 years, 172.8±3.9 cm, 66.2±3.9 kg) and the control (CON) group (n=10, 16.60±1.17 years, 172.5±2.3 cm, 65.7±2.9 kg) participated in the same nonlinear periodic training program, however different weight loading (%RM) was applied depending on whether or not BFR was applied. In this study, the systolic blood pressure was set as the blood flow compression strength, and a BFR prop belt was used. After the 8-week training period was over, the degree of improvement in body composition, 1 repetition maximum (1RM), and isokinetic muscle function among groups was compared to determine the effect of training by blood flow restriction.RESULTS: The cross-sectional area of the thighs of athletes who applied BFR was significantly increased than that of the CON (p<.05). In the isokinetic results, athletes with BFR showed higher 1RM than the CON (p<.05). but there were no differences in muscle power and endurance (p>.05). In the results of improving the muscle strength (1RM and 60º/sec) of the athletes who applied the BFR, there was no significant difference between the groups in muscle power and muscular endurance.CONCLUSIONS: Non-linear strength training with BFR might be considered to be an effective method for improving muscle hypertrophy and maximum strength of athletes. The muscle endurance and muscle power method once a week, which was not effective in improving the muscle power and muscular endurance of high school male hockey players.
目的:评价间歇性血流量限制(BFR)阻力运动对高中曲棍球运动员肌肉厚度、最大力量和等速肌肉功能(力量、力量、耐力)的影响。方法:BFR组(n=10, 16.1±1.1岁，172.8±3.9 cm, 66.2±3.9 kg)和对照组(CON)组(n=10, 16.60±1.17岁，172.5±2.3 cm, 65.7±2.9 kg)均参加相同的非线性周期性训练计划，但根据是否使用BFR施加不同的负重(%RM)。本研究以收缩压为血流压缩强度，采用BFR支撑带。8周训练结束后，比较各组体成分、1次重复最大值(1RM)和等速肌肉功能的改善程度，以确定限制血流训练的效果。结果:应用BFR的运动员大腿横截面积明显高于对照组(p. 0.05)。在提高运动员肌肉力量(1RM和60º/秒)的结果中，两组之间在肌肉力量和肌肉耐力方面没有显著差异。结论:采用BFR进行非线性力量训练是提高运动员肌肉肥大和最大力量的有效方法。采用每周一次的肌肉耐力和肌肉力量训练法，对提高高中男子曲棍球运动员的肌肉力量和肌肉耐力效果不明显。
{"title":"Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Non-Linear Periodization Strength Training on Muscle Strength and Function in Elite Athletes","authors":"Jung-Ran Song, Sang-Hyun Lee, Dong-Ho Park","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00346","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of resistance exercise with intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) on the muscle thickness, maximal strength, and isokinetic muscular function (strength, power, endurance) in high school field hockey athletes.METHODS: The BFR group (n=10, 16.1±1.1 years, 172.8±3.9 cm, 66.2±3.9 kg) and the control (CON) group (n=10, 16.60±1.17 years, 172.5±2.3 cm, 65.7±2.9 kg) participated in the same nonlinear periodic training program, however different weight loading (%RM) was applied depending on whether or not BFR was applied. In this study, the systolic blood pressure was set as the blood flow compression strength, and a BFR prop belt was used. After the 8-week training period was over, the degree of improvement in body composition, 1 repetition maximum (1RM), and isokinetic muscle function among groups was compared to determine the effect of training by blood flow restriction.RESULTS: The cross-sectional area of the thighs of athletes who applied BFR was significantly increased than that of the CON (p<.05). In the isokinetic results, athletes with BFR showed higher 1RM than the CON (p<.05). but there were no differences in muscle power and endurance (p>.05). In the results of improving the muscle strength (1RM and 60º/sec) of the athletes who applied the BFR, there was no significant difference between the groups in muscle power and muscular endurance.CONCLUSIONS: Non-linear strength training with BFR might be considered to be an effective method for improving muscle hypertrophy and maximum strength of athletes. The muscle endurance and muscle power method once a week, which was not effective in improving the muscle power and muscular endurance of high school male hockey players.","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42738507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-03DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00220
Young-Ran Yeun, Yi-Sub Kwak, Hye-Young Kim
in adults over the age of 50 is rapidly increasing, the association between serum lipid levels and periodontal disease in Korean adults over the age of 50 still remains to investigate. Thus, the aim was to deter-mine the effect of serum lipid levels on periodontal disease in older adults over the age of 50 using data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS: The study used the data of 809 adults aged ≥50 years targeted in the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016-2018. Levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density- lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol), and low density-lipopro-tein (LDL-cholesterol) and periodontal conditions were measured. Complex-sample chi square test and linear regression were used to analyze the relationship serum lipid levels with periodontal disease. RESULTS: The results of chi square tests showed that the prevalence of periodontal disease among the elderly ≥50 years were statistically significant differences according to gender, age, education level, marital status, and smoking status. After adjusting for all con-founding factors, HDL-cholesterol alleviated periodontal disease, while LDL-cholesterol exacerbates periodontal disease. However, total cholesterol and triglycerides were not connected with periodontal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, controlling HDL and LDL cholesterol levels through physical exercise could be a preventative measure for periodontal disease.
{"title":"Association Serum Lipid Levels with Periodontal Disease in Korean Adults Over the Age of 50: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016-2018","authors":"Young-Ran Yeun, Yi-Sub Kwak, Hye-Young Kim","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00220","url":null,"abstract":"in adults over the age of 50 is rapidly increasing, the association between serum lipid levels and periodontal disease in Korean adults over the age of 50 still remains to investigate. Thus, the aim was to deter-mine the effect of serum lipid levels on periodontal disease in older adults over the age of 50 using data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. METHODS: The study used the data of 809 adults aged ≥50 years targeted in the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2016-2018. Levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density- lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol), and low density-lipopro-tein (LDL-cholesterol) and periodontal conditions were measured. Complex-sample chi square test and linear regression were used to analyze the relationship serum lipid levels with periodontal disease. RESULTS: The results of chi square tests showed that the prevalence of periodontal disease among the elderly ≥50 years were statistically significant differences according to gender, age, education level, marital status, and smoking status. After adjusting for all con-founding factors, HDL-cholesterol alleviated periodontal disease, while LDL-cholesterol exacerbates periodontal disease. However, total cholesterol and triglycerides were not connected with periodontal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, controlling HDL and LDL cholesterol levels through physical exercise could be a preventative measure for periodontal disease.","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46962472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00234
Suryun Jung
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term endurance exercise and methamphetamine administration on blood-brain barrier (BBB)-related marker and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. METHODS: Forty male SD-rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups and treated for 2 weeks. For the methamphetamine group, 1 mg/ kg (+)-S-Methamphetamine hydrochloride (METH) was intraperitoneally injected daily, and an endurance exercise was performed at 21 m/min for 60 minutes. All treatments were performed daily, and METH or saline was administered after exercise. After 2 weeks of treatment, the head was decapitated under anesthesia, and the hippocampus was separated for western blotting. RESULTS: Two weeks of endurance exercise significantly increased the expression of occludin and claudin-5 in the hippocampus of the rats. Similarly, phosphorylation of CREB/BDNF and AKT/GSK3 signaling pathways were significantly increased. This phenomenon was also observed in the exercise and METH co-treatment groups. However, the single treatment of 1 mg/kg METH did not affect tight junction protein and BDNF expression. CONCLUSIONS: Endurance exercise increased the expression of BBB-related proteins and neurogenesis-related molecules, which were not inhibited by METH administration.
目的:研究短期耐力运动和甲基苯丙胺对雄性SD大鼠海马血脑屏障(BBB)相关标志物和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)的影响。方法:雄性sd大鼠40只，随机分为4组，治疗2周。甲基苯丙胺组每日腹腔注射1 mg/ kg (+)- s -盐酸甲基苯丙胺(methamphetamine hydrochloride, METH)，以21 m/min的速度进行耐力运动，持续60分钟。所有治疗每天进行，运动后给予冰毒或生理盐水。治疗2周后，麻醉下去头，分离海马进行免疫印迹。结果:2周耐力运动显著增加大鼠海马occludin和claudin-5的表达。同样，CREB/BDNF和AKT/GSK3信号通路的磷酸化水平显著升高。在运动组和冰毒联合治疗组中也观察到这种现象。1 mg/kg甲基安非他明单次处理不影响紧密连接蛋白和BDNF的表达。结论:耐力运动增加了血脑屏障相关蛋白和神经发生相关分子的表达，而甲基安非他明不抑制这些表达。
{"title":"Effect of Endurance Exercise and Methamphetamine Administration on the Expression of Blood-Brain Barrier Related Factors and BDNF in Hippocampus of Male Sprague-Dawley Rat","authors":"Suryun Jung","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00234","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term endurance exercise and methamphetamine administration on blood-brain barrier (BBB)-related marker and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. METHODS: Forty male SD-rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups and treated for 2 weeks. For the methamphetamine group, 1 mg/ kg (+)-S-Methamphetamine hydrochloride (METH) was intraperitoneally injected daily, and an endurance exercise was performed at 21 m/min for 60 minutes. All treatments were performed daily, and METH or saline was administered after exercise. After 2 weeks of treatment, the head was decapitated under anesthesia, and the hippocampus was separated for western blotting. RESULTS: Two weeks of endurance exercise significantly increased the expression of occludin and claudin-5 in the hippocampus of the rats. Similarly, phosphorylation of CREB/BDNF and AKT/GSK3 signaling pathways were significantly increased. This phenomenon was also observed in the exercise and METH co-treatment groups. However, the single treatment of 1 mg/kg METH did not affect tight junction protein and BDNF expression. CONCLUSIONS: Endurance exercise increased the expression of BBB-related proteins and neurogenesis-related molecules, which were not inhibited by METH administration.","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48310422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00080
Se-Young Seon, K. An, Kwang-Jin Lee
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of dynamic warm-up (DW), including DW and self-myofascial release (SMFR), on soft tissue stiffness and exercise performance.METHODS: Eight adult men participated in this study. The procedure was conducted twice every 2 weeks. Soft tissue stiffness measurements and exercise performance were performed as a pre-post-test. DW only and DW with SMFR were performed as an exercise intervention for the two groups, respectively.RESULTS: In the group conducted solely by DW, the stiffness of the gastrocnemius and rectus femoris muscles increased (p<.05), and in the DW group including SMFR, the stiffness of the rectus femoris muscle (p<.01) and biceps femoris muscle increased (p<.05). The Achilles and patellar tendon showed no significant changes in either group. A significant increase was observed in both the DW group and the DW group containing SMFR in the 30 m sprint (p<.01). The vertical jump (VJ) showed no significant change in both groups.CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, DW, including DW with SMFR, increased muscle stiffness, specifically through a 30-m sprint. In a followup study, it is considered necessary to investigate the effect of the VJ through the development of a DW program that changes the stiffness of tendons.
{"title":"Effects of Dynamic Warm-up Programs Including Self-Myofascial Relexation on Soft Tissue Stiffness and Exercise Performance","authors":"Se-Young Seon, K. An, Kwang-Jin Lee","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00080","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of dynamic warm-up (DW), including DW and self-myofascial release (SMFR), on soft tissue stiffness and exercise performance.METHODS: Eight adult men participated in this study. The procedure was conducted twice every 2 weeks. Soft tissue stiffness measurements and exercise performance were performed as a pre-post-test. DW only and DW with SMFR were performed as an exercise intervention for the two groups, respectively.RESULTS: In the group conducted solely by DW, the stiffness of the gastrocnemius and rectus femoris muscles increased (p<.05), and in the DW group including SMFR, the stiffness of the rectus femoris muscle (p<.01) and biceps femoris muscle increased (p<.05). The Achilles and patellar tendon showed no significant changes in either group. A significant increase was observed in both the DW group and the DW group containing SMFR in the 30 m sprint (p<.01). The vertical jump (VJ) showed no significant change in both groups.CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, DW, including DW with SMFR, increased muscle stiffness, specifically through a 30-m sprint. In a followup study, it is considered necessary to investigate the effect of the VJ through the development of a DW program that changes the stiffness of tendons.","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67216651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00199
Song-Young Park
{"title":"Letter to the Editor at Exercise Science","authors":"Song-Young Park","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47147123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00115
Jiseop Lee, Junkyung Song, Jaebum Park
PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of muscle vibration on performance accuracy and multi-muscle coordination pattern during voluntary isometric knee extension torque production.METHODS: The subjects were tested under two conditions of external vibration frequencies (90 Hz vibration (VIB)&no-vibration (NVIB)) with three levels of torque magnitudes of 20% (MVT20), 40% (MVT40), and 60% of maximal voluntary torque (MVT60). The subjects were instructed to perform a submaximal isometric ramp task and matched the produced torque with the torque template shown in the screen as accurately as possible. External vibration was applied to the rectus femoris (RF).RESULTS: The performance error (RMSENORM) was reduced in 60% of MVT (MVT60) in both ramp and SS phases, and the iEMGAGO was significantly reduced by vibration under the same torque conditions in the SS phase. In addition, the muscle-mode (M-mode) composition was found to be different in the VIB and NVIB in the SS phase. We found that the VIB condition showed co-contraction M-modes and mixed M-modes. However, there was no significant difference in the ramp phase under all conditions.CONCLUSIONS: The neurophysiological changes due to muscle vibration may positively affect the task characteristics and steps that require accurate torque generation and provide information for the quantitative understanding of multi-muscle coordination of vibration.
{"title":"The Effects of External Vibration on Coordination Strategies of Multi-Muscles during Voluntary Isometric Torque Production","authors":"Jiseop Lee, Junkyung Song, Jaebum Park","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00115","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of muscle vibration on performance accuracy and multi-muscle coordination pattern during voluntary isometric knee extension torque production.METHODS: The subjects were tested under two conditions of external vibration frequencies (90 Hz vibration (VIB)&no-vibration (NVIB)) with three levels of torque magnitudes of 20% (MVT20), 40% (MVT40), and 60% of maximal voluntary torque (MVT60). The subjects were instructed to perform a submaximal isometric ramp task and matched the produced torque with the torque template shown in the screen as accurately as possible. External vibration was applied to the rectus femoris (RF).RESULTS: The performance error (RMSENORM) was reduced in 60% of MVT (MVT60) in both ramp and SS phases, and the iEMGAGO was significantly reduced by vibration under the same torque conditions in the SS phase. In addition, the muscle-mode (M-mode) composition was found to be different in the VIB and NVIB in the SS phase. We found that the VIB condition showed co-contraction M-modes and mixed M-modes. However, there was no significant difference in the ramp phase under all conditions.CONCLUSIONS: The neurophysiological changes due to muscle vibration may positively affect the task characteristics and steps that require accurate torque generation and provide information for the quantitative understanding of multi-muscle coordination of vibration.","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42161645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00108
Ji-Yong Park, Taek-Won Gwon
PURPOSE: This study aimed to consider the validity of relative weight indices, which are used to compare people of different heights.METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using the 2017-2021 “National Fitness Award” in South Korea. Males (n=77,705) aged 18-65 years and females (n=84,641) were included. Three indices [I1=kg/m, I2=kg/m2/sup>, and I3=kg/m3] and I4 [I4=kg/ m2], which simply reduce the standard error of I1, were analyzed. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to determine an index that was highly correlated with weight and was independent of height. Furthermore, an index that was highly correlated with the body fat percentage was considered. The linear relationship between height and the indices was confirmed using regression analysis. The n value of the index (kg/mn), which provides the same value for all height ranges, was derived by regression analysis between weight and height.RESULTS: The correlation analysis between height and the indices described I2 (r=-.009, p<.05) as the most suitable for males. The I1 and I4 (r=-.049, p<.01) were appropriate for females. Weight showed a significant correlation with all indices. The association between body fat percentage and I3 showed a high correlation in both males (r=.722, p<.01) and females (r=.734, p<.01). Regression analyses represented I2 (B=-.005, p<.05) suitability for males. For females, I4 (B=.022, p<.01) was replaceable.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that I2 (kg/m2) is appropriate for males. The I4 (kg/m2) was applicable to females. The I3 (kg/m3) showed the strongest correlation with body fat percentage in both males and females.
{"title":"The Consideration of Validation on the Relative Weight Indices Derived from Body Weight and Height","authors":"Ji-Yong Park, Taek-Won Gwon","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00108","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: This study aimed to consider the validity of relative weight indices, which are used to compare people of different heights.METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using the 2017-2021 “National Fitness Award” in South Korea. Males (n=77,705) aged 18-65 years and females (n=84,641) were included. Three indices [<i>I</i><sub>1</sub>=kg/m, <i>I</i><sub>2</sub>=kg/m<sup>2/sup>, and <i>I</i><sub>3</sub>=kg/m<sup>3</sup>] and <i>I</i><sub>4</sub> [<i>I</i><sub>4</sub>=kg/ m<sup>2</sup>], which simply reduce the standard error of <i>I</i><sub>1</sub>, were analyzed. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to determine an index that was highly correlated with weight and was independent of height. Furthermore, an index that was highly correlated with the body fat percentage was considered. The linear relationship between height and the indices was confirmed using regression analysis. The n value of the index (kg/mn), which provides the same value for all height ranges, was derived by regression analysis between weight and height.RESULTS: The correlation analysis between height and the indices described <i>I</i><sub>2</sub> (r=-.009, <i>p</i><.05) as the most suitable for males. The <i>I</i><sub>1</sub> and <i>I</i><sub>4</sub> (r=-.049, <i>p</i><.01) were appropriate for females. Weight showed a significant correlation with all indices. The association between body fat percentage and <i>I</i><sub>3</sub> showed a high correlation in both males (r=.722, <i>p</i><.01) and females (r=.734, <i>p</i><.01). Regression analyses represented <i>I</i><sub>2</sub> (B=-.005, <i>p</i><.05) suitability for males. For females, <i>I</i><sub>4</sub> (B=.022, <i>p</i><.01) was replaceable.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that <i>I</i><sub>2</sub> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) is appropriate for males. The <i>I</i><sub>4</sub> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) was applicable to females. The <i>I</i><sub>3</sub> (kg/m<sup>3</sup>) showed the strongest correlation with body fat percentage in both males and females.","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49176869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00150
Ji-Hyeong Gwon, Jiho Shin, Hyunsik Kang
PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study examined the combined effects of nutritional health risk and physical activity on depressive symptoms in a representative sample of older adults aged 65 years and older (4,116 men and 5,154 women) from the 2020 Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging.METHODS: Nutritional health risk was categorized as good, moderate, and high according to the Nutrition Screening Initiative. Physical activity was assessed using a questionnaire. Depression was assessed using the Short Form of Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS).RESULTS: There were significant age differences (p<.001), education level (p<.001), marital status (p<.001), and SDGS (p<.001) according to nutritional health risk or physical activity status. In particular, a general linear model (GLM) showed a significant interaction (R2=.239, F(2,9849)=5.582, p<.004) between nutritional health risk and physical activity on SGDS-based depressive symptoms. The antidepressant effect of regular physical activity was observed in individuals with good or moderate nutritional health risks. However, such beneficial effects of physical activity were not observed in individuals with high nutritional health risks.CONCLUSIONS: The current findings of this study suggest that both good nutrition and physical activity for mental health should be emphasized in older adults, with a greater focus on nutrition for those with a high nutritional health risk.
{"title":"Effects of Nutritional Health Risk and Physical Activity on Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults","authors":"Ji-Hyeong Gwon, Jiho Shin, Hyunsik Kang","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00150","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study examined the combined effects of nutritional health risk and physical activity on depressive symptoms in a representative sample of older adults aged 65 years and older (4,116 men and 5,154 women) from the 2020 Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging.METHODS: Nutritional health risk was categorized as good, moderate, and high according to the Nutrition Screening Initiative. Physical activity was assessed using a questionnaire. Depression was assessed using the Short Form of Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS).RESULTS: There were significant age differences (p<.001), education level (p<.001), marital status (p<.001), and SDGS (p<.001) according to nutritional health risk or physical activity status. In particular, a general linear model (GLM) showed a significant interaction (R2=.239, F(2,9849)=5.582, p<.004) between nutritional health risk and physical activity on SGDS-based depressive symptoms. The antidepressant effect of regular physical activity was observed in individuals with good or moderate nutritional health risks. However, such beneficial effects of physical activity were not observed in individuals with high nutritional health risks.CONCLUSIONS: The current findings of this study suggest that both good nutrition and physical activity for mental health should be emphasized in older adults, with a greater focus on nutrition for those with a high nutritional health risk.","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44480256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-31DOI: 10.15857/ksep.2022.00136
Suhui Jin, Hwang-Woon Moon, Jun-Su Kim, Ha-Young Kim
PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the immunological effects of β-alanine intake for 4 weeks on immune function changes after long-distance exercise and the possibility of β-alanine intake as an effective exercise supplement to improve exercise performance and maintain immune function.METHODS: Eighteen male college students were randomly assigned to two groups, one with two capsules of 250 mg β-alanine and the other with placebo without a nutritional effect. The participants took one capsule each in the morning and evening after the meals. This study was conducted in a double-blinded manner. To analyze the inflammatory cytokines expressed during exercise, a 10 km long-running exercise was performed, and blood was collected from the forearm vein a total of 4 times (at rest, immediately after exercise, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes in recovery).RESULTS: As a result of analyzing the level of inflammatory cytokine IL-6, compared to the placebo group, the β-alanine intake group decreased significantly to 60 minutes after recovery from long-distance aerobic exercise, and both groups showed a significant difference between both periods (p<.001). However, there was no significant difference between the groups based on the measurement period before and after intake. As a result of analyzing the level of TNF-α, the expression of TNF-α in the placebo group was significantly decreased from immediately after long-distance aerobic exercise to 60 minutes after recovery, but in the β-alanine group, TNF-β expression did not occur immediately after exercise, and there was no significant difference until the recovery period; thus, there was no statistically significant difference between the two periods. In addition, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the measurement period before and after intake.CONCLUSIONS: Based on the above results, β-alanine intake for 4 weeks is thought to be effective in maintaining temporarily reduced immune function after long-distance exercise by reducing the level of inflammatory cytokines in the study participants.
{"title":"Effects of 4 Weeks of Beta-Alanine Intake on Inflammatory Cytokines after 10 km Long Distance Running Exercise","authors":"Suhui Jin, Hwang-Woon Moon, Jun-Su Kim, Ha-Young Kim","doi":"10.15857/ksep.2022.00136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2022.00136","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the immunological effects of β-alanine intake for 4 weeks on immune function changes after long-distance exercise and the possibility of β-alanine intake as an effective exercise supplement to improve exercise performance and maintain immune function.METHODS: Eighteen male college students were randomly assigned to two groups, one with two capsules of 250 mg β-alanine and the other with placebo without a nutritional effect. The participants took one capsule each in the morning and evening after the meals. This study was conducted in a double-blinded manner. To analyze the inflammatory cytokines expressed during exercise, a 10 km long-running exercise was performed, and blood was collected from the forearm vein a total of 4 times (at rest, immediately after exercise, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes in recovery).RESULTS: As a result of analyzing the level of inflammatory cytokine IL-6, compared to the placebo group, the β-alanine intake group decreased significantly to 60 minutes after recovery from long-distance aerobic exercise, and both groups showed a significant difference between both periods (p<.001). However, there was no significant difference between the groups based on the measurement period before and after intake. As a result of analyzing the level of TNF-α, the expression of TNF-α in the placebo group was significantly decreased from immediately after long-distance aerobic exercise to 60 minutes after recovery, but in the β-alanine group, TNF-β expression did not occur immediately after exercise, and there was no significant difference until the recovery period; thus, there was no statistically significant difference between the two periods. In addition, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the measurement period before and after intake.CONCLUSIONS: Based on the above results, β-alanine intake for 4 weeks is thought to be effective in maintaining temporarily reduced immune function after long-distance exercise by reducing the level of inflammatory cytokines in the study participants.","PeriodicalId":36291,"journal":{"name":"Exercise Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44550988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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