Journal of Hydrology最新文献

{"title":"Improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III for efficient of multi-objective cascade reservoirs scheduling under different hydrological conditions","authors":"Zhaocai Wang ,&nbsp;Haifeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Qin Lu ,&nbsp;Tunhua Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reservoir scheduling is becoming increasingly critical in natural, cultural, and ecological contexts. Nevertheless, with the proliferation of interests and constraints, the complexity of scheduling problems rises, and the scope of scheduling expands significantly. To tackle multi-objective and multi-constraint reservoir scheduling problems, practical and highly efficient optimization methods are urgently warranted to offer scientific and rational management solutions. To address these challenges, a long-term multi-objective model is hereby established, focusing on power generation (production of electrical energy through hydropower stations), output (the minimum generating capacity or output that the reservoir can provide during operation), and flow (the lowest stream flow within the reservoir and through the turbine). An improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅲ (INSGA-Ⅲ) is proposed to determine the optimal scheduling scheme for a cascade reservoir group. INSGA-Ⅲ employs a more comprehensive initialization of the population using the Pareto set, adopts elite crossover to ensure the ability to converge to the optimal solution later, and incorporates Lévy flights to explore a wider range in the early stages. Performance testing is conducted using a set of benchmark functions, and its efficient performance on various benchmark functions is verified through the IGD indicator and runtime. This study examines a cascade reservoir group of the Jinsha River. Firstly, the analysis of the Pareto front, distribution, and averages confirms the reliability and efficacy of INSGA-Ⅲ in solving reservoir problems. Subsequently, incorporating both subjective and objective data, the rank-sum ratio method is employed to select optimal solutions from the INSGA-III Pareto front across different scenarios. Following that, the power generation situation of each hydropower station and the trend of reservoir water level changes are analysed. The case study of the Jinsha River cascade reservoirs demonstrates that this model achieves a balance between power generation and hydropower station stability while also safeguarding downstream ecological integrity. Compared to other algorithms, INSGA-III demonstrates superior stability and performance. The model established in this study integrates multiple demands, and the proposed method effectively addresses these complexities, offering a valuable reference for regional scheduling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 132998"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified Crossing Empirical Trend Analysis (MCETA) for meteorological time series","authors":"Fereshteh Modaresi ,&nbsp;Ebrahim Asadi Oskouei ,&nbsp;Zohreh Janvanshiri ,&nbsp;Iman Sardarian Bajgiran","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trend analysis of extreme events is an efficient method for assessment of climate change effects on hydro-meteorological variables. However, famous methods like Mann-Kendall test are able to detect only one trend slope for all of data series. The crossing empirical trend analysis (CETA) method, recently presented, can detect trend slope for every risk level of data. The aim of this study is to present a modified methodology for CETA method (MCETA) to strengthen it in the cases with non-monotonic peaks in high and low values of data, or with different trend directions in high and low risk level of data. The MCETA modifies the search ranges of slopes and the location of pivot points of the CETA test. The ability of MCETA compared to CETA and Mann-Kendall tests was assessed for trend analysis of spring rainfall for the period 1980–2010 in eastern Iran for 5%, 50%, and 95% risk levels of data. The results showed that the MCETA changed considerably the slope values of 5% and 95% risk levels of data compared to CETA specially for Semnan from 3.65 to −0.55 (for 5%), and from 5.80 to 7.06 (for 95%), as well as Zahedan from −1.80 to −0.59 (for 5%) and from −1.87 to −0.95 (for 95%). Moreover, the slope of 50% in MCETA for almost all stations was lower than that of the M−K test. The MCETA also provides a slope range for each risk level of data that implies the reliability of slopes and improves the test flexibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 133003"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depth-Dependent isotope dynamics in karst reservoirs: Multi-Decadal monitoring insights from French caves","authors":"Jian Zhang ,&nbsp;Dominique Genty ,&nbsp;François Bourges ,&nbsp;Bénédicte Minster ,&nbsp;Edouard Régnier ,&nbsp;Ludovic Devaux ,&nbsp;Stéphane Bujan ,&nbsp;Ting-Yong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the stable oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O/δD) compositions in rainwater and cave drip water within karst systems is essential for past climatic reconstructions all over the world. However, the relationship between cave drip water isotopes and upper karst infiltrated water and reservoirs remains unclear. Over twenty years, we monitored eight caves in France, from North to South: Arcy-sur-Cure, Villars, Cussac, Pech-Merle, Chauvet, Orgnac, Niaux, and Clamouse, collecting 3,000 dripping water samples from 32 drip points to measure δ¹⁸O and δD isotopes. As already observed in many cave sites, the isotopic composition of drip waters shows temporal stability with a Coefficient of Variation (CV) below 7 %, suggesting effective rainfall mixing during infiltration period. However, putting all these data on cave vertical cross sections, we observed subtle decreasing gradients in the averaged dripping δ¹⁸O values. For the first time in a multi-cave study, a clear logarithmic decrease of δ¹⁸O and δD with depth is found. Deeper sites show more negative isotopic values, especially in shallower zones (&lt;50 m). In order to better understand these gradients, we used the hydrologic KarstFor model which revealed the importance of overflow mechanisms and of evapotranspiration (ETP) in driving this depth-dependent isotopic effect. These findings emphasize the significance of incorporating depth-dependent reservoir dynamics when analyzing isotopes in cave environments, advocating for a nuanced understanding of karst hydrological processes in affecting stalagmite δ¹⁸O.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 133028"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-mountain groundwater quality affected by natural acid drainage","authors":"Matías Taucare ,&nbsp;Benoît Viguier ,&nbsp;Santiago Maza ,&nbsp;Vanessa Treskow ,&nbsp;Ismael Casado ,&nbsp;James McPhee ,&nbsp;Diego Morata ,&nbsp;Antonio Delgado ,&nbsp;Linda Daniele","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater in high-mountain areas like the Central Chilean Andes is a crucial freshwater source for downstream communities. However, its pristine reputation masks a hidden threat when metallogenic systems exist: Natural Acid Drainage (NAD). This study comprehensively investigates the hydrogeological systems and the impact of NAD on groundwater quality in this copper-rich high-altitude region from an interdisciplinary approach. Specifically, the study area lies in the <em>El Arpa</em> Valley, a site with minimal human influence. Isotopic and hydrogeochemical analyses of groundwater, surface water, and snow samples revealed a groundwater origin between 2900 and 3300 m a.s.l. and the influence of fractures and gullies on recharge mechanisms. Physicochemical parameters exhibit increasing mineralisation downstream (118 to 714 µS/cm) with a pH range of 3.86–7.01. SO₄^2--Ca²⁺ facies and elevated aluminium (4.59–6349.31 ppb), iron (1.00–7003.24 ppb), and manganese (1.25–1098.41 ppb) contents characterise groundwater composition. Rock geochemistry and mineralogy show that phyllic alteration overprinted by supergene processes contributes to NAD by dissolving pyrite and iron oxyhydroxides. Principal component analysis on Landsat 8 images allows for identifying potential NAD areas over 11.6 % of the high Andes. The widespread occurrence challenges the perception of pristine mountain water, emphasising the potential adverse effects on human health and infrastructure, mainly due to high manganese content (&gt;80 ppb). Findings advance the knowledge on NAD occurrence in remote mountainous regions, urging a reassessment of water quality perceptions in the presence of geogenic pollution sources, particularly considering the current threat of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 133021"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water quality improvements and amplified climate impacts from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, China","authors":"Chunzi Ma ,&nbsp;Hanxiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Shouliang Huo ,&nbsp;Wei Zhi ,&nbsp;Fengchang Wu ,&nbsp;Qiang Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is essential to quantify the effect of inter-basin water diversion projects on water quality. However, determination of the driving mechanisms controlling temporal changes in water quality within the lakes and reservoirs receiving diverted water (i.e., the beneficiary areas) is typically plagued by a lack of long-term, spatially continuous monitoring data. This study developed a stacking machine learning model that was coupled with a Shapley additive explanation algorithm to investigate the roles of major meteorological factors, human activities, and the volume of diverted water on the water quality of beneficiary lakes and reservoirs before and after water diversion by the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP). An analysis of the spatiotemporal variations and trends in six water quality parameters was presented, including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), Chlorophyll <em>a</em> (Chl a), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), and chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn, and COD_Cr). Results demonstrate that except for TN and Chl a, the water quality of the most beneficiary lakes and reservoirs improved after the SNWDP began supplying water. Approximately 42 %, 69 % and 48 % of the beneficiary lakes and reservoirs experienced a significant decrease in TP (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), NH₃-N (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), and COD_Mn (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) concentrations, respectively. The SHAP model suggests that anthropogenic predictors contributed more to water quality improvements (40.39–45.98 % for TP, 30.17–36.60 % for Chl a, and 42.01–53.80 % for NH₃-N) than did either the climatic and geographical drivers. The contribution rates of water diversion to Chl a and NH₃-N were higher than the other parameters, reaching 11.78 % and 15.74 %, respectively. The sensitivity and contribution rates of climatic factors to water quality increased (except for TN) after water diversion. The information provided herein on the impacts of water diversions on the water quality of beneficiary lakes and reservoirs is needed to assist in the management of subsequent water diversion projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 133032"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling origin and enrichment of fluoride in the Daihai lake basin, China, using a hybrid hydrochemical and multi-isotopic method","authors":"Shen Qu ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Ren ,&nbsp;Yuanzhen Zhao ,&nbsp;Hairu Mao ,&nbsp;Shaogang Dong ,&nbsp;Ruihong Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excessive fluoride in lakes threatens lake ecosystem balance. However, the fluoride origin and enrichment associated with lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) in closed inland lakes are not fully understood. Based on multiple isotopes (δD, δ¹⁸O_water, δ³⁴S, δ¹⁸O_sulfate,<!--> ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and<!--> ²²²Rn), this study investigated the enrichment of fluoride and the impact of LGD on the migration of fluoride in a typical closed inland lake (Daihai Lake) in the semi-arid region of China. The results showed that 65.9 % of the water samples had pH values that exceeded the permissible range with alkalinity. In addition, groundwater (with an average TDS of 359 mg/L) and river water (with an average TDS of 364 mg/L) were freshwater. However, the lake water (with an average TDS of 16,474 mg/L) and pore water (with an average TDS of 17,287 mg/L) belonged to saline water. In this case, there were significant differences in fluoride concentrations in different water bodies: lake water &gt; pore water &gt; groundwater &gt; river water.<!--> <!-->The fluoride in groundwater and river water primarily originated from fluorite dissolution, which was promoted by silicate weathering, gypsum dissolution, sulfide oxidation and cation exchange. In contrast, fluoride enrichment in the lake was promoted by evaporation, competitive adsorption and gypsum dissolution. Notably, the LGD process promoted the migration of fluoride from groundwater to lake water. In this case, the annual average fluxes of fluoride from groundwater into the lake was 7.66 × 10⁴ <!-->g/d, respectively, which posed significant threats to the lake ecosystem. This study can enhance the ability to identify the genesis of lake water quality degradation in semi-arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 133030"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How suitable are copula models for post-processing global precipitation forecasts?","authors":"Zeqing Huang,&nbsp;Tongtiegang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Various copula models facilitate a sophisticated framework for characterizing different types of dependency relationships for hydroclimatic forecasting. This paper presents large-sample tests to rigorously examine the suitability of copula models to post-process global precipitation forecasts. Five fixed copula models are built upon individual Clayton, Gumbel, Frank, Gaussian and Student’s t copulas; and the mixed copula model is developed by combining different copulas using the goodness-of-fit. A case study is devised to post-process global precipitation forecasts under cross validation, yielding 3,657,080 sets of post-processed forecasts. Overall, the copula models outperform the quantile mapping by explicitly exploiting the dependency relationship between raw forecasts and observations. When raw forecasts reasonably correlate with observations, post-processed forecasts tend to exhibit positive skill, i.e., outperforming climatological forecasts. There exists considerable variability in the rankings of skill of post-processed forecasts generated by the fixed and mixed copula models. Specifically, the Gaussian copula model tends to be the most robust and effectively improves forecast skill across 80% of grid cells. The Gumbel copula is effective in representing neutral association and exhibits the highest skill across 34% of grid cells. The mixed copula model combines two or more copulas across 73% of grid cells by utilizing the Clayton, Frank and Gaussian copulas respectively across 54.8%, 52.3% and 52.5% of grid cells. Meanwhile, the mixed copula model is susceptible to sample-specific noise and may not be as effective as the fixed copula models. Overall, the large-sample tests provide useful information for exploiting the skill of valuable global precipitation forecasts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 133005"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-varying optimal in-situ bioremediation design of groundwater using coupled meshless methods and hybrid metaheuristic algorithm","authors":"Sanjukta Das,&nbsp;T.I. Eldho","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In-situ bioremediation is a cost-effective aquifer restoration technique based on microbial degradation of organic groundwater contaminants into harmless substances. Simulation Optimization (SO) models aids in the effective design of field bioremediation process by determining optimal rates and locations of pumping and injection wells. However, most of the previous studies rely on grid/mesh-based numerical simulators and are focused on identification of rates at fixed well locations, despite the locations being crucial for design. Also, the applicability to highly heterogeneous aquifers is a challenge as yet. In this study, two novel models are proposed for identification of time varying pumping and injection rates and optimal well locations with the objective of minimizing bioremediation cost and are valid for highly heterogeneous aquifers. The Meshless Local Petrov Galerkin (MLPG) and Meshless Weak Strong (MWS) methods are selected as simulators, which have advantages of being truly meshless, and facilitating better adaptive analysis and exploration of locations than existing mesh/grid-based models. In this study, a new Hybrid Differential Evolution and Whale Optimization Algorithm (HDEWOA) is proposed as optimizer and is particularly tailored for groundwater remediation problem. The MLPG-HDEWOA and MWS-HDEWOA are verified for a hypothetical rectangular aquifer and the simulations are in excellent agreement with widely used RT3D models and provide better bioremediation designs with lower costs than existing models available. Further, the efficacy of models is demonstrated by successfully applying to a highly heterogenous field type aquifer with nodal transmissivity variation. Thus, the proposed SO models can be reliably extended for better bioremediation design of field aquifer systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 132999"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating electrical sounding survey into geostatistical electrical resistivity tomography for high-resolution characterization of karst aquifer","authors":"Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yue Liang ,&nbsp;Pingyi Wang ,&nbsp;Tian-chyi Jim Yeh ,&nbsp;Lei Dai ,&nbsp;Rifeng Xia ,&nbsp;Hongjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Bin Xu ,&nbsp;Shuai Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquifer characterization is vital for researching hydrogeology and engineering safety in karst regions. However, the significant heterogeneity of karst aquifers poses great challenges to tomography methods. Our study introduces a cost-effective framework to enhance geostatistical electrical resistivity tomography (GERT) under sparse observations by integrating electrical sounding (ES) methods. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by conducting sandbox experiments. It shows that the discrete apparent electrical conductivity points derived by the ES survey help distinguish between matrix and conduits. Meanwhile, the GERT can effectively characterize the heterogeneity of karst aquifers with adequate nonredundant observations. Subsequently, apparent electrical conductivity is employed to derive prior information (initial guess field, variance, mean, and correlation length) to improve estimation under sparse observation patterns. However, the raw apparent electrical conductivity point data or Kriging field does not significantly enhance GERT estimation due to discrepancies between apparent and actual electrical conductivity. Moreover, the Kriging field is converted to the conductivity level acquired by the unconditional equivalent homogeneous approach via the feature scaling method. Afterward, observations required for GERT are reduced by 73.03% at a similar imaging resolution by integrating the prior information of the scaled Kriging field. This study highlights the potential of ES information for improving the performance of GERT in karst terrains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 133018"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization model of storage detention tanks based on nonlinear time-varying process of surface runoff under low impact development mode","authors":"Chunbo Jiang ,&nbsp;Qiaohui Han ,&nbsp;Jiake Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stormwater detention tanks (SDTs), a key component of gray infrastructure in low-impact development (LID), are crucial for managing excessive rainfall and mitigating overflow pollution. However, in data-limited areas, SDTs often lack precision in achieving multiple objectives, including removing runoff pollution, regulating runoff volume, and reducing peak flow. In this study, we propose an optimized SDT model based on the nonlinear time-varying process of surface runoff generation (NTVP-SDT). This model comprises modules for rainfall characteristics (intensity and pattern), nonlinear time-varying surface runoff generation, two-stage pollutant load calculation, and SDT volume determination. They can more accurately calculate peak flow reduction and total pollutant load removal in SDT with limited data, while also adapting to complex urban surfaces and time-varying rainfall processes. When applied to a sponge city case in a commercial area in Northwestern China, this model reduces the required SDT volume by 23.5% compared to traditional empirical calculations, while achieving the same runoff reduction. By analyzing the response relationship between different design objectives, different rainfall recurrence periods, and key parameters of SDT, the multi-peak morphological changes in the inflow process and pollution load process of the system have been clarified, as well as the non-linear decreasing function relationship between the change of SDT volume, unit effective volume runoff reduction, and recurrence interval. The findings contribute to improving the design accuracy of multi-objective SDT and upgrading urban stormwater management models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"656 ","pages":"Article 133019"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}