Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132856
Eunhyung Lee , Sanghyun Kim
Groundwater variation in a delta plain at estuarine rivers is important for agricultural productivity and the development of a suburban area. A time–frequency analysis is necessary for better understanding the causal relationship between groundwater level and salinity and hydrological and meteorological conditions. The conventional wave analysis requires further development to properly handle the common driver if two time series share identical stochastic structures. As part of this study, we developed an improved wavelet coherence analysis to delineate causality configurations using a pre-whitening scheme. Residual series of river water and groundwater level were obtained by using the structure of a time series model for air pressure. Pre-whitening wavelet analysis removed the majority of common coherences between river water level and groundwater responses within 6 h. Additionally, substantial air pressure wavelet coherences (between 10–100%) were eliminated by the proposed method for time intervals exceeding 6 h. As a result of applying the proposed method to groundwater level and salinity responses, it has been demonstrated that eliminating the stochastic structure can help identify time-dependent impacts of extreme events, as well as improve our understanding of coherence relationships across a wide range of time and frequency scales.
{"title":"Pre-whitened wavelet analysis to evaluate the relationship between environmental factors and groundwater responses at a delta plain in the downstream region of Nackdong river Basin, South Korea","authors":"Eunhyung Lee , Sanghyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater variation in a delta plain at estuarine rivers is important for agricultural productivity and the development of a suburban area. A time–frequency analysis is necessary for better understanding the causal relationship between groundwater level and salinity and hydrological and meteorological conditions. The conventional wave analysis requires further development to properly handle the common driver if two time series share identical stochastic structures. As part of this study, we developed an improved wavelet coherence analysis to delineate causality configurations using a pre-whitening scheme. Residual series of river water and groundwater level were obtained by using the structure of a time series model for air pressure. Pre-whitening wavelet analysis removed the majority of common coherences between river water level and groundwater responses within 6 h. Additionally, substantial air pressure wavelet coherences (between 10–100%) were eliminated by the proposed method for time intervals exceeding 6 h. As a result of applying the proposed method to groundwater level and salinity responses, it has been demonstrated that eliminating the stochastic structure can help identify time-dependent impacts of extreme events, as well as improve our understanding of coherence relationships across a wide range of time and frequency scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132856"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132860
Jiayan Zhang , Zhihong Liu , Yu Li , Yanhong Dou , Mingjun Wang , Huicheng Zhou , Bo Xu
Developing reliable hydrological models in highly managed basins is challenging due to multiple sources of uncertainty. The advent of open-source platforms providing publicly available datasets has the potential to mitigate these uncertainties. However, a comprehensive understanding of how these datasets impact model performance is lacking. This study takes the lower part of the YongDing River Basin (LYDRB) in northern China as a case to develop a hydrological model leveraging various open-source datasets, including water withdrawal activities, satellite-based streamflow, and remotely sensed evaporation. We design four comparative experiments to assess the impact of utilizing different data combinations on model performance. We find that the satellite-based streamflow data has the most significant impact, greatly enhancing streamflow simulation performance, with the NSE improving from the range of −1.5 to −0.39 to the range of 0.48 to 0.54 and the PBIAS improving from the range of −28 % to −63 % to the range of −3 % to −10 %. Water withdrawal data and remotely sensed evaporation data contribute to smaller performance improvements. The use of these two datasets may lead to poorer performance during the calibration period but better performance during the validation period. Specifically, remotely sensed evaporation data enhances model performance in streamflow simulation during the validation period, with NSE increasing by up to 0.1, although it results in a decrease of up to 0.04 in NSE during the calibration period. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for developing reliable and low-uncertainty hydrological models in highly managed and data-scarce basins by effectively utilizing various information sources.
{"title":"Enhancing hydrological model performance through multi-source open-data utilization in the highly managed, data-scarce basin","authors":"Jiayan Zhang , Zhihong Liu , Yu Li , Yanhong Dou , Mingjun Wang , Huicheng Zhou , Bo Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing reliable hydrological models in highly managed basins is challenging due to multiple sources of uncertainty. The advent of open-source platforms providing publicly available datasets has the potential to mitigate these uncertainties. However, a comprehensive understanding of how these datasets impact model performance is lacking. This study takes the lower part of the YongDing River Basin (LYDRB) in northern China as a case to develop a hydrological model leveraging various open-source datasets, including water withdrawal activities, satellite-based streamflow, and remotely sensed evaporation. We design four comparative experiments to assess the impact of utilizing different data combinations on model performance. We find that the satellite-based streamflow data has the most significant impact, greatly enhancing streamflow simulation performance, with the NSE improving from the range of −1.5 to −0.39 to the range of 0.48 to 0.54 and the PBIAS improving from the range of −28 % to −63 % to the range of −3 % to −10 %. Water withdrawal data and remotely sensed evaporation data contribute to smaller performance improvements. The use of these two datasets may lead to poorer performance during the calibration period but better performance during the validation period. Specifically, remotely sensed evaporation data enhances model performance in streamflow simulation during the validation period, with NSE increasing by up to 0.1, although it results in a decrease of up to 0.04 in NSE during the calibration period. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for developing reliable and low-uncertainty hydrological models in highly managed and data-scarce basins by effectively utilizing various information sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132860"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flood risk arises from the interplay of climatic variability, urbanization, and mitigation measures. While climatic patterns exhibit variability that may either exacerbate or mitigate flood risk across regions, urban development continues to decrease the distance between human settlements and flood-prone areas, intensifying vulnerability. This also necessitates the utilization of datasets with diverse resolutions. Although several studies have performed flood forecasting using advanced models, challenges remain in addressing specific limitations such as (a) improving the accuracy of micro–macro-scale model transitions when employing varied resolution datasets, and (b) enhancing predictive capabilities for ungauged channels. This study aims to address these challenges within the context of a case study, applying a rain-on-grid approach to link micro- and macro-scale flood predictions in a data-scarce environment. The study investigated the impact of grid size and simulation time steps for daily rainfall data on computation time and model accuracy through Geo-HECRAS. The results highlighted significant impacts on the accuracy of hydrological simulations due to variations in spatial resolution and simulation time steps. Volume accumulation error decreased from 1.49 % to 0.25 % in micro-scale scenarios and from 0.85 % to 0.006 % in macro-scale scenarios when transitioning from higher-resolution grids (5 m and 30 m) to coarser grids (10 m and 50 m) with a finer simulation time step of 15 min. While finer grids improve spatial detail, the findings suggest that coarser grid resolutions, when combined with finer temporal scales, can achieve reduced errors and optimized computational efficiency for both micro and macro-scale modeling. This approach enhances the accurate representation of flood dynamics over broader spatial scales, ensuring the reliability of predictive models. It supports the development of flood mitigation strategies and resilient infrastructure tailored to both regional patterns and site-specific hydrological conditions.
{"title":"Micro-macro–scale flood modeling in ungauged channels: Rain-on-grid approach for improving prediction accuracy with varied resolution datasets","authors":"Akshay Kumar , Sripali Biswas , Srinivas Rallapalli , Pratik Shashwat , Selva Balaji , Rajiv Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flood risk arises from the interplay of climatic variability, urbanization, and mitigation measures. While climatic patterns exhibit variability that may either exacerbate or mitigate flood risk across regions, urban development continues to decrease the distance between human settlements and flood-prone areas, intensifying vulnerability. This also necessitates the utilization of datasets with diverse resolutions. Although several studies have performed flood forecasting using advanced models, challenges remain in addressing specific limitations such as (a) improving the accuracy of micro–macro-scale model transitions when employing varied resolution datasets, and (b) enhancing predictive capabilities for ungauged channels. This study aims to address these challenges within the context of a case study, applying a rain-on-grid approach to link micro- and macro-scale flood predictions in a data-scarce environment. The study investigated the impact of grid size and simulation time steps for daily rainfall data on computation time and model accuracy through Geo-HECRAS. The results highlighted significant impacts on the accuracy of hydrological simulations due to variations in spatial resolution and simulation time steps. Volume accumulation error decreased from 1.49 % to 0.25 % in micro-scale scenarios and from 0.85 % to 0.006 % in macro-scale scenarios when transitioning from higher-resolution grids (5 m and 30 m) to coarser grids (10 m and 50 m) with a finer simulation time step of 15 min. While finer grids improve spatial detail, the findings suggest that coarser grid resolutions, when combined with finer temporal scales, can achieve reduced errors and optimized computational efficiency for both micro and macro-scale modeling. This approach enhances the accurate representation of flood dynamics over broader spatial scales, ensuring the reliability of predictive models. It supports the development of flood mitigation strategies and resilient infrastructure tailored to both regional patterns and site-specific hydrological conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132862"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132859
Cao Luo , Chi Yao , Yun-Zhe Jin , Jie Yu , Chuang-Bing Zhou
Studying droplet behavior at intersections within three-dimensional fractured media is crucial for predicting fluid flow and solute transport. However, the relationship between droplet splitting at these intersections and macroscopic quantities like flow rate is still unclear. In this study, we developed and validated a theoretical model to describe droplet splitting in three-dimensional fractures using laboratory visualization experiments. Our findings show a strong alignment between the model’s predictions and the experimental data, indicating the model’s effectiveness in simulating real-world droplet behavior. We observed droplet behavior and transformation within a single three-dimensional fracture, noting that size is influenced by flow rate, aperture, contact angle, and inclination. Using these variables, we determined the capillary barrier size at intersections. We used our model to predict droplet splitting at intersections, defining three modes: Type I, full invasion of the horizontal fracture; Type II, partial invasion; and Type III, complete crossing of the fracture. Sensitivity analysis showed that droplet splitting shifts from Type I to Type II and stabilizes at Type III as the forward contact angle, flow rate, and inclination angle increase. Notably, there is a non-linear relationship between the splitting ratio and fracture aperture, especially during the Type I to Type II transition. Our findings improve understanding and contribute to more accurate predictions of unsaturated flow in fractured rock formations, impacting groundwater remediation, oil and gas production, and geothermal energy extraction.
{"title":"Droplet flow behavior and splitting dynamics at three-dimensional fracture intersections: A theoretical and experimental study","authors":"Cao Luo , Chi Yao , Yun-Zhe Jin , Jie Yu , Chuang-Bing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studying droplet behavior at intersections within three-dimensional fractured media is crucial for predicting fluid flow and solute transport. However, the relationship between droplet splitting at these intersections and macroscopic quantities like flow rate is still unclear. In this study, we developed and validated a theoretical model to describe droplet splitting in three-dimensional fractures using laboratory visualization experiments. Our findings show a strong alignment between the model’s predictions and the experimental data, indicating the model’s effectiveness in simulating real-world droplet behavior. We observed droplet behavior and transformation within a single three-dimensional fracture, noting that size is influenced by flow rate, aperture, contact angle, and inclination. Using these variables, we determined the capillary barrier size at intersections. We used our model to predict droplet splitting at intersections, defining three modes: Type I, full invasion of the horizontal fracture; Type II, partial invasion; and Type III, complete crossing of the fracture. Sensitivity analysis showed that droplet splitting shifts from Type I to Type II and stabilizes at Type III as the forward contact angle, flow rate, and inclination angle increase. Notably, there is a non-linear relationship between the splitting ratio and fracture aperture, especially during the Type I to Type II transition. Our findings improve understanding and contribute to more accurate predictions of unsaturated flow in fractured rock formations, impacting groundwater remediation, oil and gas production, and geothermal energy extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132859"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132853
Binh Quang Nguyen , Sameh A. Kantoush , Tetsuya Sumi
Increasing populations, urbanization, and infrastructure development worldwide have intensified riverbed sand mining activities, posing complex societal challenges across multiple spheres. Its wide-reaching impacts include alterations of river gradients that intensify erosion, disrupt the flow regime, and influence the stability of fluvial systems. This study aimed to uncover the intricate river dynamics and water transfer rate induced by sand mining in the Vu Gia Thu Bon (VGTB) River basin in central Vietnam. We investigated the effects of sand mining on riverbed elevation, changes in the river morphology, sediment balance, and flow characteristics, including the water transfer rate. The datasets were analyzed using various methods, including theoretical analysis, field investigation, and numerical simulations (TELEMAC-2D). Our findings show that local sand mining activities are unsustainable, affecting riverbed elevation alteration (reduced to 7.45 m), sediment budget (incision by 63.30 Mm3), and morphology over a wide area. We found that sand mining sites on the Vu Gia and Thu Bon Rivers are concentrated mainly upstream and downstream of the Quang Hue Channel, respectively. These factors, combined with the high riverbed elevation slope, led to low riverbed elevation and increased incisions in the Quang Hue Channel, and as a result, increased water transfer rate. We observed that the average annual water transfer rate from the Vu Gia to the Thu Bon via the Quang Hue Channel has increased from 45.7 % in 2018–2022 and is projected to increase further to 65 % by 2030. The result is a change in the rate of water transfer, causing an imbalance in water resources and sediment budgets between the Vu Gia and Thu Bon Rivers. These findings will allow for a more robust understanding of the environmental consequences of sand mining in the VGTB river basin, enhancing the relevance of these findings for policy and management decisions.
{"title":"Assessing the multidimensional impacts of riverbed sand mining on geomorphological change and water transfer rate: A comprehensive investigation of Central Vietnam’s Vu Gia Thu Bon River system","authors":"Binh Quang Nguyen , Sameh A. Kantoush , Tetsuya Sumi","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasing populations, urbanization, and infrastructure development worldwide have intensified riverbed sand mining activities, posing complex societal challenges across multiple spheres. Its wide-reaching impacts include alterations of river gradients that intensify erosion, disrupt the flow regime, and influence the stability of fluvial systems. This study aimed to uncover the intricate river dynamics and water transfer rate induced by sand mining in the Vu Gia Thu Bon (VGTB) River basin in central Vietnam. We investigated the effects of sand mining on riverbed elevation, changes in the river morphology, sediment balance, and flow characteristics, including the water transfer rate. The datasets were analyzed using various methods, including theoretical analysis, field investigation, and numerical simulations (TELEMAC-2D). Our findings show that local sand mining activities are unsustainable, affecting riverbed elevation alteration (reduced to 7.45 m), sediment budget (incision by 63.30 Mm<sup>3</sup>), and morphology over a wide area. We found that sand mining sites on the Vu Gia and Thu Bon Rivers are concentrated mainly upstream and downstream of the Quang Hue Channel, respectively. These factors, combined with the high riverbed elevation slope, led to low riverbed elevation and increased incisions in the Quang Hue Channel, and as a result, increased water transfer rate. We observed that the average annual water transfer rate from the Vu Gia to the Thu Bon via the Quang Hue Channel has increased from 45.7 % in 2018–2022 and is projected to increase further to 65 % by 2030. The result is a change in the rate of water transfer, causing an imbalance in water resources and sediment budgets between the Vu Gia and Thu Bon Rivers. These findings will allow for a more robust understanding of the environmental consequences of sand mining in the VGTB river basin, enhancing the relevance of these findings for policy and management decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132853"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132809
Pei Zhang , Donghai Zheng , Rogier van der Velde , Jun Wen , Zhongbo Su
Producing reliable profile soil moisture and temperature (SMST) simulations for the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is challenging with current model-based products. This study examines error sources in GLDAS-2.1 Noah through numerical experiments focusing on impact of soil properties, meteorological forcing, and model physics. Profile SMST observations from the Maqu network characterized by grassland with humid climate and Shiquanhe network dominated by bare ground with arid climate serve as ground truth. The control experiment running the default Noah model with GLDAS-2.1 meteorological data and FAO soil data mirrors the GLDAS-2.1 Noah product, both of which underestimate profile SM in Maqu and overestimate them in Shiquanhe, with profile ST underestimated in both areas. Using realistic soil types from in situ samples reduces RMSD by 27% and 57% on average in simulating profile SM for Maqu and Shiquanhe, respectively. Adoption of improved meteorological forcing further alleviates remaining overestimation in Shiquanhe during warm season with RMSD reduced by 45%. Implementation of augmented model physics largely addresses remaining deficiencies, which further reduces RMSD by more than 40% in both network via improving parameterizations of soil hydraulic properties and freezing characteristics. Implementation of improved soil type and meteorological forcing shows minor impact on profile ST simulations, while the augmented model physics improving the parameterization of surface heat exchange largely reduces the RMSD by 34% and 51% for Maqu and Shiquanhe, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding and addressing the uncertainties of profile SMST simulations on the TP.
{"title":"Impact of model physics, meteorological forcing, and soil property data on simulating soil moisture and temperature profiles on the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Pei Zhang , Donghai Zheng , Rogier van der Velde , Jun Wen , Zhongbo Su","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Producing reliable profile soil moisture and temperature (SMST) simulations for the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is challenging with current model-based products. This study examines error sources in GLDAS-2.1 Noah through numerical experiments focusing on impact of soil properties, meteorological forcing, and model physics. Profile SMST observations from the Maqu network characterized by grassland with humid climate and Shiquanhe network dominated by bare ground with arid climate serve as ground truth. The control experiment running the default Noah model with GLDAS-2.1 meteorological data and FAO soil data mirrors the GLDAS-2.1 Noah product, both of which underestimate profile SM in Maqu and overestimate them in Shiquanhe, with profile ST underestimated in both areas. Using realistic soil types from in situ samples reduces RMSD by 27% and 57% on average in simulating profile SM for Maqu and Shiquanhe, respectively. Adoption of improved meteorological forcing further alleviates remaining overestimation in Shiquanhe during warm season with RMSD reduced by 45%. Implementation of augmented model physics largely addresses remaining deficiencies, which further reduces RMSD by more than 40% in both network via improving parameterizations of soil hydraulic properties and freezing characteristics. Implementation of improved soil type and meteorological forcing shows minor impact on profile ST simulations, while the augmented model physics improving the parameterization of surface heat exchange largely reduces the RMSD by 34% and 51% for Maqu and Shiquanhe, respectively. These findings provide valuable insights for understanding and addressing the uncertainties of profile SMST simulations on the TP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132809"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132816
Fengling Gan , Lisha Jiang , Xiaohong Tan , Hailong Shi , Quanhou Dai , Youjin Yan , Junbing Pu , Yuchuan Fan
Unique geological conditions and irrational human activities have given rise to a highly serious issue of soil erosion in karst area. The soil detachment capacity (Dc) serves as a crucial indicator for comprehending and accurately predicting process-based soil erosion models, which is influenced by bedrock strata dip (BSD) modifying occurrence state and hydrodynamic characteristics on slopes. However, due to the combined effect of BSD and hydrodynamic characteristics on Dc, quantifying the impact and mechanisms of BSD and rock dip angle (RDA) on Dc in different land-use patterns of karst trough valley remains challenging. In this study, an indoor simulated scouring flume was used to examine the variation in Dc under two BSD conditions (bedding and inverse slope) and three RDA gradients (10°, 30°, and 60°), considering five land-use patterns (cropland, natural grassland, abandoned land, forestland, and shrubland) and three flow discharges (60, 80, and 100 L·min−1). This study revealed that the flow pattern on the bedding slope exhibited a steeper inclination and higher turbulence than the inverse slope, accompanied by high hydrodynamic parameters and Dc values. Spatially, there was an increasing trend in the mean value of Dc, flow depth (FD), shear stress (SS), and stream power (SP) with increasing RDA, indicating that the influence of BSD on hydrodynamic characteristics was strengthened by the increasing RDA. Furthermore, crop-land exhibited a significantly higher Dc values and most of the soil properties compared to other land-use patterns, with natural grassland demonstrating the lowest value, illustrating that the altering land-use patterns can impact Dc through changes in soil properties. Moreover, the dominant contributor to Dc was found to be SOM at 35.4 %, with FL, WSA, SP, and RDA following in the order of decreasing contribution. A prediction model (NSE = 0.897, R2 = 0.906, P < 0.01) was developed to quantify the impact of RDA, soil properties, and hydrodynamic characteristics on Dc in karst mountain regions. This study provides valuable insights into elucidating the impact of BSD and land use changes on Dc and offering scientific references for facilitating soil and water loss control in these areas.
{"title":"Rock dip angle affects relationship between slope hydrodynamic characteristics and soil detachment capacity: Evidence from land-use patterns of inverse and bedding slopes in karst trough valley","authors":"Fengling Gan , Lisha Jiang , Xiaohong Tan , Hailong Shi , Quanhou Dai , Youjin Yan , Junbing Pu , Yuchuan Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unique geological conditions and irrational human activities have given rise to a highly serious issue of soil erosion in karst area. The soil detachment capacity (<em>D<sub>c</sub></em>) serves as a crucial indicator for comprehending and accurately predicting process-based soil erosion models, which is influenced by bedrock strata dip (<em>BSD</em>) modifying occurrence state and hydrodynamic characteristics on slopes. However, due to the combined effect of <em>BSD</em> and hydrodynamic characteristics on <em>D<sub>c</sub></em>, quantifying the impact and mechanisms of <em>BSD</em> and rock dip angle (<em>RDA</em>) on <em>D<sub>c</sub></em> in different land-use patterns of karst trough valley remains challenging. In this study, an indoor simulated scouring flume was used to examine the variation in <em>D<sub>c</sub></em> under two <em>BSD</em> conditions (bedding and inverse slope) and three <em>RDA</em> gradients (10°, 30°, and 60°), considering five land-use patterns (cropland, natural grassland, abandoned land, forestland, and shrubland) and three flow discharges (60, 80, and 100 L·min<sup>−1</sup>). This study revealed that the flow pattern on the bedding slope exhibited a steeper inclination and higher turbulence than the inverse slope, accompanied by high hydrodynamic parameters and <em>D<sub>c</sub></em> values. Spatially, there was an increasing trend in the mean value of <em>D<sub>c</sub></em>, flow depth (<em>FD</em>), shear stress (<em>SS</em>), and stream power (<em>SP</em>) with increasing <em>RDA</em>, indicating that the influence of <em>BSD</em> on hydrodynamic characteristics was strengthened by the increasing <em>RDA</em>. Furthermore, crop-land exhibited a significantly higher <em>D<sub>c</sub></em> values and most of the soil properties compared to other land-use patterns, with natural grassland demonstrating the lowest value, illustrating that the altering land-use patterns can impact <em>D<sub>c</sub></em> through changes in soil properties. Moreover, the dominant contributor to <em>D<sub>c</sub></em> was found to be <em>SOM</em> at 35.4 %, with <em>FL</em>, <em>WSA</em>, <em>SP</em>, and <em>RDA</em> following in the order of decreasing contribution. A prediction model (<em>NSE</em> = 0.897, <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> = 0.906, <em>P</em> < 0.01) was developed to quantify the impact of <em>RDA</em>, soil properties, and hydrodynamic characteristics on <em>D<sub>c</sub></em> in karst mountain regions. This study provides valuable insights into elucidating the impact of <em>BSD</em> and land use changes on <em>D<sub>c</sub></em> and offering scientific references for facilitating soil and water loss control in these areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132816"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132807
Yun Xia , He Su , Wanzhou Wang , Shujian Li , Zhi Li
Streamwater-groundwater interaction (SGI) plays a critical role in the exchange of water, energy, and contaminants in the terrestrial water cycle system. While shallow groundwater has traditionally been considered the primary contributor to streamflow, recent evidence suggests that deep fossil groundwater, which predates the Holocene, also discharges into rivers. However, the mechanisms driving SGI across different geological layers remain largely unknown. Here we examined SGI across five large watersheds (7,636–60,916 km2) in China’s Loess Plateau (CLP), using 651 streamwater and groundwater samples collected during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for isotopic and hydrochemical indicators. Our results revealed clear distinctions in the interactions between river water and shallow loess pore groundwater (LPG) or deep fissure groundwater (DFG). LPG exhibited one-way connectivity to streamwater, with an average groundwater discharge ratio of 24 %, whereas a two-way recharge and discharge system exist between DFG and rivers, with an average discharge ratio of 19 %. Both groundwater systems showed higher discharge ratios during the wet season than the dry season. Spatially, discharge ratios from LPG and DFG were lower in central CLP but increased towards the north and south. Loess thickness and geological formations primarily govern these patterns. While LPG primarily influences localized water exchange dynamics, DFG drives regional hydrological connectivity across multiple watersheds. Our findings provide new insights into the stratigraphic mechanisms controlling SGI, offering targeted strategies for sustainable water resource management in the CLP and similar regions.
{"title":"Layered control of stream-groundwater interactions: Insights into regional hydrological connectivity in China’s Loess Plateau","authors":"Yun Xia , He Su , Wanzhou Wang , Shujian Li , Zhi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Streamwater-groundwater interaction (SGI) plays a critical role in the exchange of water, energy, and contaminants in the terrestrial water cycle system. While shallow groundwater has traditionally been considered the primary contributor to streamflow, recent evidence suggests that deep fossil groundwater, which predates the Holocene, also discharges into rivers. However, the mechanisms driving SGI across different geological layers remain largely unknown. Here we examined SGI across five large watersheds (7,636–60,916 km<sup>2</sup>) in China’s Loess Plateau (CLP), using 651 streamwater and groundwater samples collected during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for isotopic and hydrochemical indicators. Our results revealed clear distinctions in the interactions between river water and shallow loess pore groundwater (LPG) or deep fissure groundwater (DFG). LPG exhibited one-way connectivity to streamwater, with an average groundwater discharge ratio of 24 %, whereas a two-way recharge and discharge system exist between DFG and rivers, with an average discharge ratio of 19 %. Both groundwater systems showed higher discharge ratios during the wet season than the dry season. Spatially, discharge ratios from LPG and DFG were lower in central CLP but increased towards the north and south. Loess thickness and geological formations primarily govern these patterns. While LPG primarily influences localized water exchange dynamics, DFG drives regional hydrological connectivity across multiple watersheds. Our findings provide new insights into the stratigraphic mechanisms controlling SGI, offering targeted strategies for sustainable water resource management in the CLP and similar regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132807"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132825
Lin Gan , Litang Hu , Zhongjing Wang , Na Zhang , Guiyu Yang , Suyue Yu
Accurately predicting surface water (SW)-groundwater (GW) exchanges is crucial for effective salinization control in arid and semi-arid agricultural areas. In this study, we developed a coupled SW-GW flow model for Qingtongxia Irrigation District (QID), which is the fourth-largest irrigation area in China with over 2,000 years of irrigation history. The model simulated canal diversions, GW level dynamics, and SW-GW fluxes among rivers, canals, ditches, and irrigation zones over the past 23 years. From 2000 to 2022, groundwater levels declined by −0.18, −0.45, and −0.04 m/yr across three major administrative zones, showing significant seasonal fluctuations. Furthermore, irrigation has a substantial impact on temporal changes in groundwater components and major fluxes. The interaction between GW and the Yellow River (YR) displayed highly heterogeneous temporal and spatial characteristics across the regions but showed a noticeable decreasing trend in the total yearly groundwater discharge to the YR, with a reduction of 8.4 × 105 m3/yr. The Tanglai canal recorded the highest yearly diversion at 11.02 × 108 m3, followed by the Huinong, Xigan, Hanyan, and Headwork canals. The average GW discharge to ditches accounted for over 25 % of the total SW-GW drainage to the YR from 2000 to 2022. Multi-scenario predictions indicate that reducing water diversions to 25 % of current levels over the next decade could lower average groundwater levels by up to 0.95 m, with the steepest declines in the Xigan and upper Huinong canals. This study provides a quantitative method for examining SW-GW interaction patterns, supporting sustainable groundwater management in salinization control.
{"title":"Decoding the nexus of surface water and groundwater in Northwestern China: Insights from long-term irrigation activities and numerical modeling","authors":"Lin Gan , Litang Hu , Zhongjing Wang , Na Zhang , Guiyu Yang , Suyue Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately predicting surface water (SW)-groundwater (GW) exchanges is crucial for effective salinization control in arid and semi-arid agricultural areas. In this study, we developed a coupled SW-GW flow model for Qingtongxia Irrigation District (QID), which is the fourth-largest irrigation area in China with over 2,000 years of irrigation history. The model simulated canal diversions, GW level dynamics, and SW-GW fluxes among rivers, canals, ditches, and irrigation zones over the past 23 years. From 2000 to 2022, groundwater levels declined by −0.18, −0.45, and −0.04 m/yr across three major administrative zones, showing significant seasonal fluctuations. Furthermore, irrigation has a substantial impact on temporal changes in groundwater components and major fluxes. The interaction between GW and the Yellow River (YR) displayed highly heterogeneous temporal and spatial characteristics across the regions but showed a noticeable decreasing trend in the total yearly groundwater discharge to the YR, with a reduction of 8.4 × 10<sup>5</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/yr. The Tanglai canal recorded the highest yearly diversion at 11.02 × 10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup>, followed by the Huinong, Xigan, Hanyan, and Headwork canals. The average GW discharge to ditches accounted for over 25 % of the total SW-GW drainage to the YR from 2000 to 2022. Multi-scenario predictions indicate that reducing water diversions to 25 % of current levels over the next decade could lower average groundwater levels by up to 0.95 m, with the steepest declines in the Xigan and upper Huinong canals. This study provides a quantitative method for examining SW-GW interaction patterns, supporting sustainable groundwater management in salinization control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132825"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132830
Wenbo Zheng , Shiqin Wang , Heping Sun , Yanjun Shen , Jiansheng Cao
Runoff has declined significantly or ceased in some of the mountain sub-catchments due to climate change and human activity over the past decades. Rainfall events with high intensity generated or increased runoff again, but the effect of accumulated pollutants in land surface and soil on variation of river water quality is not well understood. In this study, time-series (daily) water quality measurements of major ions, water stable isotopes (δ2H-H2O, δ18O-H2O) and nitrate (δ15N-NO3–, δ18O-NO3–) were measured. Combined with the Bayesian model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R), we investigated the effect of single extreme heavy precipitation event in July 2016 and multiple continuous heavy precipitation events in July 2021 on the dynamics and transport mechanisms of nitrate in river water in a typical hilly area of North China, where intensified anthropogenic activities occurred during past several decades. The results showed that the highest concentrations of NO3–-N (up to 22.3 mg/L), organic nitrogen (up to 31.8 mg/L) and total nitrogen (up to 55.12 mg/L) were observed in river water in July 2016. Nitrogen concentrations decreased after the single extreme heavy precipitation and remained at low levels through the sampling period. However, the mean concentrations of NO3–-N (12.93 mg/L), organic nitrogen (9.01 mg/L) and total nitrogen (23.57 mg/L) during the multiple continuous heavy precipitation were higher than that in the single extreme heavy precipitation, which showed continuous discharge of groundwater to river. The results of δ2H-H2O and δ18O-H2O in river water showed that the runoff mainly originated from the fast flow affected by the single extreme heavy precipitation, while runoff was dominated by the continuous recharge after the multiple continuous heavy precipitation in 2021. The SIAR results revealed that manure and chemical fertilizer were the main nitrate sources after the single extreme heavy precipitation in 2016, which contributed 7.5–42.6 % and 7.9–15.2 % of nitrate in river water, respectively. However, the contribution of manure and chemical fertilizer increased and ranged from 29.6 % to 91.8 % and from 7.3 % to 28.8 %, respectively after the multiple continuous heavy precipitation in 2021. Pollution of the hilly area with intensified anthropogenic activities occurred by a flush of nitrogen input following precipitation events; precipitation intensity is therefore an important factor for the water quality management. Reducing source availability during the wet season may facilitate reduction of nitrogen loading in similar hilly areas.
{"title":"Rainfall driven nitrate transport in runoff of hilly area by combining time-series monitoring of hydrochemistry and stable isotopes","authors":"Wenbo Zheng , Shiqin Wang , Heping Sun , Yanjun Shen , Jiansheng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Runoff has declined significantly or ceased in some of the mountain sub-catchments due to climate change and human activity over the past decades. Rainfall events with high intensity generated or increased runoff again, but the effect of accumulated pollutants in land surface and soil on variation of river water quality is not well understood. In this study, time-series (daily) water quality measurements of major ions, water stable isotopes (δ<sup>2</sup>H-H<sub>2</sub>O, δ<sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O) and nitrate (δ<sup>15</sup>N-NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>, δ<sup>18</sup>O-NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>) were measured. Combined with the Bayesian model (Stable Isotope Analysis in R), we investigated the effect of single extreme heavy precipitation event in July 2016 and multiple continuous heavy precipitation events in July 2021 on the dynamics and transport mechanisms of nitrate in river water in a typical hilly area of North China, where intensified anthropogenic activities occurred during past several decades. The results showed that the highest concentrations of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N (up to 22.3 mg/L), organic nitrogen (up to 31.8 mg/L) and total nitrogen (up to 55.12 mg/L) were observed in river water in July 2016. Nitrogen concentrations decreased after the single extreme heavy precipitation and remained at low levels through the sampling period. However, the mean concentrations of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N (12.93 mg/L), organic nitrogen (9.01 mg/L) and total nitrogen (23.57 mg/L) during the multiple continuous heavy precipitation were higher than that in the single extreme heavy precipitation, which showed continuous discharge of groundwater to river. The results of δ<sup>2</sup>H-H<sub>2</sub>O and δ<sup>18</sup>O-H<sub>2</sub>O in river water showed that the runoff mainly originated from the fast flow affected by the single extreme heavy precipitation, while runoff was dominated by the continuous recharge after the multiple continuous heavy precipitation in 2021. The SIAR results revealed that manure and chemical fertilizer were the main nitrate sources after the single extreme heavy precipitation in 2016, which contributed 7.5–42.6 % and 7.9–15.2 % of nitrate in river water, respectively. However, the contribution of manure and chemical fertilizer increased and ranged from 29.6 % to 91.8 % and from 7.3 % to 28.8 %, respectively after the multiple continuous heavy precipitation in 2021. Pollution of the hilly area with intensified anthropogenic activities occurred by a flush of nitrogen input following precipitation events; precipitation intensity is therefore an important factor for the water quality management. Reducing source availability during the wet season may facilitate reduction of nitrogen loading in similar hilly areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"654 ","pages":"Article 132830"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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