Pub Date : 2025-08-31DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100425
Devair Monteiro , Laryssa Suemy Oumoriz , Carmen Silvia Molleis Galego Miziara , Ivan Dieb Miziara
This study examines the relationship between the incidence of willful homicides committed with firearms and economic factors in the subprefectures of São Paulo (Brazil) in the year 2023. The analysis involved comparing records of willful homicides with the average family income in the locations where the crimes occurred. The results indicate a lack of significant statistical correlation between the incidence of such crimes and the economic conditions of the analyzed regions. Therefore, one possible conclusion is that family income alone is not a determinant factor in the observed crime patterns. In summary, although the average family income provides valuable insights into the socioeconomic scenario of the subprefectures, it is insufficient to elucidate the complexity of urban crime in São Paulo. So, this study suggests that other factors, possibly related to social, cultural, or public policy dynamics, should be considered for a more comprehensive understanding of the homicide patterns in the city.
{"title":"Homicides in the city of São Paulo, Brazil: Are they related to family income?","authors":"Devair Monteiro , Laryssa Suemy Oumoriz , Carmen Silvia Molleis Galego Miziara , Ivan Dieb Miziara","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the relationship between the incidence of willful homicides committed with firearms and economic factors in the subprefectures of São Paulo (Brazil) in the year 2023. The analysis involved comparing records of willful homicides with the average family income in the locations where the crimes occurred. The results indicate a lack of significant statistical correlation between the incidence of such crimes and the economic conditions of the analyzed regions. Therefore, one possible conclusion is that family income alone is not a determinant factor in the observed crime patterns. In summary, although the average family income provides valuable insights into the socioeconomic scenario of the subprefectures, it is insufficient to elucidate the complexity of urban crime in São Paulo. So, this study suggests that other factors, possibly related to social, cultural, or public policy dynamics, should be considered for a more comprehensive understanding of the homicide patterns in the city.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100424
Emelie Bäckström Kalb , Fredrik Tamsen , Ingemar Thiblin
The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the use of sodium rhodizonate (NaRh) as a histological staining for lead and barium containing gunshot residues in autopsy material and to provide guidance on the interpretation of these. Samples from gunshot wounds were stained with NaRh and graded according to a four-point rating scale. Higher grades were somewhat associated with entrance wounds and shorter shooting distance. In some gunshot injuries, though, the exit wounds stained more positive than the entrance wounds Thus, in this study, we conclude that NaRh cannot be used as a sole discriminator between gunshot entrance and exit wounds.
{"title":"Rhodizonate, histological analysis of gunshot wounds in autopsy cases","authors":"Emelie Bäckström Kalb , Fredrik Tamsen , Ingemar Thiblin","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the use of sodium rhodizonate (NaRh) as a histological staining for lead and barium containing gunshot residues in autopsy material and to provide guidance on the interpretation of these. Samples from gunshot wounds were stained with NaRh and graded according to a four-point rating scale. Higher grades were somewhat associated with entrance wounds and shorter shooting distance. In some gunshot injuries, though, the exit wounds stained more positive than the entrance wounds Thus, in this study, we conclude that NaRh cannot be used as a sole discriminator between gunshot entrance and exit wounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-19DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100423
Abdullah Al-Shammari , Ahmed Yasser , Reem Al-Thubaiti , Ahmed Refaat
A 31-year-old male was admitted to the emergency department of a regional hospital following a high-speed police pursuit and subsequent arrest. On arrival, he presented in profound hypovolemic shock. Despite intensive resuscitation efforts, he succumbed to his injuries 48 h later. His medical history included chronic substance abuse and multiple gastrointestinal complications. Postmortem examination revealed extensive traumatic injuries, with scattered abrasions and contusions predominantly located in the right inguinal region. Notably, gastrointestinal findings included a near-perforated, balloon-like intestinal ulcer and multiple small, rounded, smooth-edged ulcers, accompanied by significant intestinal hemorrhage extending to the anal orifice. Toxicological analysis identified toxic levels of methamphetamine in both blood and urine. The cause of death was attributed to severe intestinal hemorrhage resulting from the traumatic rupture of methamphetamine-induced ischemic enterocolitis lesions.
{"title":"Fatal methamphetamine-induced ischemic enterocolitis: A case report","authors":"Abdullah Al-Shammari , Ahmed Yasser , Reem Al-Thubaiti , Ahmed Refaat","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 31-year-old male was admitted to the emergency department of a regional hospital following a high-speed police pursuit and subsequent arrest. On arrival, he presented in profound hypovolemic shock. Despite intensive resuscitation efforts, he succumbed to his injuries 48 h later. His medical history included chronic substance abuse and multiple gastrointestinal complications. Postmortem examination revealed extensive traumatic injuries, with scattered abrasions and contusions predominantly located in the right inguinal region. Notably, gastrointestinal findings included a near-perforated, balloon-like intestinal ulcer and multiple small, rounded, smooth-edged ulcers, accompanied by significant intestinal hemorrhage extending to the anal orifice. Toxicological analysis identified toxic levels of methamphetamine in both blood and urine. The cause of death was attributed to severe intestinal hemorrhage resulting from the traumatic rupture of methamphetamine-induced ischemic enterocolitis lesions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-06DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100422
Matheus Jhonnata Santos Mota , Alberto Calson Alves Vieira , Lucas Silva Lima , João Victor Melquiades Sátiro , Carlos Mathias de Menezes Neto , Patrízia Lisieux Prado Paixão , Gabriel Pedro Gonçalves Lopes , Lauro Roberto de Azevedo Setton , Carlos Eduardo de Andrade , Richard Halti Cabral
The increasing reliance on machine learning (ML) techniques in forensic anthropology underscores the imperative to enhance the accuracy and objectivity of sex estimation from skeletal remains. Traditional methods often suffer from subjectivity and variability, prompting a shift towards morphometric approaches for improved precision. In this context, this study aims to identify the most accurate cranial measurements for sex estimation and ascertain the minimum number of variables needed to match the performance of a 12-measure model using a neural network. The objective of this study was to determine the most accurate individual cranial measurements for sex estimation and to identify the minimum number of variables required to achieve comparable accuracy to the 12-measure model using a neural network. Data from 241 skulls from the collection of the Center for Studies in Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology at the University of Tiradentes were used in this study. Twelve measurements were performed. The data were divided into a test group (20 %) and a training group (80 %). Machine learning algorithms were developed using the Python language in the Google Colaboratory environment. The combination of three measurements (biporion, head circumference and opisthocranion-glabella) outperformed the reference linear models and the 12-measure model in the neural network. Biporion isolated in a neural network outperformed 12 measures in logistic regression. Our study adds to the literature a high accuracy with only three measures, reducing the workload for the examiner, in a reproducible and reliable way, using neural networks.
{"title":"Enhancing sex determination in forensic anthropology: A comparative analysis of cranial measurements using artificial neural network","authors":"Matheus Jhonnata Santos Mota , Alberto Calson Alves Vieira , Lucas Silva Lima , João Victor Melquiades Sátiro , Carlos Mathias de Menezes Neto , Patrízia Lisieux Prado Paixão , Gabriel Pedro Gonçalves Lopes , Lauro Roberto de Azevedo Setton , Carlos Eduardo de Andrade , Richard Halti Cabral","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing reliance on machine learning (ML) techniques in forensic anthropology underscores the imperative to enhance the accuracy and objectivity of sex estimation from skeletal remains. Traditional methods often suffer from subjectivity and variability, prompting a shift towards morphometric approaches for improved precision. In this context, this study aims to identify the most accurate cranial measurements for sex estimation and ascertain the minimum number of variables needed to match the performance of a 12-measure model using a neural network. The objective of this study was to determine the most accurate individual cranial measurements for sex estimation and to identify the minimum number of variables required to achieve comparable accuracy to the 12-measure model using a neural network. Data from 241 skulls from the collection of the Center for Studies in Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology at the University of Tiradentes were used in this study. Twelve measurements were performed. The data were divided into a test group (20 %) and a training group (80 %). Machine learning algorithms were developed using the Python language in the Google Colaboratory environment. The combination of three measurements (biporion, head circumference and opisthocranion-glabella) outperformed the reference linear models and the 12-measure model in the neural network. Biporion isolated in a neural network outperformed 12 measures in logistic regression. Our study adds to the literature a high accuracy with only three measures, reducing the workload for the examiner, in a reproducible and reliable way, using neural networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-23DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100420
Lii Jye Tan , Beng Beng Ong , Nur Syahrina Rahim , Cai Ping Koh , Mohammad Shafie Othman , Zhao Peng Koo , Shau-Kong Lai
Determining stillbirth or livebirth in cases of infant abandonment is a complex and challenging task in autopsy practice. This distinction is crucial in determining whether the death is link to natural causes or potentially involves criminal implications. This review critically examines current methodologies in postmortem investigations of newborn deaths, emphasizing the importance of accurately distinguishing between stillbirth and livebirth. Our goal is to provide a thorough checklist for forensic practitioners by analyzing pathological, radiological, and biochemical parameters in suspected infanticide investigations. Enhancing the accuracy of these investigations not only aids the judicial process but also serves as a deterrent against newborn abandonment or infanticide. Ultimately, the implementation of stringent legal measures against newborn abandonment is expected to reduce the incidence of infanticide and improve neonatal survival rates.
{"title":"A review of practical approach in suspected infanticide deaths","authors":"Lii Jye Tan , Beng Beng Ong , Nur Syahrina Rahim , Cai Ping Koh , Mohammad Shafie Othman , Zhao Peng Koo , Shau-Kong Lai","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining stillbirth or livebirth in cases of infant abandonment is a complex and challenging task in autopsy practice. This distinction is crucial in determining whether the death is link to natural causes or potentially involves criminal implications. This review critically examines current methodologies in postmortem investigations of newborn deaths, emphasizing the importance of accurately distinguishing between stillbirth and livebirth. Our goal is to provide a thorough checklist for forensic practitioners by analyzing pathological, radiological, and biochemical parameters in suspected infanticide investigations. Enhancing the accuracy of these investigations not only aids the judicial process but also serves as a deterrent against newborn abandonment or infanticide. Ultimately, the implementation of stringent legal measures against newborn abandonment is expected to reduce the incidence of infanticide and improve neonatal survival rates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144139335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-21DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100421
Tshegofatso Ramphaleng , Brendon Billings , Jason Hemingway
The human mandible is one of several sexually dimorphic bones and provides moderate to high accuracy in the estimation of sex during forensic application. Mandibular morphology changes in response to aging and tooth loss and few studies have considered the effect of these factors on sex estimation. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of tooth loss on the accuracy of estimating the sex of the mandible. The sample includes 196 mandibles of South African Black people of African descent. Seventy-nine mandibles had full dentition and 117 had various degrees of tooth loss. Fixed and semi-sliding 3D landmarks were used to outline non-alveolar mandibular morphology. The alveolar region was scored for the presence or absence of antemortem tooth loss. Two-sample permutation tests assessed the presence of sexual dimorphism and discriminant analysis was used to illustrate sexual dimorphism and to estimate the accuracy of sex allocations. Mandibles with full dentition and tooth loss had higher sex allocation accuracies, but the difference was greater among those with tooth loss than observed in fully dentate mandibles. Males displayed a broader mandibular arch, ramus flexure, ante-gonial notches, and longer coronoid processes compared to females in both the dentate and edentate mandibles. The accuracy of sex estimation was comparable between the tooth loss sample (86.8 %) and the full dentition sample (85.4 %). Thus, mandibles with tooth loss exhibit sufficient sexual dimorphism to estimate sex accurately using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a South African population. (231)
{"title":"The effect of tooth loss on sexual dimorphism of South African mandible using geometric morphometrics","authors":"Tshegofatso Ramphaleng , Brendon Billings , Jason Hemingway","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human mandible is one of several sexually dimorphic bones and provides moderate to high accuracy in the estimation of sex during forensic application. Mandibular morphology changes in response to aging and tooth loss and few studies have considered the effect of these factors on sex estimation. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of tooth loss on the accuracy of estimating the sex of the mandible. The sample includes 196 mandibles of South African Black people of African descent. Seventy-nine mandibles had full dentition and 117 had various degrees of tooth loss. Fixed and semi-sliding 3D landmarks were used to outline non-alveolar mandibular morphology. The alveolar region was scored for the presence or absence of antemortem tooth loss. Two-sample permutation tests assessed the presence of sexual dimorphism and discriminant analysis was used to illustrate sexual dimorphism and to estimate the accuracy of sex allocations. Mandibles with full dentition and tooth loss had higher sex allocation accuracies, but the difference was greater among those with tooth loss than observed in fully dentate mandibles. Males displayed a broader mandibular arch, ramus flexure, ante-gonial notches, and longer coronoid processes compared to females in both the dentate and edentate mandibles. The accuracy of sex estimation was comparable between the tooth loss sample (86.8 %) and the full dentition sample (85.4 %). Thus, mandibles with tooth loss exhibit sufficient sexual dimorphism to estimate sex accurately using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a South African population. (231)</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological sex determination and stature estimation are crucial components to establish the biological profiling for human identification. The population-specific standards are still needed to apply for accurate assessment. Sternum has been demonstrated to have high sexual dimorphism in many populations, but has not yet been adequately studied in Northeastern Thais to be applied in cases where traditional bones are not available or fragmented. This study, therefore, aimed to develop the standard measurements in Northeastern Thai sternum.
Materials and Methods
The study examined 390 dry sterna (200 males, 190 females) collected from identified Thai skeletons. The length of manubrium, manubrium width, three corpus stern widths, and sternal body length were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. Logistic regression analysis was used for biological sex determination and the linear regression was employed to estimate the stature.
Results
All sternal parameters showed significant sexual dimorphism. The optimized multivariate model for biological sex determination using four sternal parameters achieved approximately 83.6 % classification accuracy. For stature estimation, the combined equation using three measurements revealed the strongest correlation (r = 0.588) with a Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) of 6.24 cm. Sex-specific equations showed the improved precision of male SEE = 5.871 cm and of female SEE = 5.798 cm, respectively.
Conclusion
This study provided the standards for biological sex determination and stature estimation from sternal measurements. Dry sternum can be useful for sex dimorphism and stature evaluation in forensic identification for Northeastern Thai population when the classical bones like complete pelvis, skull, or long bones are unavailable.
{"title":"Biological sex and stature estimations from dry sternum: A population-specific study in Northeastern Thais","authors":"Chanasorn Poodendaen , Supawadee Klaikran , Atithaya Maihong , Narawadee Choompoo , Suthat Duangchit , Worrawit Boonthai , Nareelak Tangsrisakda , Supatcharee Arun , Chadaporn Chaimontri , Sitthichai Iamsaard","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Biological sex determination and stature estimation are crucial components to establish the biological profiling for human identification. The population-specific standards are still needed to apply for accurate assessment. Sternum has been demonstrated to have high sexual dimorphism in many populations, but has not yet been adequately studied in Northeastern Thais to be applied in cases where traditional bones are not available or fragmented. This study, therefore, aimed to develop the standard measurements in Northeastern Thai sternum.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div>The study examined 390 dry sterna (200 males, 190 females) collected from identified Thai skeletons. The length of manubrium, manubrium width, three corpus stern widths, and sternal body length were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. Logistic regression analysis was used for biological sex determination and the linear regression was employed to estimate the stature.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All sternal parameters showed significant sexual dimorphism. The optimized multivariate model for biological sex determination using four sternal parameters achieved approximately 83.6 % classification accuracy. For stature estimation, the combined equation using three measurements revealed the strongest correlation (r = 0.588) with a Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) of 6.24 cm. Sex-specific equations showed the improved precision of male SEE = 5.871 cm and of female SEE = 5.798 cm, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provided the standards for biological sex determination and stature estimation from sternal measurements. Dry sternum can be useful for sex dimorphism and stature evaluation in forensic identification for Northeastern Thai population when the classical bones like complete pelvis, skull, or long bones are unavailable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-12DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100418
Zack Kowalske , David T. Snively , Abdulrahman Oleiwi , Graham Williams
This study compares the accuracy and precision of manual and computer-aided methods in bloodstain pattern analysis using equine blood under controlled conditions. Manual measurements by experienced analysts were compared to those obtained with FARO Zone 3D (FZ3D). Manual readings of single bloodstains showed higher variability and lower accuracy, while FZ3D improved angle calculations due to enhanced precision. Differences in determining the area of convergence and origin were minimal, but FZ3D offered greater workflow efficiency and data visualization. The findings highlight the need for independent validation of BPA methods and support integrating computer-aided techniques for more accurate, efficient forensic analyses.
本研究比较了人工方法和计算机辅助方法在控制条件下对马血进行血迹模式分析的准确性和精密度。由经验丰富的分析人员进行人工测量，与FARO Zone 3D （FZ3D）获得的结果进行比较。单个血迹的手动读数显示出更高的可变性和较低的精度，而FZ3D由于精度提高而改善了角度计算。在确定收敛区域和原点方面的差异很小，但FZ3D提供了更高的工作流程效率和数据可视化。这些发现强调了对双酚a方法进行独立验证的必要性，并支持将计算机辅助技术集成到更准确、更有效的法医分析中。
{"title":"Technical note: Parameters of bloodstain pattern spatial reconstruction in manual vs. computer-aided data acquisition","authors":"Zack Kowalske , David T. Snively , Abdulrahman Oleiwi , Graham Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study compares the accuracy and precision of manual and computer-aided methods in bloodstain pattern analysis using equine blood under controlled conditions. Manual measurements by experienced analysts were compared to those obtained with FARO Zone 3D (FZ3D). Manual readings of single bloodstains showed higher variability and lower accuracy, while FZ3D improved angle calculations due to enhanced precision. Differences in determining the area of convergence and origin were minimal, but FZ3D offered greater workflow efficiency and data visualization. The findings highlight the need for independent validation of BPA methods and support integrating computer-aided techniques for more accurate, efficient forensic analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-11DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100417
R. Thamizh Mani , Vikram Palimar , Mamatha Shivananda Pai , T.S. Shwetha , M. Nirmal Krishnan
Forensic linguistics has evolved from manual textual analysis to machine learning (ML)-driven methodologies, fundamentally transforming its role in criminal investigations. This narrative review clarifies three core objectives: (1) tracing the field’s historical trajectory from early manual techniques to computational innovations, (2) systematically comparing the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of manual versus ML-based approaches, and (3) identifying persistent challenges in ML integration, including algorithmic bias and legal admissibility. By synthesizing 77 studies, the analysis reveals that ML algorithms—notably deep learning and computational stylometry—outperform manual methods in processing large datasets rapidly and identifying subtle linguistic patterns (e.g., authorship attribution accuracy increased by 34 % in ML models). However, manual analysis retains superiority in interpreting cultural nuances and contextual subtleties, underscoring the need for hybrid frameworks that merge human expertise with computational scalability. The study’s novel contribution lies in its empirical demonstration of ML’s transformative potential while critiquing overreliance on automated systems without ethical safeguards. Key challenges, such as biased training data and opaque algorithmic decision-making, highlight unresolved barriers to courtroom admissibility. The review concludes by advocating for standardized validation protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration to advance forensic linguistics into an era of ethically grounded, AI-augmented justice. This dual emphasis on technological innovation and critical oversight positions the field to address evolving demands for precision and interpretability in legal evidence analysis. By addressing these issues, the field is well-positioned to advance as an indispensable and ethically grounded tool in pursuing justice.
{"title":"An evolution of forensic linguistics: From manual analysis to machine learning – A narrative review","authors":"R. Thamizh Mani , Vikram Palimar , Mamatha Shivananda Pai , T.S. Shwetha , M. Nirmal Krishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forensic linguistics has evolved from manual textual analysis to machine learning (ML)-driven methodologies, fundamentally transforming its role in criminal investigations. This narrative review clarifies three core objectives: (1) tracing the field’s historical trajectory from early manual techniques to computational innovations, (2) systematically comparing the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of manual versus ML-based approaches, and (3) identifying persistent challenges in ML integration, including algorithmic bias and legal admissibility. By synthesizing 77 studies, the analysis reveals that ML algorithms—notably deep learning and computational stylometry—outperform manual methods in processing large datasets rapidly and identifying subtle linguistic patterns (e.g., authorship attribution accuracy increased by 34 % in ML models). However, manual analysis retains superiority in interpreting cultural nuances and contextual subtleties, underscoring the need for hybrid frameworks that merge human expertise with computational scalability. The study’s novel contribution lies in its empirical demonstration of ML’s transformative potential while critiquing overreliance on automated systems without ethical safeguards. Key challenges, such as biased training data and opaque algorithmic decision-making, highlight unresolved barriers to courtroom admissibility. The review concludes by advocating for standardized validation protocols and interdisciplinary collaboration to advance forensic linguistics into an era of ethically grounded, AI-augmented justice. This dual emphasis on technological innovation and critical oversight positions the field to address evolving demands for precision and interpretability in legal evidence analysis. By addressing these issues, the field is well-positioned to advance as an indispensable and ethically grounded tool in pursuing justice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100416
Aylin Yalçın Sarıbey , Fatma Nida Ocak
The aim of examining the forward spatter bloodstain patterns of gunshot wounds is to accurately describe the relationship between the victim, the culprit, and the crime scene. The purpose of this study is to determine the approximate location of the blood source, i.e. the victim, at the crime scene by using an image processing and numerical modeling approach. To achieve this, an experimental setup is designed with cardstocks and a cow blood-soaked sponge. In total, twenty forward spatter patterns are obtained onto cardstocks after successful shootings. In the post-processing phase, ellipses on the cardstocks are detected by processing the forward spatters in MATLAB. To achieve this, ellipse properties are identified for calculating the impact angles. The impact angles are then utilized as inputs to the tangent method within the program to estimate the Area of Origin (AOx). For visualization, 2D and 3D images are generated. In conclusion, it is observed that the program works the best in determining the AOx, for the scenarios where the real AOx distances (blood source to target distances) are 35 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm respectively. The program’s weakness while determining AOx for the source distance of 5 cm is also reported. It is necessary to improve the program for short blood source-to-target distances and long shooting distances. It can be concluded that image quality is also a key factor for post-processing as it might mislead the results with visible ellipses.
{"title":"Forward Spatter Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: AO Estimation Using Image Processing and Numerical Modeling","authors":"Aylin Yalçın Sarıbey , Fatma Nida Ocak","doi":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsir.2025.100416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of examining the forward spatter bloodstain patterns of gunshot wounds is to accurately describe the relationship between the victim, the culprit, and the crime scene. The purpose of this study is to determine the approximate location of the blood source, i.e. the victim, at the crime scene by using an image processing and numerical modeling approach. To achieve this, an experimental setup is designed with cardstocks and a cow blood-soaked sponge. In total, twenty forward spatter patterns are obtained onto cardstocks after successful shootings. In the post-processing phase, ellipses on the cardstocks are detected by processing the forward spatters in MATLAB. To achieve this, ellipse properties are identified for calculating the impact angles. The impact angles are then utilized as inputs to the tangent method within the program to estimate the Area of Origin (<em>AO</em><sub><em>x</em></sub>). For visualization, 2D and 3D images are generated. In conclusion, it is observed that the program works the best in determining the <em>AO</em><sub><em>x</em></sub>, for the scenarios where the real <em>AO</em><sub><em>x</em></sub> distances (blood source to target distances) are 35 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm respectively. The program’s weakness while determining <em>AO</em><sub><em>x</em></sub> for the source distance of 5 cm is also reported. It is necessary to improve the program for short blood source-to-target distances and long shooting distances. It can be concluded that image quality is also a key factor for post-processing as it might mislead the results with visible ellipses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36331,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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