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A Pilot Study to Assess the Feasibility of Comparing Ultra-High Pressure to Low-Pressure Fire Suppression Systems for a Simulated Indirect Exterior Attack 评估模拟间接外部攻击的超高压和低压灭火系统比较可行性的初步研究
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-19 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070278
E. Sanli, Robert Brown, Derek Simmons
Financial and human resource challenges constrain firefighting in rural communities. This can limit the approaches that can be used in a given residential fire situation. Effective use of portable, lower-cost equipment that would require fewer personnel and less water could greatly benefit rural communities. This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of comparing ultra-high-pressure to low-pressure fire suppression systems at low flow rates. The conditions used simulated an indirect exterior attack through a window. A purpose-built burn room and standardized class A fires were used to compare ultra-high-pressure and low-pressure systems at low flow rates. Temperatures in the burn room were recorded for each condition in triplicate. While neither operating condition resulted in full extinguishment of the fire, the ultra-high-pressure trials saw decreases in the proportion of starting temperature that were faster and of greater magnitude than for the low-pressure trials. This compares with earlier research, simulating a transitional attack that saw similar patterns for temperature cooling but resulted in extinguishment. This preliminary testing provides evidence that the burn container and room, as well as instrumentation and fuel load configurations, are appropriate for more extensive testing of such equipment for exterior fire suppression.
财政和人力资源方面的挑战制约了农村社区的消防工作。这可能会限制在给定的住宅火灾情况下可以使用的方法。有效使用需要更少人员和更少水的便携式低成本设备可以极大地造福农村社区。本研究旨在评估在低流速下比较超高压和低压灭火系统的可行性。所使用的条件模拟了通过窗户进行的间接外部攻击。使用专门建造的燃烧室和标准化A级火灾来比较低流速下的超高压和低压系统。烧伤室的温度记录为每种情况,一式三份。虽然两种操作条件都没有导致火灾完全扑灭,但超高压试验的启动温度比例下降的速度和幅度都比低压试验更快。这与早期的研究相比较,早期的研究模拟了一种过渡攻击,这种攻击看到了类似的温度冷却模式,但导致了灭火。该初步测试提供了证据,证明燃烧容器和房间以及仪表和燃料负载配置适合对此类设备进行更广泛的外部灭火测试。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring and Testing Wildfire Risk Decision-Making in the Face of Deep Uncertainty 面对深度不确定性的野火风险决策探索与测试
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070276
Bart R. Johnson, A. Ager, Cody R. Evers, D. Hulse, Max Nielsen-Pincus, T. Sheehan, J. Bolte
We integrated a mechanistic wildfire simulation system with an agent-based landscape change model to investigate the feedbacks among climate change, population growth, development, landowner decision-making, vegetative succession, and wildfire. Our goal was to develop an adaptable simulation platform for anticipating risk-mitigation tradeoffs in a fire-prone wildland–urban interface (WUI) facing conditions outside the bounds of experience. We describe how five social and ecological system (SES) submodels interact over time and space to generate highly variable alternative futures even within the same scenario as stochastic elements in simulated wildfire, succession, and landowner decisions create large sets of unique, path-dependent futures for analysis. We applied the modeling system to an 815 km2 study area in western Oregon at a sub-taxlot parcel grain and annual timestep, generating hundreds of alternative futures for 2007–2056 (50 years) to explore how WUI communities facing compound risks from increasing wildfire and expanding periurban development can situate and assess alternative risk management approaches in their localized SES context. The ability to link trends and uncertainties across many futures to processes and events that unfold in individual futures is central to the modeling system. By contrasting selected alternative futures, we illustrate how assessing simulated feedbacks between wildfire and other SES processes can identify tradeoffs and leverage points in fire-prone WUI landscapes. Assessments include a detailed “post-mortem” of a rare, extreme wildfire event, and uncovered, unexpected stabilizing feedbacks from treatment costs that reduced the effectiveness of agent responses to signs of increasing risk.
我们将机械野火模拟系统与基于主体的景观变化模型相结合,以调查气候变化、人口增长、发展、土地所有者决策、植被演替和野火之间的反馈。我们的目标是开发一个适应性强的模拟平台,用于预测火灾多发的荒地-城市界面(WUI)中面临经验范围之外条件的风险缓解权衡。我们描述了五个社会和生态系统(SES)子模型如何在时间和空间上相互作用,以生成高度可变的替代未来,即使在模拟野火、演替和土地所有者决策中的随机因素创建了大量独特的、路径相关的未来供分析的相同场景中也是如此。我们将建模系统应用于俄勒冈州西部815平方公里的研究区域,分税地块粒度和年时间步长,为2007-2056年(50年)生成数百个替代未来,以探索面临野火增加和城市周边发展扩大的复合风险的WUI社区如何在其本地化的SES背景下定位和评估替代风险管理方法。将许多期货的趋势和不确定性与单个期货中展开的过程和事件联系起来的能力是建模系统的核心。通过对比选定的替代未来,我们说明了评估野火和其他SES过程之间的模拟反馈如何确定火灾多发性WUI景观中的权衡和杠杆点。评估包括对一次罕见的极端野火事件的详细“事后分析”,以及未发现的、来自治疗成本的意外稳定反馈,这些反馈降低了药剂对风险增加迹象的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Novel Approaches and Techniques for Understanding Vegetation Fires in South America 了解南美洲植被火灾的新方法和新技术
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070275
G. Mataveli, Gabriel de Oliveira, R. Libonati, Celso H. L. Silva‐Junior, L. Anderson
Vegetation fires represent a major disturbance in the tropics, with South America notable for having both fire-sensitive (e [...]
植被火灾是热带地区的主要干扰因素,南美洲以火灾敏感(e[…]
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引用次数: 0
Study of the Condition of Forest Fire Fighting Vehicles 森林消防车状况的研究
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070274
Filipe Silva, J. Raposo, J. Farinha, H. Raposo, Luis Paulo Reis
The Forest Fire Fighting Vehicle (FFFV) is one of the most important pieces of equipment in direct firefighting; therefore, its maintenance is strategic to guarantee high levels of reliability. The history of interventions is essential to support the increase in the quality of maintenance, namely with regard to the specificity of each equipment, in its actual operating conditions. In the absence of previous information, it is important to resort to complementary tools that allow for overcoming this gap where usually the knowledge of maintenance held by professionals and users is structuring and very helpful. In this perspective, data were collected from several fire brigades. The analysis and decisions were possible using fuzzy logic, following the Mamdani model and the centroid method for the defuzzification phase. Subsequently, a Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) was carried out to identify which would be the most severe failures, the possible cause of each failure and the respective maintenance action. Through the results obtained, it was possible to identify a set of elements of the FFFV where maintenance should pay additional attention so that the vehicle guarantees the desired levels of reliability and propose a maintenance program with added value compared to what is currently practised.
森林消防车是森林直接灭火的重要装备之一;因此,它的维护是保证高水平可靠性的战略。干预的历史对于支持维护质量的提高是至关重要的,即关于每个设备的特殊性,在其实际操作条件下。在缺乏以前的信息的情况下,重要的是借助补充工具来克服这一差距,因为专业人员和用户所掌握的维护知识通常是结构化的,非常有用。从这个角度来看,数据是从几个消防队收集的。使用模糊逻辑,遵循Mamdani模型和去模糊化阶段的质心方法,可以进行分析和决策。随后,进行了故障模式、影响和临界性分析(FMECA),以确定哪些是最严重的故障,每种故障的可能原因以及相应的维护行动。通过所获得的结果,有可能确定一组FFFV的要素,维修应给予额外的注意,以便车辆保证所需的可靠性水平,并提出与目前实践相比具有附加价值的维修方案。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling of Evaporation Rate for Peatland Fire Prevention Using Internet of Things (IoT) System 基于物联网系统的泥炭地防火蒸发速率建模
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070272
Lu Li, A. Sali, N. Noordin, A. Ismail, F. Hashim, M. Rasid, M. Hanafi, S. M. Razali, Nurizana Amir Aziz, I. Sukaesih Sitanggang, L. Syaufina, A. Nurhayati
Peatland refers to the peat soil and wetland biological environment growing on the surface. However, unexpected fires in peatlands frequently have brought severe greenhouse gas emissions and transboundary haze to Southeast Asia. To alleviate this issue, this paper first establishes an Internet of Things (IoT) system for peatland monitoring and management in the Raja Musa Forest Reserve (RMFR) in Selangor, Malaysia, and proposes a more efficient and low-complexity model for calculating the Duff Moisture Code (DMC) in peatland forests using groundwater level (GWL) and relative humidity. The feasibility of the IoT system is verified by comparing its data with those published by Malaysian Meteorological Department (METMalaysia). The proposed Linear_DMC Model and Linear_Mixed_DMC Model are compared with the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) model, and their performance is evaluated using IoT measurement data and actual values published by METMalaysia. The results show that the correlation between the measured data of the IoT system and the data from METMalaysia within the same duration is larger than 0.84, with a mean square error (MSE) of 2.56, and a correlation of 0.91 can be achieved between calculated DMC using the proposed model and actual values. This finding is of great significance for predicting peatland forest fires in the field and providing the basis for fire prevention and decision making to improve disaster prevention and reduction.
泥炭地是指生长在地表的泥炭土和湿地生物环境。然而,泥炭地的意外火灾经常给东南亚带来严重的温室气体排放和跨界雾霾。为了缓解这一问题,本文首先在马来西亚雪兰莪州的Raja Musa森林保护区(RMFR)建立了一个用于泥炭地监测和管理的物联网(IoT)系统,并提出了一个更高效、低复杂度的模型,用于利用地下水位(GWL)和相对湿度计算泥炭地森林中的达夫水分代码(DMC)。物联网系统的可行性通过将其数据与马来西亚气象局(METMalaysia)发布的数据进行比较来验证。将所提出的Linear_DMC模型和Linear_Mixed_DMC模型与加拿大火灾天气指数(FWI)模型进行了比较,并使用马来西亚气象局发布的物联网测量数据和实际值对其性能进行了评估。结果表明,在相同持续时间内,物联网系统的测量数据与马来西亚气象局的数据之间的相关性大于0.84,均方误差(MSE)为2.56,使用所提出的模型计算的DMC与实际值之间的相关性为0.91。这一发现对预测泥炭地森林火灾具有重要意义,为火灾预防和决策提供依据,提高防灾减灾水平。
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引用次数: 0
Performance-Based Evacuation Optimization for Teaching Building with Heterogeneous Populations: Simulation and Numerical Studies 基于性能的非均匀人群教学楼疏散优化:模拟与数值研究
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070273
Lanyu Yang, Bailing Zhou, Tao Wu
Building evacuation safety has been one of the focal points of researchers, and there is a wealth of research findings for certain places (e.g., buildings with a high population density) or for particular research subjects (e.g., the physically challenged ethnic group). However, current publications are relatively rare in analyzing the features of physically impaired individuals in crowded places and their impact on the effectiveness of the whole evacuation process, including non-disabled people. Additionally, only such studies tend to concentrate on the behavioral characteristics of disabled people, which lack exploring and comparing evacuation optimization strategies and evaluation of comprehensive evacuation performance. This paper proposed a computer simulation-based method that combined horizontally phased evacuation and vertically phased evacuation, supplemented with the use of handicapped ramps and a reasonable arrangement of class locations, to achieve the optimal evacuation performance of a teaching building with special consideration of the heterogeneous population. And then, a simulated building model was constructed to test and compare the effectiveness and applicability of these approaches through 33 evacuation scenario studies. The results found that (1) component design can improve evacuation effectiveness, with the arrangement of ramps and the location of stair doors successfully reducing evacuation time by 12% and 6.6%, respectively; (2) a combination of two ramps and separate handicap access can decrease evacuation time by 18%; (3) the horizontal-phased evacuation approach drops evacuation time by 7.1%, but the vertical-phased evacuation strategy is not very efficient. When the two are successfully combined, evacuation time is further reduced to 9.2%; and (4) based on the above measures, the evacuation time can be finally shortened by 19% if the veteran teachers are concentrated in the classrooms on the lower floors. These obtained conclusions will provide significant reference and methodological support for the safe evacuation of other similar buildings with heterogeneous populations.
建筑物疏散安全一直是研究人员关注的焦点之一,针对特定场所(如人口密度高的建筑物)或特定研究对象(如残疾人群体)的研究成果丰富。然而,目前的出版物在分析拥挤场所中肢体残疾者的特征及其对包括非残疾人在内的整个疏散过程有效性的影响方面相对较少。此外,这些研究往往只关注残疾人的行为特征,缺乏对疏散优化策略的探索和比较以及对综合疏散性能的评价。本文提出了一种基于计算机仿真的方法,将水平分阶段疏散与垂直分阶段疏散相结合,辅以残障坡道的使用和班级位置的合理安排,在特别考虑异质人群的情况下,实现教学楼的最优疏散性能。然后,构建模拟建筑模型,通过33个疏散场景研究,检验和比较这些方法的有效性和适用性。结果发现:(1)构件设计可以提高疏散效率,坡道的布置和楼梯门的位置分别使疏散时间减少12%和6.6%;(2)双坡道和单独残障通道的组合可使疏散时间缩短18%;(3)水平分阶段疏散可使疏散时间缩短7.1%,而垂直分阶段疏散效率不高。两者结合成功后,疏散时间进一步缩短至9.2%;(4)综合以上措施,将老教师集中在较低楼层的教室,最终可使疏散时间缩短19%。这些结论将为其他类似异质人群建筑的安全疏散提供重要的参考和方法支持。
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引用次数: 0
A Real-Time Pre-Response Experiment System for High-Rise Building Fires Based on the Internet of Things 基于物联网的高层建筑火灾实时预反应实验系统
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-09 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070271
Haoyou Zhao, Zhaoyang Yu, Jinpeng Zhu
The primary objective of the current fire protection system in high-rise buildings is to extinguish fires in close proximity to the detectors. However, in the event of rapidly spreading fires, it is more effective to limit the transmission of fire and smoke. This study aims to develop an IoT-based real-time pre-response system for high-rise building fires that is capable of limiting the spread of fire and smoke. The proposed system collects fire data from sensors and transmits them to a cloud computer for real-time analysis. Based on the analysis results, the cloud computer controls the actions of alarm devices, ventilation equipment, and fine water mist nozzles. The system can dynamically adjust the entire system’s behavior in real time by adopting pre-response measures to extinguish fires and limit the spread of fires and smoke. The system was tested on a simulation platform similar to actual high-rise buildings to evaluate its impact on fires and smoke. The results demonstrate the system’s effectiveness in extinguishing fires and suppressing the spread of fires and smoke.
目前高层建筑消防系统的主要目标是扑灭探测器附近的火灾。然而,在火灾迅速蔓延的情况下,限制火灾和烟雾的传播更为有效。本研究旨在开发一种基于物联网的高层建筑火灾实时预响应系统,该系统能够限制火灾和烟雾的传播。所提出的系统从传感器收集火灾数据,并将其传输到云计算机进行实时分析。基于分析结果,云计算机控制报警装置、通风设备和细水雾喷嘴的动作。该系统可以通过采取预先响应措施来扑灭火灾并限制火灾和烟雾的传播,从而实时动态调整整个系统的行为。该系统在类似于实际高层建筑的模拟平台上进行了测试,以评估其对火灾和烟雾的影响。结果证明了该系统在灭火和抑制火灾和烟雾蔓延方面的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Study on the Image Processing Methods for a Flame Exposed to an Incense Smoke Environment 熏香烟雾环境下火焰图像处理方法研究
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070270
Biao Sun, Weishan Zhang, Wei Wang, Danping Hao
Identification of flames to detect fires is hindered by the smoke generated from Chinese incense in traditional temples. Especially during holiday periods, smoke presents a large influence on the effectiveness of image-based flame identification. To have a deep understanding of the incense smoke impacting the flame outline, a series of tests were conducted to study the flame, varying incense smoke concentration and test time, respectively. It is found that when the flame is exposed to a thin incense smoke environment, nearly all the methods used for flame identification are effective. When the flame is surrounded by thick smoke, the flame image after treating by the self-adaptive image histogram equalization method is blurry. When the retinex algorithm is used for image treatment, the blue color near the flame is detected, which enlarges the flame area detection. The retinex algorithm can be used to obtain a clear flame outline even when the flame is exposed to a cloud of thick smoke. This is important for flame identification in the traditional Chinese temples where the thick smoke surrounds them, especially during national holiday periods. This work attempts to provide a potential method for flame identification and improve the safety level of historic buildings.
在传统寺庙中,中国香火产生的烟雾阻碍了对火焰的识别。特别是在节假日,烟雾对基于图像的火焰识别的有效性有很大的影响。为了深入了解熏香烟雾对火焰轮廓的影响,分别对火焰、不同熏香烟雾浓度和试验时间进行了一系列试验研究。研究发现,当火焰暴露在稀薄的熏香烟雾环境中时,几乎所有用于火焰识别的方法都是有效的。当火焰被浓烟包围时,采用自适应图像直方图均衡化方法处理后的火焰图像模糊。当使用retinex算法进行图像处理时,检测到火焰附近的蓝色,扩大了火焰区域的检测。即使火焰暴露在厚厚的烟雾中,也可以使用retinex算法获得清晰的火焰轮廓。这对中国传统寺庙的火焰识别很重要,因为寺庙周围都是浓烟,尤其是在国家节日期间。本工作旨在为历史建筑的火焰识别提供一种潜在的方法,提高历史建筑的安全水平。
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引用次数: 0
Multiple Stories, Multiple Marginalities: The Labor-Intensive Forest and Fire Stewardship Workforce in Oregon 多个故事,多个边缘:俄勒冈州劳动密集型森林和消防管理劳动力
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070268
E. J. Davis, Carl Wilmsen, Manuel A. Machado, Gianna M. Alessi
Latino/a/x workers perform labor-intensive forestry and fire stewardship work in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, but are not well recognized in research and practice about wildfire governance. This industry has pervasive issues of unsafe working conditions, inequitable wage practices, violations of worker rights, limited opportunity for advancement, and a lack of recognition and inclusion of workers in decision making. We draw on a literature review and practice-based knowledge to make this workforce’s history more visible, from its origins in lumber production and reforestation to expansion into forest and fire stewardship. We suggest a new conceptual framing of “multiple marginalities” that situates this workforce as simultaneously crucial to our future with wildfire and subject to structural, distributional, recognitional, and procedural inequities. We recommend new approaches to research and practice that can better examine and address these inequities, while also acknowledging the persistent and systemic nature of these challenges. These include participatory action research, lessons learned from research and advocacy related to farmworkers and incarcerated workers, and Cooperative Extension and education programs that are learner-centered and culturally appropriate. Multiple interventions of offering education and outreach, enforcing or reforming law, and changing policy and practice must all occur at multiple scales given the many drivers of these marginalities. Study and practice can contribute new knowledge to inform this and expand current conceptions of equity and environmental justice in the wildfire governance literature to become more inclusive of the forest and fire stewardship workforce.
拉丁裔/a/x工人在美国太平洋西北部从事劳动密集型林业和消防管理工作,但在野火治理的研究和实践中没有得到很好的认可。该行业普遍存在不安全的工作条件、不公平的工资做法、侵犯工人权利、晋升机会有限以及缺乏对工人的认可和参与决策等问题。我们利用文献综述和基于实践的知识,使这一劳动力的历史更加清晰可见,从其起源于木材生产和重新造林,到扩展到森林和消防管理。我们提出了一个“多重边缘化”的新概念框架,将这一劳动力定位为对我们的未来至关重要的野火,并受到结构性、分配性、认知性和程序性不平等的影响。我们建议采取新的研究和实践方法,更好地审查和解决这些不平等现象,同时也承认这些挑战的持续性和系统性。其中包括参与性行动研究、从与农场工人和被监禁工人有关的研究和宣传中吸取的经验教训,以及以学习者为中心、适合文化的合作推广和教育计划。鉴于这些边缘化的许多驱动因素,提供教育和外联、执行或改革法律以及改变政策和做法等多种干预措施都必须在多个层面上进行。研究和实践可以为这一点提供新的知识,并扩展野火治理文献中当前的公平和环境正义概念,使其更加包容森林和消防管理人员。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Study of the Suppression Behavior and Fire-Extinguishing Mechanism of Compressed-Gas Aqueous Film-Forming Foam in Diesel Pool Fires 压缩气体水成膜泡沫对柴油池火灾的抑制性能及灭火机理比较研究
IF 3.2 3区 农林科学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.3390/fire6070269
Long Yan, Ning Wang, Jingjing Guan, Zheng Wei, Qiaowei Xiao, Zhisheng Xu
A compressed-gas fire extinguishing experiment was carried out to analyze the impact of gas-liquid flow ratio, liquid flow rate and driving pressure on the fire suppression efficiency of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) in a diesel pool fire, and a possible fire-extinguishing mechanism was proposed. A fire suppression test showed that AFFF at a gas-liquid flow ratio of 16 between the range of 5 to 24 had the fastest fire-extinguishing temperature drop rate (16.67 °C/s), the shortest fire-extinguishing time, of 42 s, and the lowest foam solution consumption of 230 g, exhibiting the best fire suppression performance. Meanwhile, the fire suppression efficiency of AFFF improved with the augmentation of either liquid flow rate or system driving pressure. Based on fluid mechanics and combustion science, a foam fire-extinguishing mechanism was proposed to explain the influence of system parameters such as gas-liquid ratio, liquid flow rate and driving pressure on key combustion parameters such as temperature drop rate, evaporation rate and combustion rate, which can better illustrate the change in fire extinguishing performance.
通过压缩气体灭火实验,分析了柴油池火灾中气液流量比、液体流速和驱动压力对水性成膜泡沫灭火效率的影响,并提出了可能的灭火机理。灭火试验表明,在5至24的气液流量比为16的情况下,AFFF的灭火温度下降速度最快(16.67°C/s),灭火时间最短(42s),泡沫溶液消耗量最低(230g),表现出最佳的灭火性能。同时,随着液体流速或系统驱动压力的增加,AFFF的灭火效率也有所提高。基于流体力学和燃烧科学,提出了泡沫灭火机理,解释了气液比、液体流速和驱动压力等系统参数对降温率、蒸发率和燃烧率等关键燃烧参数的影响,可以更好地说明灭火性能的变化。
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引用次数: 0
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