Pub Date : 2021-08-10DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2021.1949087
R. Schnürer, A. Cengiz Öztireli, M. Heitzler, R. Sieber, L. Hurni
ABSTRACT In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been applied successfully to recognise persons, their body parts and pose keypoints in photos and videos. The transfer of these techniques to artificially created images is rather unexplored, though challenging since these images are drawn in different styles, body proportions, and levels of abstraction. In this work, we study these problems on the basis of pictorial maps where we identify included human figures with two consecutive CNNs: We first segment individual figures with Mask R-CNN, and then parse their body parts and estimate their poses simultaneously with four different UNet++ versions. We train the CNNs with a mixture of real persons and synthetic figures and compare the results with manually annotated test datasets consisting of pictorial figures. By varying the training datasets and the CNN configurations, we were able to improve the original Mask R-CNN model and we achieved moderately satisfying results with the UNet++ versions. The extracted figures may be used for animation and storytelling and may be relevant for the analysis of historic and contemporary maps.
{"title":"Instance Segmentation, Body Part Parsing, and Pose Estimation of Human Figures in Pictorial Maps","authors":"R. Schnürer, A. Cengiz Öztireli, M. Heitzler, R. Sieber, L. Hurni","doi":"10.1080/23729333.2021.1949087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2021.1949087","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been applied successfully to recognise persons, their body parts and pose keypoints in photos and videos. The transfer of these techniques to artificially created images is rather unexplored, though challenging since these images are drawn in different styles, body proportions, and levels of abstraction. In this work, we study these problems on the basis of pictorial maps where we identify included human figures with two consecutive CNNs: We first segment individual figures with Mask R-CNN, and then parse their body parts and estimate their poses simultaneously with four different UNet++ versions. We train the CNNs with a mixture of real persons and synthetic figures and compare the results with manually annotated test datasets consisting of pictorial figures. By varying the training datasets and the CNN configurations, we were able to improve the original Mask R-CNN model and we achieved moderately satisfying results with the UNet++ versions. The extracted figures may be used for animation and storytelling and may be relevant for the analysis of historic and contemporary maps.","PeriodicalId":36401,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cartography","volume":"111 3S 1","pages":"291 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90061090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-09DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2021.1962076
K. Kriz
tography as a collective that covers both map production and map use, the study of art and cartography, projections and semantics, generalization and cognitive issues, while Edney equates (the ideal of) cartography to the production of maps (considered normative) according to a restricted set of specific practices. Edney has roamed wide for collecting his arguments and, thanks to the extensive bibliographic apparatus he adds, his book is a goldmine for theoretical study. His critique on the various preconceptions of (the Ideal of) Cartography is valid, they are not universal, there are many exceptions, and it is very proper that cartographers should be made aware of them. As such this book is an important contribution to our field. But what he replaces it by, his alternative for cartography as ‘a prescriptive, normative science’ (‘how best to render specific spatial information’) is rather poor: the study of X mapping, X being a description of how specific subjects are being mapped. It is not only a poor substitute for cartography but also for the history of cartography: for instance for thematic maps, we can describe the development of mapping of all spatial phenomena separately, but in doing so we should create an enormous overlap as similar representative and map use techniques would have been applied for the different subject fields. Edney claims map scholars should cease prescribing people how to make maps but instead should try to understand and describe how people produce, circulate and consume maps. This is a rather passive role, and it disregards the contributions cartography can make: the ICA just published a guide how cartography can help reaching the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (Mapping for a sustainable world, ICA and UN 2020) showing best practices (in which the term mapping stands for both map production and map use, and also makes one aware of the dynamics and urgency of the process) and this for me is a more positive approach to our field.
{"title":"Mapping mountains","authors":"K. Kriz","doi":"10.1080/23729333.2021.1962076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2021.1962076","url":null,"abstract":"tography as a collective that covers both map production and map use, the study of art and cartography, projections and semantics, generalization and cognitive issues, while Edney equates (the ideal of) cartography to the production of maps (considered normative) according to a restricted set of specific practices. Edney has roamed wide for collecting his arguments and, thanks to the extensive bibliographic apparatus he adds, his book is a goldmine for theoretical study. His critique on the various preconceptions of (the Ideal of) Cartography is valid, they are not universal, there are many exceptions, and it is very proper that cartographers should be made aware of them. As such this book is an important contribution to our field. But what he replaces it by, his alternative for cartography as ‘a prescriptive, normative science’ (‘how best to render specific spatial information’) is rather poor: the study of X mapping, X being a description of how specific subjects are being mapped. It is not only a poor substitute for cartography but also for the history of cartography: for instance for thematic maps, we can describe the development of mapping of all spatial phenomena separately, but in doing so we should create an enormous overlap as similar representative and map use techniques would have been applied for the different subject fields. Edney claims map scholars should cease prescribing people how to make maps but instead should try to understand and describe how people produce, circulate and consume maps. This is a rather passive role, and it disregards the contributions cartography can make: the ICA just published a guide how cartography can help reaching the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (Mapping for a sustainable world, ICA and UN 2020) showing best practices (in which the term mapping stands for both map production and map use, and also makes one aware of the dynamics and urgency of the process) and this for me is a more positive approach to our field.","PeriodicalId":36401,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cartography","volume":"21 1","pages":"346 - 347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78631309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2021.1925495
G. Veeck
ABSTRACT Chinese and western scholars have long drafted maps delineating China’s diverse agricultural regions. Historically, these agro-regionalization schemes were based on dominant crops, first-order soil groups, elevation, climatic variables, or some combination of these factors. However, rapid changes in supply chains, production systems and agro-technologies, including crop breeding, have significantly altered agricultural land use in recent years and blurred the boundaries of classical depictions of China’s agricultural regions. This article presents some of the most influential maps of this type for the past century, and adds a new map derived from 39 agricultural production variables selected using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and aggregated using Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis routine to create a final map of contemporary agricultural regions. This quantitatively derived map of agricultural production regions circa 2016 incorporates variables, such as gross production of key crops, rates of change for production, relative changes to sown area of all major crops and increased use of inputs, such as fertilizer and irrigation, and also includes two traditional classification variables: mean elevation of arable land by province and mean slope of farmland by province in recognition of geomorphological variations across the vast nation.
{"title":"Delineating historical and contemporary agricultural production regions for China","authors":"G. Veeck","doi":"10.1080/23729333.2021.1925495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2021.1925495","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Chinese and western scholars have long drafted maps delineating China’s diverse agricultural regions. Historically, these agro-regionalization schemes were based on dominant crops, first-order soil groups, elevation, climatic variables, or some combination of these factors. However, rapid changes in supply chains, production systems and agro-technologies, including crop breeding, have significantly altered agricultural land use in recent years and blurred the boundaries of classical depictions of China’s agricultural regions. This article presents some of the most influential maps of this type for the past century, and adds a new map derived from 39 agricultural production variables selected using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and aggregated using Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis routine to create a final map of contemporary agricultural regions. This quantitatively derived map of agricultural production regions circa 2016 incorporates variables, such as gross production of key crops, rates of change for production, relative changes to sown area of all major crops and increased use of inputs, such as fertilizer and irrigation, and also includes two traditional classification variables: mean elevation of arable land by province and mean slope of farmland by province in recognition of geomorphological variations across the vast nation.","PeriodicalId":36401,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cartography","volume":"46 1","pages":"185 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86763120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2021.1950318
L. Arthurs, Sarah P. Baumann, Joel M. Rice, Shelby Litton
ABSTRACT Map-reading skill is relevant to education and professions in many disciplines. Understanding how individuals develop map-reading skill has useful educational applications for the intentional development of such skill across grade levels. Through an integrative literature review, this study aims to answer the question: How do individuals develop map-reading skill from childhood to adulthood? Fischer’s skill theory informs the coding manual developed to record targeted information from 154 articles, its discussion, and a synthesis. The analysis reveals broad interest in map-related tasks among three main research communities: cartographers, cognitive psychologists, and science education researchers. Most research studies do not focus on the development of map-reading skills and, instead, focus on map-use skills. Performance of one’s map-use skills, such as navigation or wayfinding, is dependent on one’s map-reading skill; however, research on the development of map-reading skill is meager. The dearth of research in this area is linked to the absence of identified skills, tasks, strategies, and processes concerned with map reading. We utilize within-map skills and tasks identified in the reviewed literature and apply inspiration from Fischer’s skill theory to develop a theory of map-reading skill development that unifies otherwise seemingly disparate and unconnected map-related skills addressed in different studies.
{"title":"The development of individuals’ map-reading skill: what research and theory tell us","authors":"L. Arthurs, Sarah P. Baumann, Joel M. Rice, Shelby Litton","doi":"10.1080/23729333.2021.1950318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2021.1950318","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Map-reading skill is relevant to education and professions in many disciplines. Understanding how individuals develop map-reading skill has useful educational applications for the intentional development of such skill across grade levels. Through an integrative literature review, this study aims to answer the question: How do individuals develop map-reading skill from childhood to adulthood? Fischer’s skill theory informs the coding manual developed to record targeted information from 154 articles, its discussion, and a synthesis. The analysis reveals broad interest in map-related tasks among three main research communities: cartographers, cognitive psychologists, and science education researchers. Most research studies do not focus on the development of map-reading skills and, instead, focus on map-use skills. Performance of one’s map-use skills, such as navigation or wayfinding, is dependent on one’s map-reading skill; however, research on the development of map-reading skill is meager. The dearth of research in this area is linked to the absence of identified skills, tasks, strategies, and processes concerned with map reading. We utilize within-map skills and tasks identified in the reviewed literature and apply inspiration from Fischer’s skill theory to develop a theory of map-reading skill development that unifies otherwise seemingly disparate and unconnected map-related skills addressed in different studies.","PeriodicalId":36401,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cartography","volume":"126 1","pages":"3 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87712565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-12DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2021.1930917
Jiajing Zhang
{"title":"Panoramic: ancient Chinese maps on the world stage","authors":"Jiajing Zhang","doi":"10.1080/23729333.2021.1930917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2021.1930917","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36401,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cartography","volume":"43 1","pages":"267 - 268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76940385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2021.1926622
Imre Josef Demhardt
Dominating the Piazza della Signoria in the heart of Florence stands the massive fourteenth-century cubical town hall with a thin but 94-m tall clocktower. Here Dominican friar Ignazio Danti (1536–1586, Figure 1), a leading scholar-cum-artist of painted cartography, transformed a room into a treasure trove of Renaissance painted cartography. The sixteenth century was the city’s golden age but a turbulent period. In 1527, the Florentines for a second time drove out the ruling Medici family and re-established the republic, but already in 1532, the Pope and the Emperor helped to return the Medici as now hereditary Dukes of Tuscany. As a signal that his family’s reign was consolidated, Duke Cosimo I de’ Medici (1519–1573, reigned since 1537) in 1540 set up his official seat in the former town hall. When in the 1550s he moved into Palazzo Pitti on the other side of River Arno, his former residence continued to be used by his administration and became known as Palazzo Vecchio or ‘old palace’, a name that stuck. After moving across the river, Duke Cosimo I. in 1563 commissioned the artist, art historian and architect Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), to remodel some of the second floors of the town hall. As part of this reconstruction, Vasari created a stately study chamber or ‘cabinet of curiosities’. These became popular features during the Renaissance to store and display in a semi-public court setting precious artifacts and thereby signal the learnedness of the owner. Upon Vasari’s advice, the Duke decided to store his collection of marvels from across the world in finely carved walnut cabinets reaching high up the walls. The objects were organized by region in huge square cupboards, the doors of which showing maps of the area of origin of the contained curios (Figure 2). In 1562, young friar Ignazio Danti, accomplished as an artist and cosmographer, joined a monastery in Florence. Already in the next year, he was commissioned to cartographically decorate Vasari’s cabinets in the new chamber for Cosimo’s collection of curiosities, which simultaneously was to serve the duke as a wardrobe. Until 1575, Danti constructed and painted in oil on wooden door panels the first 31 (of 57) regional or chorographic maps. These were based on prints by acclaimed mapmakers like Gastaldi, Mercator and Ortelius, who for the Old World regions often used contemporary updates to projections in Ptolemy’s second century AD Geographia. The last two dozen map panels were painted by Olivetan monk Stefano Bonsignori in 1575–1586. In addition to the map panels, Danti in 1564–1571 created a pair of a celestial and a terrestrial globe, both with a diameter of 210 cm, with a special turning mechanism that allowed the spheres to rotate effortlessly just by the tip of a finger. While Danti’s later and more famous murals at the Vatican (see the previous column) can be described as a
{"title":"Maps in History: Renaissance door maps in Florence","authors":"Imre Josef Demhardt","doi":"10.1080/23729333.2021.1926622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2021.1926622","url":null,"abstract":"Dominating the Piazza della Signoria in the heart of Florence stands the massive fourteenth-century cubical town hall with a thin but 94-m tall clocktower. Here Dominican friar Ignazio Danti (1536–1586, Figure 1), a leading scholar-cum-artist of painted cartography, transformed a room into a treasure trove of Renaissance painted cartography. The sixteenth century was the city’s golden age but a turbulent period. In 1527, the Florentines for a second time drove out the ruling Medici family and re-established the republic, but already in 1532, the Pope and the Emperor helped to return the Medici as now hereditary Dukes of Tuscany. As a signal that his family’s reign was consolidated, Duke Cosimo I de’ Medici (1519–1573, reigned since 1537) in 1540 set up his official seat in the former town hall. When in the 1550s he moved into Palazzo Pitti on the other side of River Arno, his former residence continued to be used by his administration and became known as Palazzo Vecchio or ‘old palace’, a name that stuck. After moving across the river, Duke Cosimo I. in 1563 commissioned the artist, art historian and architect Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), to remodel some of the second floors of the town hall. As part of this reconstruction, Vasari created a stately study chamber or ‘cabinet of curiosities’. These became popular features during the Renaissance to store and display in a semi-public court setting precious artifacts and thereby signal the learnedness of the owner. Upon Vasari’s advice, the Duke decided to store his collection of marvels from across the world in finely carved walnut cabinets reaching high up the walls. The objects were organized by region in huge square cupboards, the doors of which showing maps of the area of origin of the contained curios (Figure 2). In 1562, young friar Ignazio Danti, accomplished as an artist and cosmographer, joined a monastery in Florence. Already in the next year, he was commissioned to cartographically decorate Vasari’s cabinets in the new chamber for Cosimo’s collection of curiosities, which simultaneously was to serve the duke as a wardrobe. Until 1575, Danti constructed and painted in oil on wooden door panels the first 31 (of 57) regional or chorographic maps. These were based on prints by acclaimed mapmakers like Gastaldi, Mercator and Ortelius, who for the Old World regions often used contemporary updates to projections in Ptolemy’s second century AD Geographia. The last two dozen map panels were painted by Olivetan monk Stefano Bonsignori in 1575–1586. In addition to the map panels, Danti in 1564–1571 created a pair of a celestial and a terrestrial globe, both with a diameter of 210 cm, with a special turning mechanism that allowed the spheres to rotate effortlessly just by the tip of a finger. While Danti’s later and more famous murals at the Vatican (see the previous column) can be described as a","PeriodicalId":36401,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cartography","volume":"19 1","pages":"349 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89650046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-13DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2021.1877890
R. Deakin
ABSTRACT Topographic maps (1:40,000) used by the British Army on the Western Front in World War 1 had a five-part Grid Reference System consisting of: (1) Map Number; (2) Letter-Square – 24 letter squaresA to X on each map; (3) Number-Square – 36 (and sometimes 30) 1000-yard squares in each letter square; (4) Minor-Square – four 500-yard squares denoted a, b, c, d in each number square; (5) Small-Square – 10 × 10 = 100 small-squares in a minor-square. Letter and number grid Woesten references (e.g. X: 28.A.6.b.73) cannot be used by modern GPS navigation devices that require geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) or current map grid coordinates. This paper provides the background behind this project and demonstrates a method of transforming WW1 grid references to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid coordinates using Google Maps to obtain geographical coordinates, Geographic to UTM grid conversion and a 2D Conformal transformation. As well, it provides a ‘snapshot’ of practical methods that were used to develop a software package that would allow amateur military historians to convert the WW1 Grid Reference System to contemporary coordinates.
{"title":"Using converted WW1 Army Grid Referencing Systems to identify locations where Australian soldiers fell Europe","authors":"R. Deakin","doi":"10.1080/23729333.2021.1877890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2021.1877890","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Topographic maps (1:40,000) used by the British Army on the Western Front in World War 1 had a five-part Grid Reference System consisting of: (1) Map Number; (2) Letter-Square – 24 letter squaresA to X on each map; (3) Number-Square – 36 (and sometimes 30) 1000-yard squares in each letter square; (4) Minor-Square – four 500-yard squares denoted a, b, c, d in each number square; (5) Small-Square – 10 × 10 = 100 small-squares in a minor-square. Letter and number grid Woesten references (e.g. X: 28.A.6.b.73) cannot be used by modern GPS navigation devices that require geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude) or current map grid coordinates. This paper provides the background behind this project and demonstrates a method of transforming WW1 grid references to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid coordinates using Google Maps to obtain geographical coordinates, Geographic to UTM grid conversion and a 2D Conformal transformation. As well, it provides a ‘snapshot’ of practical methods that were used to develop a software package that would allow amateur military historians to convert the WW1 Grid Reference System to contemporary coordinates.","PeriodicalId":36401,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cartography","volume":"50 1","pages":"308 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85924050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-11DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2021.1910184
Jeff Allen
ABSTRACT Dot maps are often used to display the distributions of populations over space. This paper details a method for extending dot maps in order to visualize changes in spatial patterns over time. Specifically, we outline a selective linear interpolation procedure to encode the time range in which dots are visible on a map, which then allows for temporal queries and animation. This methodology is exemplified first by animating population growth across the United States, and second, through an interactive application showing changing poverty distributions in Toronto, Canada.
{"title":"Temporal transitions of demographic dot maps","authors":"Jeff Allen","doi":"10.1080/23729333.2021.1910184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2021.1910184","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dot maps are often used to display the distributions of populations over space. This paper details a method for extending dot maps in order to visualize changes in spatial patterns over time. Specifically, we outline a selective linear interpolation procedure to encode the time range in which dots are visible on a map, which then allows for temporal queries and animation. This methodology is exemplified first by animating population growth across the United States, and second, through an interactive application showing changing poverty distributions in Toronto, Canada.","PeriodicalId":36401,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cartography","volume":"57 3-4","pages":"208 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23729333.2021.1910184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72481535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2021.1917291
Ian Muehlenhaus
All maps support spatial narratives. But some narratives are more impressive – or rather impressing – than others. Spatial narrative here refers not to the story being explicitly shown in a map, but rather the implicit meanings that people are likely to receive from a map. Maps that excel at persuasion are often designed to promote deeper interpretation than is explicitly presented. They are embedded with implicit cues, subliminally targeting, reinforcing, and disarming map users’ everyday belief systems. Frankly, most maps don’t do this well and that’s okay. Most people don’t want their beliefs about Danish geopolitics reinforced or contested when looking at a tourist map of Aarhus. Some maps, though, are exemplars of implicit narrative building. This essay is about one such map. Red China by Robert M. Chapin, Jr. is, on the surface, a reference map. No different than a tourist map of Aarhus, really. Except spend a short while looking at it, and it becomes apparent it is a subliminal masterpiece. A compelling, designed narrative reinforcing a popular belief in ‘the domino effect’ of global communism (Figure 1).
{"title":"Reorienting the narrative: Chapin Jr.’s ‘Red China’ map","authors":"Ian Muehlenhaus","doi":"10.1080/23729333.2021.1917291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2021.1917291","url":null,"abstract":"All maps support spatial narratives. But some narratives are more impressive – or rather impressing – than others. Spatial narrative here refers not to the story being explicitly shown in a map, but rather the implicit meanings that people are likely to receive from a map. Maps that excel at persuasion are often designed to promote deeper interpretation than is explicitly presented. They are embedded with implicit cues, subliminally targeting, reinforcing, and disarming map users’ everyday belief systems. Frankly, most maps don’t do this well and that’s okay. Most people don’t want their beliefs about Danish geopolitics reinforced or contested when looking at a tourist map of Aarhus. Some maps, though, are exemplars of implicit narrative building. This essay is about one such map. Red China by Robert M. Chapin, Jr. is, on the surface, a reference map. No different than a tourist map of Aarhus, really. Except spend a short while looking at it, and it becomes apparent it is a subliminal masterpiece. A compelling, designed narrative reinforcing a popular belief in ‘the domino effect’ of global communism (Figure 1).","PeriodicalId":36401,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Cartography","volume":"81 1","pages":"171 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80229898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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