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Joseph Browne: Literature and Politics in Early Eighteenth Century England 约瑟夫·布朗:《18世纪早期英国的文学与政治》
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311/0860-5734.28.1.03
K. Kozak
The system of propaganda employed by the competing political groups in early eight- eenth century England embraced the popular literary circles in order to gain their support, a process which was reflected in the prolific and politically inclined literary output of the period. One of the lesser known members of these circles was the writer and physi- cian Joseph Browne. Little information concerning Browne is available, something which perhaps can be attributed to the relatively scant attention paid to his person. One critic, Howard Weinbrot, in his study on Samuel Johnson, acknowledged Browne as the author of the poem “The Gothick Hero” (so far only accredited to Browne) and associated his political views with support for the Hanoverian dynasty that ascended the British throne in 1714. However, the works Browne actually authored, as well as those attributed to him, contradict such a statement. In fact, his literary output, journalism, literary and political circles as well as his posthumous opinion reflected in nineteenth century works and com- ments on his literary activity prove Browne’s anti-Harleyite, anti-Whig and therefore anti- Hanoverian views. This article attempts to draw a sketch of Joseph Browne, confirming the constancy of his political views, and contributes to the discussion on the authorship of a number of key texts hitherto only attributed to him.
八世纪初,英国相互竞争的政治团体采用的宣传体系接受了大众文学界的支持,这一过程反映在该时期多产且具有政治倾向的文学作品中。这些圈子里一个鲜为人知的成员是作家兼体质学家约瑟夫·布朗。关于布朗的信息很少,这可能归因于对他的个人关注相对较少。评论家霍华德·温布罗特(Howard Weinbrot)在对塞缪尔·约翰逊(Samuel Johnson)的研究中承认,布朗是《哥特英雄》(the Gothick Hero)一诗的作者(到目前为止,只有布朗一人),并将他的政治观点与1714年登上英国王位的汉诺威王朝的支持联系起来。然而,布朗实际创作的作品,以及那些归功于他的作品,都与这种说法相矛盾。事实上,他的文学作品、新闻界、文学界和政界,以及他在19世纪作品中反映的死后观点,以及对他的文学活动的评论,都证明了布朗的反哈雷派、反辉格党,因此也证明了他反汉诺威的观点。本文试图描绘约瑟夫·布朗的素描,证实了他的政治观点的坚定性,并为讨论迄今为止只属于他的一些关键文本的作者身份做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Hiatus Resolution Mechanisms in Old English 古英语中的Hiatus消解机制
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311//0860-5734.28.2.01
Piotr Mosionek, Dariusz Zembrzuski
Old English has several strategies of hiatus resolution, which have received a lot of at- tention in different theoretical approaches. This article discusses these strategies from a constraint-based approach within Optimality Theory. The analysis relies mainly on the solutions proposed by Opalińska (2002; 2004; 2006), and reveals the hierarchy of preference between 4 strategies of hiatus resolution: contraction, diphthongisation, gliding, and glide insertion. It is shown that all mechanisms are a result of the interaction of differ- ent constraints. The article reveals that diphthongisation is the most optimal mechanism, whereas contraction occupies the last position due to the violation of weight preservation principle. The goal of this article is to advance Opalińska’s solution by demonstrating that the preference for a given hiatus resolution strategy results from the fact which particular subset of constraints is needed to activate this strategy.
古英语有几种解决中断的策略,这些策略在不同的理论方法中得到了广泛的关注。本文从最优性理论中基于约束的方法来讨论这些策略。该分析主要依赖于Opalińska(2002;2004;2006)提出的解决方案,并揭示了4种间断解决策略之间的偏好层次:收缩、双元音化、滑动和滑动插入。结果表明,所有机制都是不同约束条件相互作用的结果。文章揭示了双元音是最理想的机制,而收缩由于违反了保重原则而占据了最后的位置。本文的目标是通过证明对给定中断解决策略的偏好是由激活该策略需要特定约束子集这一事实产生的,从而推进Opalińska的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
No More Uncertain: The Future of the Gurkhas in the British Army 不再不确定:廓尔喀人在英国军队中的未来
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311/0860-5734.28.1.07
P. Stanik
Nepalese soldiers, known as the Gurkhas, have been serving in the British Army for over 200 years and have become to be considered an integral part of this military organization. Their long history of service includes participation in the two world wars, as well as the more recent combat missions in the Middle East. However, some call the existence of their military participation a colonial legacy of British imperialism. The aim of this paper is to answer the question on the future of the Nepalese soldiers in the United Kingdom. The study is primarily based on the findings of the 1989 Defence Committee Report regarding the situation and prospects of the Brigade of the Gurkhas, which is juxtaposed with the most recent dispatches and research dealing with the British Army in general and with the Gurkhas themselves.
尼泊尔士兵,被称为廓尔喀人,已经在英国军队服役了200多年,并被认为是这个军事组织不可分割的一部分。他们悠久的服役历史包括参加两次世界大战,以及最近在中东的战斗任务。然而,一些人认为他们的军事参与是英帝国主义的殖民遗产。本文的目的是回答关于尼泊尔士兵在英国的未来的问题。这项研究主要是根据1989年国防委员会关于廓尔喀旅的情况和前景的报告的调查结果,该报告与有关英国陆军和廓尔喀人本身的最新报告和研究并列。
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引用次数: 0
The Choice of Relative Pronouns
in the First Quarto and First Folio Texts
of Shakespeare’s Richard III: Testing the Memorial Reconstruction Hypothesis 相对代词的选择
在第一个Quarto和第一个Folio文本中
莎士比亚的理查三世:纪念馆重建假说的检验
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311/0860-5734.28.2.04
Kiriko Sato
The present paper examines the choice of relative pronouns in the First Quarto and First Folio texts of Shakespeare’s Richard III, with the purpose of testing the adequacy of the memorial reconstruction hypothesis, which Patrick first proposed in his 1936 monograph. He notes a high proportion of corrupted readings in the Quarto, suggesting that it is a reconstruction of the Folio, created by actors relying on their inaccurate memories. On the other hand, Smidt (1964) demonstrates that the Quarto’s readings are preferable in many details, though he admits Patrick’s hypothesis, in part, in his second book (1970). Regarding the use of relative pronouns, there is a crucial difference between the two texts: the Folio uses that 13 times to introduce non-restrictive clauses, while the Quarto uses which, and these two items are never substituted the other way around. Interestingly, the Quarto’s choice accords with Shakespeare’s ordinary usage, whereas the Folio deviates from it. Thus, the memorial reconstruction hypothesis cannot explain the variants of relative pronouns. It will be posited that relative pronouns in the Quarto text may have been deliberately revised in the process of written transmission.
本文考察了莎士比亚的《理查三世》第一部四重奏和第一部对开本中关系代词的选择,目的是检验帕特里克在1936年的专著中首次提出的纪念重建假说的充分性。他注意到Quarto中有很高比例的错误阅读,这表明这是对Folio的重建,由演员依靠他们不准确的记忆创作。另一方面,Smidt(1964)证明Quarto的阅读在许多细节上都是可取的,尽管他在第二本书(1970)中部分承认了Patrick的假设。关于关系代词的使用,这两个文本之间有一个关键的区别:Folio使用了13次该词来引入非限制性从句,而Quarto使用了which,这两项从未被替换。有趣的是,Quarto的选择符合莎士比亚的一般用法,而Folio则偏离了它。因此,纪念重建假说无法解释关系代词的变体。可以假设Quarto文本中的关系代词可能在书面传递过程中被故意修改。
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引用次数: 0
Subversive Holiness and the Building of a Christian Community in Cynewulf’s Juliana 在Cynewulf的《朱莉安娜》中,颠覆性的圣洁与基督教社区的建立
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311/0860-5734.28.1.01
Jacek Olesiejko
In Cynewulf’s Juliana, Juliana’s suitor Heliseus, called “the guardian of treasure,” represents secular material culture, in which women are weakened by the male control of materiality. The material culture of the heroic world reproduces the masculine body politic, reducing women to objects of exchange in contractual relationships between men. The present paper makes a case that from the poem emerges a contrast between a perception of materially constituted masculinity, aligning manhood with wealth and status, and a more inclusive spiritual manhood, available to both sexes. In relation to this Juliana achieves spiritual manhood as a miles Christi exampling how feminine holiness empowers women. Consequently Juliana’s emasculation of the devil becomes a challenge to the secular patriarchal order in which they are the currency of exchange.
在Cynewulf的《朱莉安娜》中,朱莉安娜的追求者Heliseus被称为“宝藏的守护者”,代表了世俗的物质文化,在这种文化中,女性被男性对物质的控制所削弱。英雄世界的物质文化再现了男性的政治体,使女性成为男性之间契约关系中的交换对象。本文提出了一个案例,从这首诗中可以看出,物质构成的男子气概(将男子气概与财富和地位联系起来)与两性都可以获得的更具包容性的精神男子气概之间存在着对比。与此相关的是,朱莉安娜实现了精神上的男子气概,这是一个miles Christi的例子,展示了女性的神圣是如何赋予女性权力的。因此,朱莉安娜对魔鬼的阉割成为对世俗父权秩序的挑战,在世俗父权秩序中,魔鬼是交换货币。
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引用次数: 0
Incomplete Objects and Unfulfilled Desire: Hubert Selby Jr.’s Requiem for a Dream 不完整的客体与未实现的欲望:休伯特·塞尔比的《梦的安魂曲》
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311/0860-5734.28.1.09
Łukasz Muniowski
Sara Goldfarb and her son Harry, two central characters in Hubert Selby Jr.’s Requiem for a Dream, are both addicts. The objects of their desire, a television set and a bag of drugs, are of particular signifi cance because they cannot be enjoyed without a transmitter – an antenna and a syringe. The article presents these objects as incomplete and the desire attached to them as misplaced. What the characters are really looking for is something beyond, “a pound of pure” happiness. The world in Requiem for a Dream is purely physical, so only what is done to the body can be felt and understood by the characters. In the end, Sara and Harry both become incomplete like the objects they are pursuing.
小休伯特·塞尔比的《梦之安魂曲》中的两个主要人物萨拉·戈德法布和她的儿子哈里都是瘾君子。他们想要的东西,一台电视机和一袋毒品,具有特别重要的意义,因为没有发射机- -天线和注射器- -就无法享受它们。这篇文章将这些物品呈现为不完整的,而对它们的渴望则是错位的。角色们真正想要的是超越“一磅纯粹的”幸福的东西。《梦之安魂曲》中的世界是纯粹的物质世界,所以只有对身体做了什么,角色才能感受到和理解。最后,Sara和Harry都像他们追求的对象一样变得不完整。
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引用次数: 0
Compensatory Lengthening in OT and DOT: Loss of Dorsal Fricatives in Middle
or Early Modern English OT和DOT的补偿性延长:中间背侧摩擦的丧失
或早期现代英语
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311/0860-5734.28.2.03
Grzegorz Kleban
The loss of dorsal fricatives in English held significant consequences for the adjacent tautosyllabic vowels, which underwent Compensatory Lengthening in order to preserve a syllable weight. While the process appears to be regular in descriptive terms, its evaluation handled within standard Optimality Theory highlights the ineffectiveness of the framework to parse both the segment deletion and two weight-related processes: Weight- by-Position and vowel lengthening due to mora preservation. As Optimality Theory has failed to analyse the data in a compelling manner, the introduction of derivation, benefitting from the legacy of Lexical Phonology, seems inevitable. The working solution is provided by Derivational Optimality Theory, which assumes a restrictive use of intermediate stages throughout the evaluation.
英语中背擦音的缺失对相邻的重音节元音产生了重大影响,这些元音为了保持音节的重量而进行了补偿加长。虽然从描述性的角度来看,这个过程似乎是有规律的,但在标准最优性理论中对其进行的评估强调了该框架在解析片段删除和两个权重相关过程方面的无效性:逐位置权重和由于莫拉保留而导致的元音延长。由于最优性理论未能以令人信服的方式分析数据,衍生的引入似乎不可避免,这得益于词汇音韵学的遗产。工作解决方案由推导最优性理论提供,该理论假设在整个评估过程中限制性地使用中间阶段。
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引用次数: 0
Female Colonial Travel Writing as a Critique of Victorian Gender Stereotypes and Roles:
A Case Study of F.D. Bridges’s Journal of a Lady’s Travels Round the World (1883) 女性殖民地旅行写作作为对维多利亚性别刻板印象和角色的批判:
F.D.布里奇斯的《环球女士游记》(1883)个案研究
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311/0860-5734.28.1.05
M. Siber
Making recourse to Virginia Woolf’s “Professions for Women” (1931), I have studied the manner in which F.D. Bridges criticizes the patriarchal representations of Victorian women in her Journal of a Lady’s Travels Round the World (1883). In her text, she not only accounts for her experiences of travel in foreign countries but also inserts a discourse that lies counter to male definitions of women’s roles as “household angels,” confined in the domestic space and deprived of power. With the strength she demonstrates through her experiences of travel, she criticizes the fact that women are considered to be ‘the weaker sex.’ She also cultivates a quest for knowledge so as to carve her place in the ‘public sphere’ of knowledge and power and to criticize the practice of representing women as uneducated and ignorant. Last but not least, she highlights the degraded condition of the foreign women in an attempt to call for a universal enfranchisement of women abroad and in her country. All the three elements allow Bridges to fight against the “phantom” of the “angel in the house,” which, according to Woolf, needed to be “killed” in order for a woman to impose her authorship.
我参考了弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《女性职业》(1931年),研究了F.D.布里奇斯在《女士环球旅行杂志》(1883年)中批评维多利亚时代女性父权制表现的方式。在她的文本中,她不仅讲述了自己在外国旅行的经历,还插入了一段与男性对女性角色的定义相反的话语,即“家庭天使”,被限制在家庭空间中,被剥夺了权力。她通过旅行经历展示了自己的力量,她批评了女性被认为是“弱势群体”的事实她还培养了对知识的追求,以便在知识和权力的“公共领域”中占有一席之地,并批评将妇女视为未受过教育和无知的做法。最后但同样重要的是,她强调了外国妇女的退化状况,试图呼吁在国外和她的国家普遍赋予妇女选举权。所有这三个元素都让布里奇斯能够对抗“家里的天使”的“幻影”,根据伍尔夫的说法,为了让一个女人强加自己的作者身份,这个“幻影”需要被“杀死”。
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引用次数: 0
Forever Displaced?: Identity, Migration, and the Concept of Home in the Works of Manzu Islam, Neamat Imam, and Tahmima Anam 永远流离失所?:Manzu Islam、Neamat Imam和Tahmima Anam作品中的身份、迁移和家园概念
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311/0860-5734.28.1.06
Tahmina Mariyam
This paper explores the meaning of identity and nation, home and belonging, through the study of internal and international migration in three novels. In doing so it encoun- ters the construction of collective identity in Manzu Islam’s Song of our Swampland, the dystopian dislocation in Neamat Imam’s The Black Coat and the concept of meta-home in Tahmima Anam’s The Bones of Grace. The complex, unstable space of diaspora seems ever evolving and forever shifting. Here ‘home’ becomes what Homi K. Bhabha has ex- pounded as “a mythic place of desire.” In this fluid construction of diasporic existence the paper examines the concepts of “de-territorialization,” “unhoming,” “dislocation,” “iden- tity,” and “belonging.”
本文通过对三部小说中国内外移民的研究,探讨了身份与民族、家园与归属的意义。在这样做的过程中,它揭示了曼祖·伊斯拉姆的《我们的沼泽之歌》中集体身份的构建,尼马特·伊玛目的《黑大衣》中的反乌托邦错位,以及塔赫迈玛·阿纳姆的《恩典的骨头》中元家的概念。散居国外的复杂而不稳定的空间似乎在不断演变,永远在变化。在这里,“家”变成了Homi K.Bhabha所说的“一个神话般的欲望之地”。在这种流散存在的流动结构中,本文考察了“去属地化”、“脱钩”、“错位”、“身份”和“归属”的概念
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引用次数: 0
A Relevance-Theoretic Perspective
on (Im)politeness Issues in the CB Radio Discourse of Polish Drivers 波兰驾驶员CB广播语篇礼貌问题的关联理论研究
Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-09-20 DOI: 10.7311/0860-5734.28.2.06
Ewa Nowik-Dziewicka
This paper has two major objectives. The first objective is to present the phenomenon of CB radio discourse of Polish drivers and discuss its main features. The second goal is to analyse two of these features from the angle of the (im)politeness issues, using the perspective of Relevance Theory. The first part of the paper is devoted to a general discussion of the phenomenon under scrutiny: the socio-cultural background of the CB radio discourse as well as its basic linguistic features are presented. In the second part of the paper, I discuss Escandell-Vidal’s approach to politeness within Relevance framework (Escandell-Vidal 2004) and integrate the model with the habitus-based definition of politeness (Bourdieu 1977; Watts 2003). The final part of the paper shows how the integrated approach can be used to examine two major aspects of the CB radio discourse: its conversational structure and the use of diminutives.
本文有两个主要目标。第一个目的是介绍波兰司机CB广播话语现象,并讨论其主要特征。第二个目的是从礼貌问题的角度,运用关联理论分析这两个特征。本文的第一部分对这一现象进行了一般性的讨论:介绍了CB广播语篇的社会文化背景及其基本语言特征。在论文的第二部分,我讨论了Escandell Vidal在关联框架下的礼貌方法(Escandell Vidal 2004),并将该模型与基于习惯的礼貌定义相结合(Bourdieu 1977;Watts 2003)。本文的最后一部分展示了如何使用综合方法来考察CB广播语篇的两个主要方面:会话结构和小词的使用。
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引用次数: 0
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Anglica
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