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Post Occupancy Evaluation in Architectural Education and Practice 建筑教育与实践中的入住后评价
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863663
G. Cranz, Lusi Morhayim, G. Lindsay, Johann (Hans) Sagan
Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is a research method that examines how buildings function; when the functions include social life, social science methods must be employed. This paper advocates using POE social research both in architectural practice and in architectural education to promote evidence‐based design. Based on four decades of experience teaching POE to undergraduates at the University of California Berkeley, we show how POE can be conducted and taught: gather the research questions, set up teams to collect data using different data collection techniques, and analyze the results by comparing and contrasting the findings of each team. We discuss the importance of POE research to architectural practice, education, and accumulated institutional knowledge.
使用后评价(POE)是一种考察建筑物功能的研究方法;当功能包括社会生活时,必须采用社会科学的方法。本文主张在建筑实践和建筑教育中使用POE社会研究来促进基于证据的设计。基于40年来在加州大学伯克利分校为本科生教授POE的经验,我们展示了如何进行和教授POE:收集研究问题,组建团队使用不同的数据收集技术收集数据,并通过比较和对比每个团队的发现来分析结果。我们讨论了POE研究对建筑实践、教育和积累的制度知识的重要性。
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引用次数: 2
Validating an Emerging Design Area through Industry‐Academia Research Partnerships 通过产学研合作验证新兴设计领域
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863661
Amy Seif Hattan
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引用次数: 0
Methods: How We Invent and Research 方法:我们如何发明和研究
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863678
A. Zarzycki
TA D 5 : 1 E D TO R IA L “[O]ur writing tools are also working on our thoughts” summarizes Friedrich Nietzsche’s experience using one of the early typewriters: a Malling-Hansen Writing Ball. His experience speaks directly to the tool-and-thought continuum evident in creative disciplines. It is also mirrored by Marshall McLuhan’s “the medium is the message” claim emphasizing the importance of the mechanism delivering the content. New tools and technologies (methods) often manifest themselves in new outcomes. While general questions remain unchanged, new methods can lead to qualitatively new answers. Thus, the focus of this issue is on how we invent, develop, and deliver new knowledge. Doris Sung advocates for expanding the entrepreneurial mindset within AEC disciplines by broadening architects’ services from exclusively client-oriented to product and building technology development. Sung uses her own experience as an inventor and developer of the InVert passively dynamic self-shading window to draw broader lessons for others following a similar path. This entrepreneurial path allows designers to respond to current and emerging social, technological, and environmental concerns by defining their own research questions and problems to solve—giving them autonomy and agency. In a voice coming from the allied discipline of civil engineering, Amy Seif Hattan demonstrates how collaborative research between an engineering firm and academia helps to validate best sustainable practices and ultimately become a catalyst for firm-wide environmentally focused transformation. The added benefit of this collaboration was the firm’s ability to offer new embodied carbon design services and gain market advantage over its competitors in addition to fostering a mutually beneficial relationship with academic researchers. In a similar way, the evidence-based design method helps practitioners to learn from their past projects and bring greater value to their clients. Galen Cranz, Lusi Morhayim, Georgia Lindsay, and Johann (Hans) Sagan emphasize the necessity of post-occupancy evaluation (POE) research in architecture, both in practice and academia, to address users’ manifest and latent needs. Christopher Pagano, Brian Day, and Leah S. Hartman expand the discussion of human factors in architecture by contextualizing it within a broader ecological psychology framework that sees people and the environment as interdependent. The authors point to affordance as a key characteristic that empirically quantifies this relationship. Precedents, either environmental performance data points or user feedback, are critical components of the architectural design process (method). William Braham in his review of Case Study Strategies for Architects and Designers by Marja Sarvimäki reiterates the importance of case studies as one of the primary architectural research methods and grounds it in a larger interdisciplinary perspective. He also reiterates the importance of research methods, and
“我们的书写工具也作用于我们的思想”,这是弗里德里希·尼采使用一种早期打字机的经验总结:马林-汉森书写球。他的经历直接说明了创造性学科中显而易见的工具和思想的连续性。马歇尔·麦克卢汉(Marshall McLuhan)强调传递内容的机制的重要性的“媒介即信息”主张也反映了这一点。新的工具和技术(方法)往往会产生新的结果。虽然一般问题保持不变,但新方法可以带来定性的新答案。因此,这个问题的焦点在于我们如何发明、开发和传递新知识。Doris Sung主张通过将建筑师的服务从专门以客户为导向扩展到产品和建筑技术开发,在AEC学科中扩展企业家的思维。作为InVert被动动态自遮阳窗的发明者和开发者,宋用她自己的经验为遵循类似道路的其他人吸取更广泛的教训。这种创业路径允许设计师通过定义自己的研究问题和要解决的问题来应对当前和新兴的社会、技术和环境问题——赋予他们自主权和代理权。来自土木工程相关学科的Amy Seif Hattan展示了工程公司和学术界之间的合作研究如何有助于验证最佳可持续实践,并最终成为全公司范围内以环境为重点的转型的催化剂。这次合作的额外好处是,除了与学术研究人员建立互利的关系外,该公司还能够提供新的隐含碳设计服务,并获得比竞争对手更大的市场优势。同样,基于证据的设计方法可以帮助从业者从过去的项目中学习,为客户带来更大的价值。Galen Cranz、Lusi Morhayim、Georgia Lindsay和Johann (Hans) Sagan强调了在建筑实践和学术界进行使用后评估(POE)研究的必要性,以解决用户明显和潜在的需求。Christopher Pagano, Brian Day和Leah S. Hartman将建筑中的人为因素置于更广泛的生态心理学框架中,将其视为人与环境相互依存的关系,从而扩大了对建筑中人为因素的讨论。作者指出,作为经验量化这种关系的关键特征,提供性。先例,无论是环境绩效数据点还是用户反馈,都是建筑设计过程(方法)的关键组成部分。William Braham在他对Marja Sarvimäki的建筑师和设计师案例研究策略的回顾中重申了案例研究作为主要建筑研究方法之一的重要性,并将其置于更大的跨学科视角中。他还重申了研究方法的重要性,特别是案例研究,考虑到越来越多的新的研究型建筑项目。在DFAB住宅的案例中,方法和技术协同成一个单一的设计工作流程和一个迷人的结构。Konrad Graser、Arash Adel、Marco Baur、Daniel Sanz Pont和Andreas Thoma在视觉和技术上都做出了丰富的贡献,展示了将先进的制造研究与建筑装配相结合。它展示了工具和方法是建筑构思和制作的重要驱动力。这个制造演示也许最直接地说明了尼采的思想与结果的联系,在那里,每一个细节和组装都是在以物理形式出现之前被数字解决和实现的。在Blaine Brownell对3d打印木材的评论中,出现了一种不同的制造方式,作为最古老和最常见的建筑材料之一的潜在新化身。虽然它的3d打印版本可能没有同样的效果,但它表现出新的品质和能力。Brownell的观点对技术、环境和感官方面以及可能的未来应用进行了平衡和深入的批判性评估。沉浸在TAD OPEN方法问题中,我们应该受到建筑研究的广度和方法的多样性的鼓舞和鼓舞,这些方法在考虑人类条件和环境的同时,与最新的技术创新保持联系。
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引用次数: 0
Building Integrated Evaporative Cooling Utilizing Pervious Concrete 利用透水混凝土的建筑整体蒸发冷却
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863675
A. Timmer
This research proposes an integrated building evaporative cooling assembly using pervious concrete acting as a thermally active system. The proof‐of‐concept prototype demonstrates the capacity of the system. The prototype simulates the operation of a wall assembly of pervious concrete that utilizes gravity to drive water through its matrix. The wall assembly lowers the interior surface temperature of the concrete by 9–11°F and the interior air temperature of the insulated box by 7°F. This research demonstrates the capacity of an integrated wall assembly utilizing pervious concrete acting as a non‐technical ceramic evaporative cooling wall assembly.
本研究提出了一种综合建筑蒸发冷却装置,使用透水混凝土作为热活性系统。概念验证原型展示了系统的能力。该原型模拟了透水混凝土墙体组件的操作,利用重力将水通过其基质。墙体组件使混凝土内表面温度降低9-11°F,保温箱内空气温度降低7°F。本研究展示了利用透水混凝土作为非技术陶瓷蒸发冷却墙组件的集成墙组件的能力。
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引用次数: 1
An Argument Framework for Ecological Psychology and Architecture Design 生态心理学与建筑设计的论证框架
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863665
C. Pagano, Brian J. Day, Leah S. Hartman
Integral to the scientific process are theoretical frameworks that motivate specific research questions and empirical methodologies. This paper introduces ecological psychology and argues that it can serve as a new theoretical framework for architecture and design. Ecological psychology holds that people and their environments must be defined relative to each other, with this relationship being empirically quantified by affordances, and that the perception of affordances does not require mental representations or cognitive deliberations. This theory has driven the expansion of human factors, which applies basic research in perception, cognition, and motor function to the design of artifacts in the real world. Ecological psychology provides an empirically testable theory that can inform design choices and assess proposed designs’ functionality.
科学过程中不可或缺的是激发具体研究问题和实证方法的理论框架。本文介绍了生态心理学,认为它可以作为建筑和设计的一个新的理论框架。生态心理学认为,人和他们的环境必须是相互关联的,这种关系可以通过启示来量化,而且对启示的感知不需要心理表征或认知思考。这一理论推动了人为因素的扩展,将感知、认知和运动功能的基础研究应用于现实世界中人工制品的设计。生态心理学提供了一种经验可检验的理论,可以为设计选择提供信息,并评估设计的功能。
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引用次数: 6
Molding Liquid Stone: A Computational and Experimental Mixed‐Method Study of 3D Print Formwork for Interlocking Concrete Modules 模塑液石:一种用于互锁混凝土模块的3D打印模板的计算和实验混合方法研究
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863677
N. Emami
With bespoke fabrication on one end, and mass production on the other end of the fabrication spectrum, this study investigates custom repetitive manufacturing through molding concrete by using 3D printed formwork. The process demonstrates a proof‐of‐concept for 3D printing elastic resin as a formwork for repeated casting of interlocking concrete blocks. Among the challenges are the method of digitally generating the block geometry and designing the molds to accommodate complex curvatures on four sides of a block while operating within the material limitations of 3D printing with an elastic material. The overall process investigates the limitations of such a system in order to identify future potential for mass customized fabrication employing casting techniques.
一方面是定制制造,另一方面是大规模生产,本研究通过使用3D打印模板成型混凝土来研究定制重复制造。该过程展示了3D打印弹性树脂作为重复浇筑互锁混凝土块的模板的概念验证。其中的挑战是数字生成块几何形状和设计模具的方法,以适应块的四个侧面的复杂曲率,同时在具有弹性材料的3D打印的材料限制内操作。整个过程调查了这种系统的局限性,以确定采用铸造技术进行大规模定制制造的未来潜力。
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引用次数: 2
Research Redux 研究回来的
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863660
D. M. Addington
TA D 5 : 1 Research Redux I was about three years into my doctoral studies at Harvard’s GSD when three questions, or more accurately, three challenges to my work, were posed. For context, I was part of the initial wave of academic researchers and practitioners who were enamored with all things “smart,” particularly walls in whatever nominative designation rendered them as technologically advanced and functionally, if not formally novel: smart skins, intelligent facades, performative glazing, interactive surfaces, adaptive envelopes. Inspired by the cover of James Marston Fitch’s seminal text, American Building: The Environmental Forces That Shape It, depicting a building envelope as mediating the full sweep of environmental phenomena, I planned to develop a wall system to control all scales of heat transfer, thereby covering thermal, luminous, and acoustic behaviors—the ultimate smart wall. The first challenge came from one of my doctoral advisors in Mechanical Engineering who kept asking me what my hypothesis was. I thought he simply didn’t understand; in Architecture, we dealt with big ideas. The second challenge came from my doctoral advisor in Environmental Health, who kept pressing me on method. How was I going to determine the value of what I produced? What were my criteria? I thought he didn’t understand that true innovation lay beyond the bounds of the known and should not be constrained by the limits of measurable criteria. The third challenge lit the proverbial light bulb when I took an undergraduate course on Plato and the Socratic Elenchus and discovered my writing less than enthusiastically received. I expected to excel as I had in all of my previous classes in Architecture, but I was instead roundly criticized for my overly personal reinterpretation of Socrates’ argument. It was at that point I began to realize the argument I put forward as a thesis was but an empty vessel, a diversion to obscure that there was indeed no thesis. My entire approach was predicated on what I wanted to do, to make, and I justified the project by self-determining both the criteria for measuring the results and the ultimate value of the results. I was completely trapped in the closed circularity of my personal view. So I inverted my thesis: instead of technologically advanced smart walls, I shifted the smartness directly to the atmospheric physical phenomena that we had heretofore attributed to the walls. It was enough of a shift that the hypothesis and method were deemed acceptable by my circumspect advisors. While I am proud of the resulting thesis, it was only a first step toward a lifelong rethinking and reassessment of how our profession develops research questions, brings objectivity to its methods, and, most importantly, frames meaningful contribution. There have been many missteps and retrenchments along the way, and I am grateful to the intrepid doctoral students who hung in there with me as I tested and retreated from different methodological pa
我在哈佛大学GSD读博大约三年的时候,有三个问题,或者更准确地说,是对我工作的三个挑战。就背景而言,我是最初一波痴迷于所有“智能”事物的学术研究人员和实践者中的一员,特别是墙壁,无论其名称如何,都使它们在技术上先进,功能上,如果不是形式上新颖的话:智能皮肤,智能立面,表演玻璃,互动表面,自适应信封。受詹姆斯·马斯顿·费奇的影响深远的著作《美国建筑:塑造它的环境力量》封面的启发,该书将建筑围护结构描述为调节所有环境现象的媒介,我计划开发一种墙壁系统来控制所有尺度的热量传递,从而覆盖热、光和声学行为——最终的智能墙。第一个挑战来自我的一位机械工程博士导师,他一直问我的假设是什么。我以为他根本不明白;在建筑学中,我们处理大的想法。第二个挑战来自我的环境健康博士导师,他一直在方法上催促我。我如何确定我生产的产品的价值呢?我的标准是什么?我认为他不明白真正的创新超越了已知的界限,不应该受到可衡量标准的限制。第三个挑战是当我上了一门关于柏拉图和苏格拉底的课程时,我发现我的作品并没有受到热烈的欢迎。我希望能像以前所有的建筑学课一样出色,但我却因为对苏格拉底论证的过于个人化的重新解释而受到严厉的批评。就在那时,我开始意识到,我作为论文提出的论点不过是一个空容器,是为了掩盖根本没有论文的事实。我的整个方法都是基于我想做什么,想做什么,并且我通过自我确定测量结果的标准和结果的最终价值来证明项目的合理性。我完全被困在我个人观点的封闭循环中。所以我改变了我的论点:我没有采用技术先进的智能墙,而是将智能直接转移到大气物理现象上,这是我们迄今为止归因于墙壁的。这是一个很大的转变,我的假设和方法被我谨慎的顾问们认为是可以接受的。虽然我为最终的论文感到自豪,但这只是我一生中重新思考和重新评估我们的专业如何提出研究问题,如何为其方法带来客观性,最重要的是,如何构建有意义的贡献的第一步。在这一过程中,我经历了许多失误和缩减,我很感激那些勇敢的博士生,他们在我测试和退出不同的方法路径时,一直陪伴着我。下面的观察回顾了过去的几十年,并提出了我们如何进行研究的几个特征,特别是那些解决我们生产什么和如何生产的物理方面的研究。
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引用次数: 0
TAD 5:1 Issue PDF TAD 5:1 Issue PDF
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1908056
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引用次数: 0
Re‐Opening 重新量开
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863654
M. Uihlein
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引用次数: 0
On: Case Study Strategies for Architects and Designers 上:建筑师和设计师的案例研究策略
0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863679
W. Braham
slightly modified version of Yin’s original definition of a case study to highlight architecture’s focus on the built environment: “A case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon or setting within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.” It is not difficult to see that buildings and cities exemplify that kind of complexly embedded phenomenon, and both Yin and Groat and Wang used Jane Jacobs’ seminal work Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961) to illustrate the use of multiple forms of documentation and data in a specific case study to develop and support a general thesis about the city. The most recent contribution to the literature on case study research in architecture is a somewhat uneven book by Marja Sarvimäki, Case Study Strategies for Architects and Designers (2018), which synthesizes material from Yin, Groat and Wang, and others. The book is organized in three main sections. The first section addresses the history and theory of case studies; the second, types of case studies; and the third, methods for evaluating them. The first two sections follow much of the material in Groat and Wang, though they draw more widely on the case study literature from other fields and expand the treatment of methods for evaluating and establishing the validity of case studies. The unevenness of the book appears in the introduction of a confusing argument for Actor Network Theory (ANT) as a theoretical basis for the treatment of nonWestern cultures in Critical Regionalism, with which the book concludes. Not only is ANT mistakenly attributed to Michel Foucault, but the well-known catalogue of animals Foucault cited in his preface to The Order of Things (1971) is presented as an authentic Chinese account and not as a fictional construction by Jorge Luis Borges from his 1942 essay “The Analytical Language of John Wilkins,” itself meant to reveal the cultural specificity of language and other descriptions of the world. Sarvimäki has clearly immersed herself in the case study literature, so the book serves as a useful introduction and commentary on those methods for design educators. That literature was explicitly developed to distinguish qualitative methods from the powerful quantitative methods used in the sciences. The explanations in the originals are often clearer than Sarvimäki’s, though she translates them into terms familiar to designers. A great deal of the original literature is devoted to categorical distinctions meant to help researchers determine what a particular case study will reveal, which methods are appropriate, and how to judge and present the results. There is much in the work useful for architectural research. The most fundamental category is the general paradigm or system of inquiry within which the researcher operates. Sarvimäki largely adopts the three categories used by Groat and Wang: “(1) positivist/post-positivist, (2) intersubjective, a
略为修改了尹对案例研究的原始定义,以突出建筑对建成环境的关注:“案例研究是一种实证调查,在其现实环境中调查一种现象或设置,特别是当现象和环境之间的界限并不明显时。”不难看出,建筑和城市是这种复杂嵌入现象的例证,尹、格罗特和王都使用了简·雅各布斯(Jane Jacobs)的开创性作品《美国大城市的死与生》(1961),在一个具体的案例研究中说明了多种形式的文献和数据的使用,以发展和支持一个关于城市的一般性论点。最近对建筑案例研究文献的贡献是Marja Sarvimäki的一本有点不均衡的书,《建筑师和设计师的案例研究策略》(2018),它综合了Yin, Groat和Wang等人的材料。这本书分为三个主要部分。第一部分介绍了案例研究的历史和理论;第二,案例研究的类型;第三,评价方法。前两部分遵循Groat和Wang的大部分材料,尽管他们更广泛地借鉴了其他领域的案例研究文献,并扩展了评估和建立案例研究有效性的方法。本书的不平衡性体现在前言中,前言中将演员网络理论(ANT)作为批判地域主义中对待非西方文化的理论基础,这一论点令人困惑。ANT不仅被错误地归因于米歇尔·福柯,而且福柯在《事物秩序》(the Order of Things, 1971)的序言中引用的著名的动物目录被视为真实的中国描述,而不是豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯(Jorge Luis Borges)在他1942年的文章《约翰·威尔金斯的分析语言》(the Analytical Language of John Wilkins)中虚构的构建。博尔赫斯的目的是揭示语言和其他对世界的描述的文化特异性。Sarvimäki显然已经沉浸在案例研究文献中,所以这本书可以作为设计教育者对这些方法的有用介绍和评论。这些文献的发展明确地将定性方法与科学中使用的强大的定量方法区分开来。原文中的解释往往比Sarvimäki的解释更清晰,尽管她把它们翻译成设计师熟悉的术语。大量的原始文献致力于分类区分,旨在帮助研究人员确定一个特定的案例研究将揭示什么,哪种方法是合适的,以及如何判断和呈现结果。这本书中有许多对建筑研究有用的东西。最基本的范畴是研究人员在其中进行研究的一般范式或系统。Sarvimäki在很大程度上采用了Groat和Wang使用的三个类别:“(1)实证主义/后实证主义,(2)主体间性,(3)从客观到主观的连续体中的建构主义范式。”尹称其为现实主义和相对主义的连续统一体,但所有作者都小心翼翼地将这些范式的范围与定量和定性之间的简单对立区分开来。这个连续体通常用来区分软科学和硬科学,但实际上只描述了数据收集方法。在建筑领域,这些方法上的区别经常与我们的分支学科相一致,这些分支学科的研究集中在技术、设计或历史和理论上,但是对它们的研究明确地揭示了这种惯例的许多例外。在每个研究范式或系统中,仍然可以选择使用的案例研究类型和调查特定研究问题的方法。文献中描述的两种经典类型是嵌入式和整体性,术语“嵌入式”用于描述关注“现象或背景”与其上下文之间相互作用的一般研究类别,使用各种方法-定量和/或定性-而术语“整体性”借鉴了解释学和现象学的哲学方法,“在整体或位置上理解现象,其中整体大于部分的总和”(61)。在任何一种情况下,案例研究的结构都受到其目的的限制——它是解释性的、描述性的还是探索性的。案例研究的最后一步是评估、解释和展示:如何为建筑师和设计师使用案例研究策略
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引用次数: 1
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Technology Architecture and Design
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