Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1967053
Lukas Kirner, Elisa Lublasser, S. Brell-Çokcan
The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)-funded research “Internet of Construction” (IoC) explores the digitalization and interconnection of construction processes throughout the value chain. It addresses the implementation of robotic processes and Industry 4.0 technologies within a broad consortium of industry partners. The consortium brings together suppliers of construction and robotic machinery with fabrication and construction contractors as well as architecture, mechanical engineering, and economics researchers. The IoC incorporates a living lab (Aachen West site), where new approaches are developed, tested, and evaluated in the context of real-world settings. While the project is ongoing, promising results in the enhancement of productivity in construction have already been demonstrated through the collaboration of industry and academic partners.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863680
B. Brownell
Yin, R. K. 2018. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing. depositing multiple layers of material. Feedstocks typically consist of polymers, although other materials including metals, glass, and clay are also employed. Wood is a relative latecomer to the 3D printing sphere (the first filament was commercialized in 2012) because its individual ingredients burn, rather than melt, when heated. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in wood fiber must first be chemically or mechanically modified and/or blended with other materials to support Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and other AM processes commonly used today. For example, researchers at the Wallenberg Wood Science Center at the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden created a printable medium from cellulose nanofibrils mixed with hydrogel.2 This gelatinous slurry, composed of over 95 percent water, is suitable for printing three-dimensional structures that retain their shape when dried in controlled conditions. Another approach combines fine wood particles with a printable polymer rather than separating the wood’s individual components. WoodFill, a 3D printing filament commercialized by the Netherlands-based company Colorfabb, consists of 30 percent recycled wood fibers and 70 percent polylactic acid (PLA), a bioplastic. Laywoo-D3, a filament created by German inventor Kai Parthy, consists of 35 percent recycled wood and 65 percent copolyesters.3 Because the bulk of additively manufactured wood is made with PLA and other polymers, the material is more accurately described as wood-plastic composite (WPC).4 The 3D printing of composites has become increasingly popular as a way to achieve sophisticated geometries at relatively low cost in a variety of media. The impetus to expend the additional effort to create printing media based on wood, rather than using more readily accessible polymer feedstocks, has two primary motivations. One is to replicate the effect of wood by mimicking its appearance, tactility, and even smell in a process that creates objects with extreme precision. The other is to create a more environmentally responsible 3D printing medium—a goal made possible by using repurposed feedstocks, such as repurposed waste wood, and bio-based polymers instead of petroleum-based plastics. San Leandro, Control or Affect? The Paradox of 3D-Printed Wood
{"title":"Control or Affect? The Paradox of 3D‐Printed Wood","authors":"B. Brownell","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2021.1863680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2021.1863680","url":null,"abstract":"Yin, R. K. 2018. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing. depositing multiple layers of material. Feedstocks typically consist of polymers, although other materials including metals, glass, and clay are also employed. Wood is a relative latecomer to the 3D printing sphere (the first filament was commercialized in 2012) because its individual ingredients burn, rather than melt, when heated. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in wood fiber must first be chemically or mechanically modified and/or blended with other materials to support Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and other AM processes commonly used today. For example, researchers at the Wallenberg Wood Science Center at the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden created a printable medium from cellulose nanofibrils mixed with hydrogel.2 This gelatinous slurry, composed of over 95 percent water, is suitable for printing three-dimensional structures that retain their shape when dried in controlled conditions. Another approach combines fine wood particles with a printable polymer rather than separating the wood’s individual components. WoodFill, a 3D printing filament commercialized by the Netherlands-based company Colorfabb, consists of 30 percent recycled wood fibers and 70 percent polylactic acid (PLA), a bioplastic. Laywoo-D3, a filament created by German inventor Kai Parthy, consists of 35 percent recycled wood and 65 percent copolyesters.3 Because the bulk of additively manufactured wood is made with PLA and other polymers, the material is more accurately described as wood-plastic composite (WPC).4 The 3D printing of composites has become increasingly popular as a way to achieve sophisticated geometries at relatively low cost in a variety of media. The impetus to expend the additional effort to create printing media based on wood, rather than using more readily accessible polymer feedstocks, has two primary motivations. One is to replicate the effect of wood by mimicking its appearance, tactility, and even smell in a process that creates objects with extreme precision. The other is to create a more environmentally responsible 3D printing medium—a goal made possible by using repurposed feedstocks, such as repurposed waste wood, and bio-based polymers instead of petroleum-based plastics. San Leandro, Control or Affect? The Paradox of 3D-Printed Wood","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":"180 1","pages":"112 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77719143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863674
Katharina Kral
Sustainability and material efficiency are essential considerations in architecture. However, they are often evaluated late, absent optimization potentials inherent in architectural choices. Easy-to-use computational tools facilitate integration of performance parameters into design decision-making, but because different simulation environments require specific geometric input, simultaneous consideration of multiple constraints is not feasible without significant modeling. This research capitalizes on existing simulation tools and presents a novel procedure, AutoFrame, that converts architectural massing models into structural simulation input models to streamline daylight simulation, and embodied- and operational-carbon assessment during schematic design. Three reference buildings are used to validate the approach and a speculative case study demonstrates how the multi-disciplinary performance feedback guides design decisions while maintaining the flexibility of early design exploration.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1887682
M. Gutierrez
Introduction Advances in computation have fomented a new era of material and building technology invention in architecture. Architects are reclaiming the territory of material invention through processes and methodologies forged through new computational protocols. New approaches to Pareto optimization, artificial intelligence (AI) integration, and non-invasive testing protocols pave the way to transformative material experimentation. However, how do we guide experiments designed around accomplishing specific material properties in architecture vis-a-vis engineering and sciences? Materials science addresses optimal experimental design by advancing computational analysis and tools to accelerate the materials discovery process. The capacity to discover or shape materials with augmented complexity increases as a function of time despite its disciplinary approach. In materials science, this trajectory revolves around trial-and-error and intuition, where often rapid progress is made if the synergy between theorists—who can often generate and suggest a list of compounds for possible synthesis—and experimentalists is utilized (Lookman et al. 2019). How and what is its equivalence in architecture and construction? The process of material innovation in design can stem from two varying routes: a design-led approach or a science-led approach (Ashby 2019, 33). The first approach starts with the performance requirements in a design usually geared towards applications. While architecture and engineering stem from varying perspectives and overall aims, both fields share the commonality of application. However, testing protocols and development differ significantly (Gutierrez 2014). The materialsscience-driven process originates in a deep understanding and manipulation of material properties. Material invention involves two fundamental steps: the material itself and the process by which it is turned into a new entity with computational, conceptual, and numerical differences essential in each field’s corresponding operations.
计算机技术的进步推动了建筑材料和建筑技术发明的新时代。建筑师们正在通过新的计算协议锻造的过程和方法来重新夺回材料发明的领域。帕累托优化、人工智能(AI)集成和非侵入性测试协议的新方法为变革材料实验铺平了道路。然而，相对于工程和科学，我们如何指导围绕实现建筑中特定材料特性而设计的实验?材料科学通过推进计算分析和工具来加速材料发现过程，解决了最佳实验设计。发现或塑造具有增强复杂性的材料的能力随着时间的推移而增加，尽管它的学科方法。在材料科学中，这一轨迹围绕着试错和直觉，如果理论家(他们经常可以生成并提出可能合成的化合物列表)和实验家之间的协同作用得到利用，通常会取得快速进展(Lookman et al. 2019)。它在建筑和建造中是如何等价的?设计中的材料创新过程可以源于两种不同的途径:以设计为主导的方法或以科学为主导的方法(Ashby 2019, 33)。第一种方法从通常面向应用程序的设计中的性能需求开始。虽然建筑和工程源于不同的视角和总体目标，但这两个领域都有共同的应用。然而，测试协议和开发差异很大(Gutierrez 2014)。材料科学驱动的过程源于对材料特性的深刻理解和操纵。材料发明包括两个基本步骤:材料本身和将其转化为具有计算、概念和数值差异的新实体的过程，这些差异在每个领域的相应操作中都是必不可少的。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863659
P. Galison, W. Newman
ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/utad20 Interview with Peter Galison: On Method Peter Galison & Winifred Elysse Newman (Interviewer) To cite this article: Peter Galison & Winifred Elysse Newman (Interviewer) (2021) Interview with Peter Galison: On Method, Technology|Architecture + Design, 5:1, 5-9, DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863659 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2021.1863659
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863669
W. Newman
Research methods is a developing area of interest in the built environment and OPEN to discussion. The concept of research encompasses ontology, epistemology, methodology, and methods. Methodological choice often relates to the philosophical position of the researcher and the analyzed phenomenon. This is to say, closer consideration tells us that methods can be distinct from the products and aims of the research, such as knowledge and prediction. Methods are also different from the epistemic regimes that inform the values and justifications of the research aims, such as reproducibility or objectivity used to rationalize the use of a specific method or its method of evaluation. Methods cannot be derived from the places, problems, phenomena, disciplines, technologies, or conventions and professional habits associated with research. Recognizing there is a specific, rather than general, integrity of methods destabilizes the historically singular theories of methodological approach and suggests we can develop methods of applied research in design and the built environment without compromising the reliability of known methodological structures.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863662
D. Sung
Rather than serve individual clients, architects can pursue an entrepreneurial path by identifying current problems in culture, environment, and society in order to propose patentable solutions or products. In doing so, architects can have greater agency in various facets of the manufacturing and certification processes to influence the direction of the industry and expand the role of the architect. The commercialization process of a passively dynamic self‐shading window product called InVert demonstrates opportunities and impediments of entrepreneurship in architecture.
{"title":"Notes from the Valley of Death: A Case for Entrepreneurship in Architecture","authors":"D. Sung","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2021.1863662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2021.1863662","url":null,"abstract":"Rather than serve individual clients, architects can pursue an entrepreneurial path by identifying current problems in culture, environment, and society in order to propose patentable solutions or products. In doing so, architects can have greater agency in various facets of the manufacturing and certification processes to influence the direction of the industry and expand the role of the architect. The commercialization process of a passively dynamic self‐shading window product called InVert demonstrates opportunities and impediments of entrepreneurship in architecture.","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":"18 1","pages":"20 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84602791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863673
D. Butko
The shape, interior volume, and materiality of the built environment influence occupant perception of sound. Placement and articulation of surfaces directly relate to how sound is reflected, diffused, and absorbed prior to aural reception and comprehension. Researchers experimented with and fabricated prototypical aerated concrete sawtooth panels by manipulating ingredients and form, yielding acoustical properties conducive to speech frequencies (specifically Noise Reduction Coefficients). While acoustical measurements were primarily focused on multi‐use educational spaces, laboratory testing and development of frequency‐responsive porosity revealed data for evidence‐based design applicable to various occupancy types. Attention to the spatial interactions of sound and noise corrected common speech intelligibility and clarity deficiencies by decreased reverberation times, linking surface, form, and spatial volume to reflection, diffusion, and absorption.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2021.1863668
Konrad Graser, A. Adel, Marco Baur, Daniel Sanz Pont, A. Thoma
DFAB HOUSE, a multi-technology demonstrator of digital fabrication in architecture, integrates six full-scale novel construction technologies into a three-story residential building for the first time (Graser et al. 2020) (Figure 1). Rather than a mere showcase of individual digital fabrication technologies, it explores how their synthesis across interfaces can drive the process of architectural design. This account focuses on the co-development of its most interrelated subsystems: Spatial Timber Assemblies (Adel et al. 2018; Thoma et al. 2018) and the Lightweight Translucent Facade (DFAB HOUSE 2020). Each of the subsystems fulfills specific design objectives: the timber structure demonstrates cooperative robotic assembly and its degrees of freedom, and optimizes structural performance and material use; the facade combines thermal performance and daylighting, allows a non-planar geometry optimal for prestressing, and creates an outward perception of the timber frame. However, these two subsystems perform synergistically. The stiffness of the irregular, triangulated timber frame relies on precision and variability of orientations, two strengths of nonstandard robotic fabrication and assembly routines, and permits employing a pliable, translucent membrane facade. Compression studs counterbalance the tensile forces of the facade system allowing its mass and footprint to be minimized (Figure 2). Parallel Paths of Inquiry: Detailing for DFAB HOUSE
DFAB HOUSE是建筑中数字制造的多技术演示者，首次将六种全尺寸新型施工技术集成到三层住宅楼中(Graser等人，2020)(图1)。它不仅仅是单个数字制造技术的展示，而是探索了它们如何跨接口综合驱动建筑设计过程。该帐户侧重于其最相关子系统的共同开发:空间木材组件(Adel等人，2018;Thoma et al. 2018)和轻质半透明立面(DFAB HOUSE 2020)。每个子系统都实现了特定的设计目标:木结构展示了协作机器人装配及其自由度，并优化了结构性能和材料使用;立面结合了热性能和采光，允许非平面几何形状的预应力优化，并创造了木结构的外部感知。然而，这两个子系统协同工作。不规则三角形木框架的刚度依赖于精度和方向的可变性，这是非标准机器人制造和装配程序的两个优势，并允许采用柔韧的半透明膜立面。压缩螺柱平衡了立面系统的拉力，使其质量和占地面积最小化(图2)。平行探索路径:DFAB住宅的细节
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