Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2022.2040221
S. Murray
{"title":"Building the Historical Record","authors":"S. Murray","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2022.2040221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2040221","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72808636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2022.2040303
S. Johnson, M. Dixit, Lawry Boyer, S. Melville
In this project, three drawings for a horizontal skyscraper by El Lissitzky are analyzed and reconstructed using an iterative design process. The historical drawings serve as the basis of a series of models that attempt to visualize the architect’s design process by focusing on gaps, interruptions, inconsistencies, and contradictions in the representational field. A coherent and integrated massing, structure, and materials can be reconstructed by selecting a stable set of elements from the drawings. Improbable geometries constructed based on other elements foreground the normative force of the design as an ideal object that the historical architect never produced. Thanks to a counterfactual model, this ideal object can be examined in relation to historical design methodologies.
{"title":"Counterfactual Modeling in Historical Reconstruction: El Lissitzky’s Horizontal Skyscraper WB2","authors":"S. Johnson, M. Dixit, Lawry Boyer, S. Melville","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2022.2040303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2040303","url":null,"abstract":"In this project, three drawings for a horizontal skyscraper by El Lissitzky are analyzed and reconstructed using an iterative design process. The historical drawings serve as the basis of a series of models that attempt to visualize the architect’s design process by focusing on gaps, interruptions, inconsistencies, and contradictions in the representational field. A coherent and integrated massing, structure, and materials can be reconstructed by selecting a stable set of elements from the drawings. Improbable geometries constructed based on other elements foreground the normative force of the design as an ideal object that the historical architect never produced. Thanks to a counterfactual model, this ideal object can be examined in relation to historical design methodologies.","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75481196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2022.2040305
Mohammad Makki, Diego Navarro-Mateu, M. Showkatbakhsh
The application of population-based optimization algorithms in design is heavily driven by the translation and analysis of various data sets that represent a design problem; in evolutionary-based algorithms, these data sets are illustrated through two primary data streams: genes and fitness functions. The latter is frequently examined when analyzing the algorithm’s output, and the former is comparatively less so. This paper examines the role of genomic analysis in applying multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) in design. The results demonstrate the significance of utilizing the genetic analysis to understand better the relationships between parameters used in the design problem’s formulation and differentiate between morphological differences in the algorithmic output not commonly observed through fitness-based analyses.
{"title":"Decoding the Architectural Genome: Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms in Design","authors":"Mohammad Makki, Diego Navarro-Mateu, M. Showkatbakhsh","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2022.2040305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2040305","url":null,"abstract":"The application of population-based optimization algorithms in design is heavily driven by the translation and analysis of various data sets that represent a design problem; in evolutionary-based algorithms, these data sets are illustrated through two primary data streams: genes and fitness functions. The latter is frequently examined when analyzing the algorithm’s output, and the former is comparatively less so. This paper examines the role of genomic analysis in applying multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) in design. The results demonstrate the significance of utilizing the genetic analysis to understand better the relationships between parameters used in the design problem’s formulation and differentiate between morphological differences in the algorithmic output not commonly observed through fitness-based analyses.","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87429549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2022.2040308
Y. Yi, Keunhyuk Jang, Andrew Chun-An Wei, Bhujon Kang, Manal Anis
This paper demonstrates a design method that integrates various computational tools such as Rhinoceros, the artificial neural network from MATLAB, and computational fluid dynamics from Eddy3D to search for the optimal aerodynamic geometries for a wind turbine. It introduces a site-specific microclimate analysis method that can maximize site-specific wind energy potential. Through the integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and artificial neural networks (ANN), the study was able to find the optimized shape to maximize the wind potential for the specific test site. These ANN models use fewer computational resources and less time with reasonable average regression values up to 0.96. The result shows improvement of the annual hourly wind speed around the wind turbine up to 13.24 m/s. It would be beneficial to test the proposed method with actual performance to improve the proposed method.
{"title":"Designing a Pavilion that Generates Electricity","authors":"Y. Yi, Keunhyuk Jang, Andrew Chun-An Wei, Bhujon Kang, Manal Anis","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2022.2040308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2040308","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates a design method that integrates various computational tools such as Rhinoceros, the artificial neural network from MATLAB, and computational fluid dynamics from Eddy3D to search for the optimal aerodynamic geometries for a wind turbine. It introduces a site-specific microclimate analysis method that can maximize site-specific wind energy potential. Through the integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and artificial neural networks (ANN), the study was able to find the optimized shape to maximize the wind potential for the specific test site. These ANN models use fewer computational resources and less time with reasonable average regression values up to 0.96. The result shows improvement of the annual hourly wind speed around the wind turbine up to 13.24 m/s. It would be beneficial to test the proposed method with actual performance to improve the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83437150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2022.2040297
A. Picon
T A D 6 : 1 Digital Technology and Architecture: Towards a Symmetrical Approach Should we take technology as an external factor impacting design literally from the outside? For the past 50 years, science and technology studies (STS) have insisted on the inseparability of technology and the social. This has fostered a better understanding of how technology and society are “coproduced” to use Sheila Jasanoff’s concept. But despite the academic success of this approach, there is still a tendency to consider technological development as an external factor in domains like architecture and urban design. This is not only detrimental to the understanding of the true nature of the relationships of technology and architecture, hampering a proper grasp of episodes like the various attempts made to industrialize building construction in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It also limits our understanding of the agency of architecture, of what it truly achieves at a scale broader than buildings. In other words, the relationship between technology and design still appears asymmetrical. This article challenges such asymmetry by arguing one should envisage technology and design as partners in broad social and cultural changes. The tendency to treat technology as an external factor is especially pronounced in the case of the digital. The dominant narrative argues that the computer became of common use in architectural design only in the mid-1990s, hence the seminal role attributed to episodes like the “paperless” studio at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, which explored the possibilities offered by the machine for architectural education. Even if this narrative is repeatedly criticized for reasons ranging from its disregard for previous experiments to its particular focus on the North American scene, as if the digital culture in architecture had been only an American endeavor from the beginning, it still exerts a pervasive influence on how the digital is understood in architecture. The very notion of a “digital turn” in architecture is usually described from this perspective. It has been accompanied by a discourse on neo-digital avant-gardes which continues to this day. Historian Mario Carpo’s work is emblematic of this direction. His book, The Alphabet and the Algorithm (2011) is supportive of a series of avant-garde architectural practices exploring the possibilities offered by parametric variation. In The Second Digital Turn: Design Beyond Intelligence (2017) he showcases a series of designers considered as representative of the new perspectives opened by the introduction of artificial intelligence in architecture.
{"title":"Digital Technology and Architecture: Towards a Symmetrical Approach","authors":"A. Picon","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2022.2040297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2040297","url":null,"abstract":"T A D 6 : 1 Digital Technology and Architecture: Towards a Symmetrical Approach Should we take technology as an external factor impacting design literally from the outside? For the past 50 years, science and technology studies (STS) have insisted on the inseparability of technology and the social. This has fostered a better understanding of how technology and society are “coproduced” to use Sheila Jasanoff’s concept. But despite the academic success of this approach, there is still a tendency to consider technological development as an external factor in domains like architecture and urban design. This is not only detrimental to the understanding of the true nature of the relationships of technology and architecture, hampering a proper grasp of episodes like the various attempts made to industrialize building construction in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It also limits our understanding of the agency of architecture, of what it truly achieves at a scale broader than buildings. In other words, the relationship between technology and design still appears asymmetrical. This article challenges such asymmetry by arguing one should envisage technology and design as partners in broad social and cultural changes. The tendency to treat technology as an external factor is especially pronounced in the case of the digital. The dominant narrative argues that the computer became of common use in architectural design only in the mid-1990s, hence the seminal role attributed to episodes like the “paperless” studio at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation, which explored the possibilities offered by the machine for architectural education. Even if this narrative is repeatedly criticized for reasons ranging from its disregard for previous experiments to its particular focus on the North American scene, as if the digital culture in architecture had been only an American endeavor from the beginning, it still exerts a pervasive influence on how the digital is understood in architecture. The very notion of a “digital turn” in architecture is usually described from this perspective. It has been accompanied by a discourse on neo-digital avant-gardes which continues to this day. Historian Mario Carpo’s work is emblematic of this direction. His book, The Alphabet and the Algorithm (2011) is supportive of a series of avant-garde architectural practices exploring the possibilities offered by parametric variation. In The Second Digital Turn: Design Beyond Intelligence (2017) he showcases a series of designers considered as representative of the new perspectives opened by the introduction of artificial intelligence in architecture.","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73259345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2022.2040299
J. Marcoux, A. Leifeste
The last decade has seen a relatively quiet revolution happening within historic preservation. The field experienced a steady increase in digital technologies to document the historic built environment. Many practitioners now have access to a suite of documentation methodologies that employ digital-based equipment and software (e.g., light detection and ranging [LiDAR], ground-penetrating radar [GPR], high-density laser scanning, digital photogrammetry). This access to new techniques has led to a shift in some of the research questions being investigated and the scale of the investigations. In this paper, we present case studies from our work in Charleston, SC, highlighting the application of digital technologies to the documentation of the historic built environment at two scales—the individual building and the landscape.
{"title":"Impact of Digital Technologies on Historic Preservation Research at Multiple Scales","authors":"J. Marcoux, A. Leifeste","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2022.2040299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2040299","url":null,"abstract":"The last decade has seen a relatively quiet revolution happening within historic preservation. The field experienced a steady increase in digital technologies to document the historic built environment. Many practitioners now have access to a suite of documentation methodologies that employ digital-based equipment and software (e.g., light detection and ranging [LiDAR], ground-penetrating radar [GPR], high-density laser scanning, digital photogrammetry). This access to new techniques has led to a shift in some of the research questions being investigated and the scale of the investigations. In this paper, we present case studies from our work in Charleston, SC, highlighting the application of digital technologies to the documentation of the historic built environment at two scales—the individual building and the landscape.","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87540446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2022.2040304
Diana Cristóbal Olave
This paper proposes the notion of exhaustion as an alternative paradigm to study postwar historiographies of computer-aided architecture. Delving into a new case study—the Calculation Center of the University of Madrid—it aims to respond to the following question: why was the computer consistently described as a tool that would expedite design work and yet used to produce delirious and repetitive combinatorial architectural designs? This paper characterizes such designs as exhaustive. Exhaustion—unlike efficiency or optimization—was time-consuming and costly yet considered worthy because it promised variability within a repetitive step-by-step process. In the pursuit of exhaustion, architects developed a new vocabulary of “variations,” “alternatives,” and “choices” that promised to express change within a step-by-step recurring methodology.
{"title":"From Efficiency to Exhaustion: Computer-Aided Architecture at the Madrid Calculation Center (1968–1973)","authors":"Diana Cristóbal Olave","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2022.2040304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2040304","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes the notion of exhaustion as an alternative paradigm to study postwar historiographies of computer-aided architecture. Delving into a new case study—the Calculation Center of the University of Madrid—it aims to respond to the following question: why was the computer consistently described as a tool that would expedite design work and yet used to produce delirious and repetitive combinatorial architectural designs? This paper characterizes such designs as exhaustive. Exhaustion—unlike efficiency or optimization—was time-consuming and costly yet considered worthy because it promised variability within a repetitive step-by-step process. In the pursuit of exhaustion, architects developed a new vocabulary of “variations,” “alternatives,” and “choices” that promised to express change within a step-by-step recurring methodology.","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84301726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2022.2040309
Gabrielle Brainard
Extensively referenced and mostly well illustrated, this book deserves to be in every architecture school library and is likely to provide the material for seminars, discussions and debates on race in architecture in the US and internationally. From my viewpoint in advocating for the global south, I hope this book will be made accessible to academics there, too, perhaps as a discounted or open-access digital resource.
{"title":"Modern Architecture and Climate: Design Before Air Conditioning","authors":"Gabrielle Brainard","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2022.2040309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2040309","url":null,"abstract":"Extensively referenced and mostly well illustrated, this book deserves to be in every architecture school library and is likely to provide the material for seminars, discussions and debates on race in architecture in the US and internationally. From my viewpoint in advocating for the global south, I hope this book will be made accessible to academics there, too, perhaps as a discounted or open-access digital resource.","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74404006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/24751448.2022.2040307
Elizabeth Andrzejewski, Marcus Shaffer, E. Obonyo
In the late 1960s, Konrad Wachsmann moved to the University of Southern California to begin the Building Research Institute, a multidisciplinary studio and laboratory dedicated to reimagining building construction through a universal comprehensiveness— one that considered politics, science, social science, economics, and technologies in relation to industrial architecture. While at USC, Wachsmann and his students developed the Location Orientation Manipulator (LOM), an architecture machine “for the control, measurement, and display of the kinematics of (building) design and assembly” (Ward Jr. 1972). This paper examines the LOM as a ‘universal building machine’ designed by architects for industrialized architecture and details a digital reconstruction/reanimation of the LOM using Autodesk Fusion software. The authors speculate there are mechanical qualities related to building automation and specific to architecture within the unarticulated history of the LOM. These characteristics may inform and enhance contemporary architectural technologies.
在20世纪60年代末，Konrad Wachsmann搬到了南加州大学，开始了建筑研究所，这是一个多学科的工作室和实验室，致力于通过普遍的综合性来重新构想建筑，其中考虑了与工业建筑相关的政治、科学、社会科学、经济和技术。在南加州大学期间，Wachsmann和他的学生开发了定位机械手(LOM)，这是一种建筑机器，“用于控制、测量和显示(建筑)设计和装配的运动学”(Ward Jr. 1972)。本文将LOM作为建筑师为工业化建筑设计的“通用建筑机器”进行研究，并详细介绍了使用Autodesk Fusion软件对LOM进行数字重建/复活的方法。作者推测，在LOM未阐明的历史中，存在与建筑自动化和建筑特有的机械质量相关的机械质量。这些特征可以为当代建筑技术提供信息并提高它们的水平。
{"title":"Assembling the Assembler: Reanimating the “Lost” Motion Machine of Wachsmann, Bollinger, and Mendoza","authors":"Elizabeth Andrzejewski, Marcus Shaffer, E. Obonyo","doi":"10.1080/24751448.2022.2040307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2022.2040307","url":null,"abstract":"In the late 1960s, Konrad Wachsmann moved to the University of Southern California to begin the Building Research Institute, a multidisciplinary studio and laboratory dedicated to reimagining building construction through a universal comprehensiveness— one that considered politics, science, social science, economics, and technologies in relation to industrial architecture. While at USC, Wachsmann and his students developed the Location Orientation Manipulator (LOM), an architecture machine “for the control, measurement, and display of the kinematics of (building) design and assembly” (Ward Jr. 1972). This paper examines the LOM as a ‘universal building machine’ designed by architects for industrialized architecture and details a digital reconstruction/reanimation of the LOM using Autodesk Fusion software. The authors speculate there are mechanical qualities related to building automation and specific to architecture within the unarticulated history of the LOM. These characteristics may inform and enhance contemporary architectural technologies.","PeriodicalId":36812,"journal":{"name":"Technology Architecture and Design","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91355592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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