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Collective foresight and intelligence for sustainability 可持续发展的集体远见和智慧
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-01-22 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2021.3
Sylvia L. R. Wood, Amy Luers, Jennifer Garard, A. Gambhir, K. Chaudhari, M. Ivanova, Casey Cronin
Non-technical summary Charting robust pathways towards more sustainable futures that ‘leave no one behind’ requires that diverse communities engage in collective foresight and intelligence exercises to better understand global systemic challenges, anticipate the emerging risks and opportunities that disruptions present, and share perspectives on how to respond and inform decision-making. We report on the recent use of an international rapid foresight survey to assess expected societal trends over the next 3 years following the COVID-19 crisis. The results illustrate the power of collective foresight approaches to provide timely, nuanced insights for decision-making across sectors and scales, particularly in times of uncertainty. Technical summary We present the findings of a rapid foresight survey launched in spring 2020 to draw on the collective intelligence of the global community on where the world is headed post-COVID-19. Respondents were asked to (i) assess five key societal trends in the coming 3 years, (ii) provide news headlines they both expect and hope to see, and (iii) assess the role of digital technologies during crises. Analysis of over 2000 responses from more than 90 countries revealed important regional differences in expected societal trends related to sustainability. More respondents in the Global South expected shifts towards less inequality while more respondents in the Global North expected shifts towards a smaller ecological footprint. Qualitative analysis of proposed news headlines revealed four broad themes of focus (environment, equity, health, and economy), and yielded insights into perspectives on critical drivers of change. Finally, the survey report found that the vast majority of respondents were not opposed to digital surveillance in crises. In presenting these results, we explore the value of collective foresight and intelligence exercises in providing pluralistic inputs to decision-making and in complementing more prevalent methods of forecasting. Social media summary Collective foresight exercises with diverse communities can help chart robust pathways to more sustainable futures.
绘制通往“不让任何一个人掉队”的更可持续未来的稳健路径,需要不同的社区参与集体远见和情报演习,以更好地了解全球系统性挑战,预测破坏带来的新风险和机遇,并就如何应对和为决策提供信息分享观点。我们报告最近利用国际快速预见调查来评估2019冠状病毒病危机后未来三年的预期社会趋势。研究结果表明,集体预见方法可以为跨部门和规模的决策提供及时、细致的见解,特别是在不确定时期。我们介绍2020年春季启动的一项快速前瞻调查的结果,该调查旨在利用国际社会的集体智慧,了解后covid -19时代的世界走向。受访者被要求(i)评估未来3年的五个关键社会趋势,(ii)提供他们期望和希望看到的新闻标题,以及(iii)评估数字技术在危机中的作用。对来自90多个国家的2000多个答复的分析显示,在与可持续性有关的预期社会趋势方面存在重要的区域差异。全球南方更多的受访者希望减少不平等,而全球北方更多的受访者希望减少生态足迹。对拟议新闻标题的定性分析揭示了四个广泛的重点主题(环境、公平、健康和经济),并对变化的关键驱动因素的观点产生了见解。最后,调查报告发现,绝大多数受访者并不反对在危机中进行数字监控。在展示这些结果时,我们探讨了集体预见和智力练习在为决策提供多元化投入和补充更流行的预测方法方面的价值。与不同社区进行的集体远见练习可以帮助规划通往更可持续未来的坚实道路。
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引用次数: 5
Global redistribution of income and household energy footprints: a computational thought experiment 全球收入再分配和家庭能源足迹:一个计算思维实验
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-01-15 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2021.1
Y. Oswald, J. Steinberger, D. Ivanova, J. Millward-Hopkins
Non-technical summary Global income inequality and energy consumption inequality are related. High-income households consume more energy than low-income ones, and for different purposes. Here, we explore the global household energy consumption implications of global income redistribution. We show that global income inequality shapes not only inequalities of energy consumption but the quantity and composition of overall energy demand. Our results call for the inclusion of income distribution into energy system models, as well as into energy and climate policy. Technical summary Despite a rapidly growing number of studies on the relationship between inequality and energy, there is little research estimating the effect of income redistribution on energy demand. We contribute to this debate by proposing a simple but granular and data-driven model of the global income distribution and of global household energy consumption. We isolate the effect of income distribution on household energy consumption and move beyond the assumption of aggregate income–energy elasticities. First, we model expenditure as a function of income. Second, we determine budget shares of expenditure for a variety of products and services by employing product-granular income elasticities of demand. Subsequently, we apply consumption-based final energy intensities to product and services to obtain energy footprint accounts. Testing variants of the global income distribution, we find that the ‘energy costs’ of equity are small. Equitable and inequitable distributions of income, however, entail distinct structural change in energy system terms. In an equitable world, fewer people live in energy poverty and more energy is consumed for subsistence and necessities, instead of luxury and transport. Social media summary Equality in global income shifts household energy footprints towards subsistence, while inequality shifts them towards transport and luxury.
非技术性摘要全球收入不平等和能源消费不平等是相关的。高收入家庭比低收入家庭消耗更多的能源,用于不同的目的。在这里,我们探讨了全球收入再分配对全球家庭能源消费的影响。我们表明,全球收入不平等不仅影响能源消费的不平等,还影响整体能源需求的数量和构成。我们的研究结果呼吁将收入分配纳入能源系统模型,以及能源和气候政策。技术摘要尽管关于不平等与能源之间关系的研究数量迅速增加,但很少有研究估计收入再分配对能源需求的影响。我们提出了一个简单但精细的全球收入分配和全球家庭能源消费数据驱动模型,为这场辩论做出了贡献。我们孤立了收入分配对家庭能源消费的影响,并超越了总收入-能源弹性的假设。首先,我们将支出建模为收入的函数。其次,我们通过使用需求的产品细粒度收入弹性来确定各种产品和服务的预算支出份额。随后,我们将基于消费的最终能源强度应用于产品和服务,以获得能源足迹账户。通过测试全球收入分配的变体,我们发现股权的“能源成本”很小。然而,收入分配的公平和不公平导致能源系统发生明显的结构性变化。在一个公平的世界里,生活在能源贫困中的人越来越少,生活和必需品消耗的能源越来越多,而不是奢侈品和交通工具。社交媒体摘要全球收入平等使家庭能源足迹转向生存,而不平等则使其转向交通和奢侈品。
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引用次数: 34
The economic value of tropical forests in meeting global climate stabilization goals 热带森林在实现全球气候稳定目标方面的经济价值
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-04 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2020.34
S. Fuss, A. Golub, R. Lubowski
Non-technical summary Conserving tropical forests has many benefits, from protecting biodiversity, sustaining indigenous and local communities, and safeguarding climate. To achieve the ambitious climate goals of the Paris Agreement, forest protection is essential. Yet deforestation continues to diminish the world's forests. Halting this trend is the objective of the international framework for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). While previous studies have demonstrated the contribution of tropical forests to mitigate climate change, here we show that tropical forest protection can ‘flatten the curve’ of the costs of transition to climate stability, estimating tens of trillions of dollars in policy cost savings. Technical summary The pledges made by parties under the Paris Agreement are insufficient to limit global warming to well below 2 °C relative to pre-industrial levels. We use a global climate-economic model to quantify the economic benefits from rapidly deploying programs for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and increased reforestation (REDD+) given current delays in the implementation of climate policies around the world. REDD+ has been shown to have substantial greenhouse gas emissions mitigation potential in the fight against climate change and can thus play a critical role in closing the emissions gap, thereby enabling the achievement of more ambitious climate targets. Under our principal scenario, we estimate that REDD+ can contribute up to US$36 trillion in net policy cost savings by mitigating the adjustment costs of reaching a greenhouse gas emissions trajectory consistent with ambitious global climate stabilization goals. Investment in REDD+ has a high benefit-cost ratio; one dollar invested in REDD+ yields about US$5.4 in net policy cost savings. Realizing the full estimated potential for REDD+ reduces the risk-adjusted carbon price in 2030 by US$45/tCO2. Social media summary Protecting tropical forests is crucial to achieve ambitious climate stabilization goals while saving trillions of dollars in economic value.
非技术性摘要保护热带森林有许多好处,包括保护生物多样性、维持土著和当地社区以及保护气候。为了实现《巴黎协定》雄心勃勃的气候目标,森林保护至关重要。然而,森林砍伐继续减少世界森林。遏制这一趋势是减少森林砍伐和退化所致排放国际框架的目标。虽然之前的研究已经证明了热带森林对缓解气候变化的贡献,但我们在这里表明,热带森林保护可以“拉平”向气候稳定过渡的成本曲线,估计可以节省数万亿美元的政策成本。技术摘要缔约方根据《巴黎协定》作出的承诺不足以将全球变暖控制在远低于工业化前水平的2°C以下。鉴于目前世界各地气候政策的实施延迟,我们使用全球气候经济模型来量化快速部署减少毁林和森林退化排放以及增加重新造林(REDD+)计划的经济效益。REDD+已被证明在应对气候变化方面具有巨大的温室气体减排潜力,因此可以在缩小排放差距方面发挥关键作用,从而实现更雄心勃勃的气候目标。根据我们的主要设想,我们估计REDD+可以通过降低实现与雄心勃勃的全球气候稳定目标相一致的温室气体排放轨迹的调整成本,从而节省高达36万亿美元的净政策成本。REDD+投资具有较高的效益成本比;投资于REDD+的1美元可产生约5.4美元的净政策成本节约。实现REDD+的全部估计潜力将使2030年经风险调整的碳价格降低45美元/tCO2。社交媒体摘要保护热带森林对于实现雄心勃勃的气候稳定目标至关重要,同时还能节省数万亿美元的经济价值。
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引用次数: 11
Unearthing insights for climate change response in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic 在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间发掘应对气候变化的见解
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2020.27
G. Hochachka
Non-technical summary The COVID-19 pandemic can be considered an experiment forced upon the world community and, as such, responses to the pandemic can provide lessons about socio-ecological systems as well as processes of transformative change. What enabled responses to COVID-19 to be as effective as they were, right at a time when climate action is notably lagging behind what intergovernmental panels have called for? This paper examines key differences in the COVID-19 response compared to that of climate change, examining the ‘deeper’ human dimensions of these global issues. Unearthing insights into the responses to both issues provides important lessons for climate change engagement. Technical summary In the first half of 2020, a dramatic, fast and widespread series of changes occurred in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in behaviors, mindsets, culture, and systems. Yet, despite the intergovernmental calls for precisely this kind of fundamental, transformative change across society regarding global warming, public opinion on climate change is fractured and collective action is slow. More research is needed on the psychosocial dimensions of climate change, to better understand what the bottlenecks are for realizing transformative change. In this paper, I examine what occurred in the COVID-19 pandemic response that could be learned for the climate crisis. I focus on three psychological aspects that made the COVID-19 response accessible and actionable in a way that climate change is not: the mental demands for understanding complex issues; psychological distance and its impacts on motivation and agency; and finite attentional resources that can render certain issues as non-salient. Lessons for climate engagement include: (1) the usefulness of concrete, simple, and personally-relatable messaging; (2) more diverse and democratized climate understandings and stories; (3) greater recognition about how psychological distance affects meaning-making and sense of agency; and (4) appreciation of attentional crowding and the need for sense-making strategies about complex issues. Social media summary Lessons from the deeper human dimensions of COVID-19 response help inform climate change engagement and transformation.
COVID-19大流行可被视为强加于国际社会的一项实验,因此,对大流行的应对措施可以提供有关社会生态系统和变革进程的经验教训。在气候行动明显落后于政府间专门委员会的要求之际,是什么使应对COVID-19的措施能够像以前一样有效?本文考察了COVID-19应对措施与气候变化应对措施的主要差异,考察了这些全球问题中“更深层次”的人类层面。深入了解对这两个问题的反应,为参与气候变化提供了重要的经验教训。2020年上半年,为应对COVID-19大流行,在行为、思维、文化和制度方面发生了一系列戏剧性、快速和广泛的变化。然而,尽管政府间呼吁在全球变暖问题上对全社会进行这种根本性的变革,但公众对气候变化的看法是分裂的,集体行动也是缓慢的。需要对气候变化的社会心理层面进行更多的研究,以更好地了解实现变革的瓶颈是什么。在本文中,我研究了在应对COVID-19大流行过程中发生的事情,可以从气候危机中吸取教训。我重点关注三个心理方面,这三个方面使COVID-19应对措施变得可获得和可操作,而气候变化则无法做到这一点:理解复杂问题的心理需求;心理距离及其对动机和代理的影响有限的注意力资源会使某些问题变得不突出。气候参与的经验教训包括:(1)具体、简单和与个人相关的信息的有用性;(2)更加多样化和民主化的气候理解和故事;(3)心理距离对意义制造和代理感的影响认知增强;(4)对注意力拥挤的认识和对复杂问题的意义构建策略的需求。从COVID-19应对中更深层次的人类层面汲取的经验教训有助于为气候变化参与和转型提供信息。
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引用次数: 10
Perception and risk of Covid-19 and climate change: investigating analogies in a common framework Covid-19与气候变化的认知和风险:在共同框架内调查类比
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2020.30
A. Pasini, F. Mazzocchi
This paper investigates analogies in the dynamics of Covid-19 pandemic and climate change. A comparison of their common features (such as nonlinearity and inertia) and differences helps us to achieve a correct scientific perception of both situations, increasing the chances of actions for their solutions. Besides, applying to both the risk equation provides different angles to analyse them, something that may result useful especially at the policy level. It shows that not only short-term interventions are needed, but also long-term strategies involving some structural changes. More specifically, it also shows that, even if climate change is probably more critical and long-lasting than the Covid-19 crisis, we still have, at least currently, more options for reducing its related risk. Social media summary A risk equation shows that now we have more options for fighting climate change than reducing the risks from Covid-19.
本文探讨了Covid-19大流行与气候变化动力学中的类比。比较它们的共同特征(如非线性和惯性)和不同之处,有助于我们对这两种情况都有正确的科学认识,从而增加采取行动解决它们的机会。此外,对这两种风险方程进行应用,为分析它们提供了不同的角度,尤其是在政策层面上,这可能是有用的。这表明,不仅需要短期干预,还需要涉及一些结构性变革的长期战略。更具体地说,它还表明,即使气候变化可能比Covid-19危机更严重、更持久,但至少在目前,我们仍然有更多的选择来降低其相关风险。一个风险等式表明,现在我们有更多的选择来应对气候变化,而不是减少Covid-19的风险。
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引用次数: 1
Promise of a green economic recovery post-Covid: trojan horse or turning point? 新冠疫情后绿色经济复苏的承诺:特洛伊木马还是转折点?
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2020.33
Oliver Taherzadeh
Social media summary A green economic recovery from Covid-19 cannot be built in the image of a pre-Covid era. Green growth must be abandoned.
新冠疫情后的绿色经济复苏不能建立在新冠疫情前的形象上。必须放弃绿色增长。
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引用次数: 15
COVID-19 and economic recovery with effective climate mitigation 新冠肺炎与有效缓解气候变化的经济复苏
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-20 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2020.32
M. Diesendorf
Non-technical summary A small benefit of the disastrous COVID-19 pandemic has been the temporary reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, this paper asks: what strategies can return people to work without returning to the old high-emissions economy? How can we modify the old economic system to reduce environmental impacts while rebuilding employment? Technological change, such as replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy (RE), is necessary but, in an economy that's growing, unlikely to be sufficiently rapid to avoid dangerous climate change. Degrowth in physical consumption, especially by the ‘rich’ 10%, towards a steady-state economy, is needed as well as low-carbon jobs. Technical summary In planning recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, most governments aim to return to economic growth that, by default, is closely coupled to growth in consumption of energy, materials and land, together with growth in population in some countries. This scenario almost certainly forecloses the option of a smooth transition to a climate in which global heating is limited to 1.5°C above the pre-industrial level, the aspirational Paris target. Although the transition to energy efficiency and 100% RE – based mainly on wind, solar and hydro – is now technically feasible, affordable and progressing in some countries, states, cities and businesses, technological transformation would be chasing a retreating goal if economic growth returns. Even to stay below 2°C, reducing consumption, especially by the rich 10%, is needed as well as technology change. Therefore, we explore a pandemic recovery scenario in which low-carbon employment creation is fostered during a process of general degrowth, in biophysical terms, towards an ecologically sustainable steady-state economy. Strategies are suggested for governments to create low-carbon jobs, together with reduced consumption, and to drive and finance the transition. With strong public pressure on governments and business, a 2°C target without overshoot may still be possible. Social media summary Degrowth can be combined with green employment to cut emissions while improving social equity.
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引用次数: 4
Well-meaning discourses of climate delay 关于气候延迟的善意言论
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-11-20 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2020.31
P. Stern
Non-technical summary Lamb et al. (2020) identified 12 discourses used by a counter-movement to delay or weaken action to limit climate change. This commentary notes three discourses used by those promoting such action that can also delay meaningful action: insisting on transformational change to the exclusion of incremental change, downplaying the value of emissions targets, and focusing attention on adaptation. Social media summary Discourses of climate delay: reject incremental changes and emissions targets as diversions, focus on adaptation.
Lamb等人的非技术性总结(2020)确定了反运动用来拖延或削弱限制气候变化行动的12个话语。这篇评论指出了那些推动此类行动的人使用的三种话语,这些话语也可能推迟有意义的行动:坚持转型变革而排除增量变革,淡化排放目标的价值,以及将注意力集中在适应上。社交媒体摘要气候延迟的讨论:拒绝将增量变化和排放目标视为转移,专注于适应。
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引用次数: 1
The readiness of industry for a transformative recovery from COVID 19 工业为从COVID - 19中实现变革性复苏做好准备
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-10-08 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2020.29
S. Fankhauser, R. Kotsch, S. Srivastav
Non-technical summary Many countries are committed to emerge from COVID 19 on a more sustainable environmental footing. Here we explore what such a structurally transformative recovery would mean for the manufacturing sector of 14 major economies. We find that all countries have zero-carbon growth opportunities post-COVID and comparative advantages in some sectors, but industrialised countries and the East Asian economies, especially South Korea, appear best positioned, thanks a push in low-carbon innovation that predates the pandemic. Technical summary We construct two indicators to assess the readiness of manufacturing in 14 countries to move toward zero-carbon products and processes post-COVID 19. The first indicator is the extent to which country-sectors have already started to convert to zero-carbon products and processes. This is measured by the relative low-carbon innovation in different country sectors (using global patent data). The second indicator is the ability of country-sectors to gain and maintain market share. This is measured by existing comparative advantages, using the Balassa index of revealed comparative advantage. Taken together the two indicators paint an intuitive picture of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) faced by different sectors, which can guide countries in their recovery strategies. Social media summary A zero-carbon recovery from COVID must be led by industry. It requires clean innovation based on comparative advantage.
非技术性摘要许多国家致力于在更可持续的环境基础上摆脱2019冠状病毒病。在这里,我们探讨了这种结构变革性的复苏对14个主要经济体的制造业意味着什么。我们发现,所有国家在新冠疫情后都有零碳增长的机会,在某些领域也有相对优势,但工业化国家和东亚经济体,尤其是韩国,似乎处于最佳地位,这要归功于疫情之前推动的低碳创新。技术摘要我们构建了两个指标来评估14个国家的制造业在2019冠状病毒病后向零碳产品和工艺迈进的准备情况。第一个指标是国家部门已经开始向零碳产品和工艺转变的程度。这是通过不同国家部门的相对低碳创新来衡量的(使用全球专利数据)。第二个指标是国家部门获得和保持市场份额的能力。这是通过现有的比较优势来衡量的,使用的是显示比较优势的Balassa指数。综合来看,这两个指标直观地反映了不同部门面临的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁,可以指导各国的复苏战略。社交媒体摘要从新冠疫情中实现零碳复苏必须由行业主导。它需要基于比较优势的清洁创新。
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引用次数: 2
Ecological resource availability: a method to estimate resource budgets for a sustainable economy 生态资源可利用性:可持续经济资源预算估算方法
IF 5.5 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-10-06 DOI: 10.1017/sus.2020.26
Harald Desing, G. Braun, R. Hischier
Non-technical summary Resources are the basis of our economy and their provision causes major shares of the global environmental burdens, many of which are beyond safe limits today. In order to be sustainable, our economy needs to be able to operate within those boundaries. As resources are the physical ‘currency’ of our economy, we present a method that allows translating Earth system boundaries into resource budgets. This ecological resource availability determines the global annual production of a resource that can be considered absolutely sustainable. The budgets can be managed like financial budgets, bringing absolute environmental limits one step closer to decision-makers. Technical summary In this paper, we propose a new method translating Earth system boundaries into resource budgets. These Earth system boundaries are represented by 10 variables from the planetary boundaries framework and one additional boundary for renewable energy potentials. This follows the idea that, in a sustainable economy, resources are not limited by their physical and/or geopolitical availability, but rather by the environmental impacts caused due to their utilization. The method is designed to estimate how much of a specific resource can be provided to the society within Earth system boundaries, taking into account impacts caused by primary production and end-of-life treatment. For the calculation, it is necessary to specify how global boundaries are allocated to the various resources and the acceptable risk of boundary violation. The method considers multiple boundary dimensions and can therefore effectively avoid burden shifting. We calculate the ecological resource availability (ERA) for major metals. We find that, in the current forms of production (state-of-the-art processes), the current share of production (i.e., resource mix) and when allocating the global boundaries according to the same share of impacts caused by these resources today (grandfathering principle), the ERA budgets are 40 times smaller than production volumes in 2016. Social media summary Resource budgets in accordance with the Earth system boundaries enable the management of our planetary household.
非技术性摘要资源是我们经济的基础,它们的提供造成了全球环境负担的主要份额,其中许多负担今天已经超出了安全限度。为了可持续发展,我们的经济需要能够在这些边界内运行。由于资源是我们经济的物理“货币”,我们提出了一种将地球系统边界转化为资源预算的方法。这种生态资源的可用性决定了一种可以被认为是绝对可持续的资源的全球年产量。预算可以像财务预算一样进行管理,使决策者离绝对环境限制更近了一步。技术摘要在本文中,我们提出了一种将地球系统边界转化为资源预算的新方法。这些地球系统边界由行星边界框架中的10个变量和可再生能源潜力的一个额外边界表示。这遵循了这样一种观点,即在可持续经济中,资源不受其物理和/或地缘政治可用性的限制,而是受其利用所造成的环境影响的限制。该方法旨在估计在地球系统边界内可以向社会提供多少特定资源,同时考虑到初级生产和报废处理造成的影响。对于计算,有必要指定如何将全局边界分配给各种资源,以及边界违反的可接受风险。该方法考虑了多个边界维度,因此可以有效地避免负担转移。我们计算了主要金属的生态资源可用性(ERA)。我们发现,在当前的生产形式(最先进的工艺)、当前的生产份额(即资源组合)以及根据当今这些资源造成的相同影响份额分配全球边界时(不受限制原则),ERA预算比2016年的产量小40倍。社交媒体摘要根据地球系统边界的资源预算能够管理我们的地球家庭。
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引用次数: 12
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Global Sustainability
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