Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956277
K. Ikeda
This paper describes a temperature-compensation factor and a deviation factor of a new simple ultrasonic solution-concentration sensor by using the phase-locked loop method (PLLM) and the phase difference method (PDM). The deviation factor is an essential specification for designing a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and a phase detector (PD). It was proved that the deviation factor obtained by the empirical equation is always the same value, regardless the center frequency (f/sub O/) of the VCO in the PLLM and the frequency of a driving oscillator (f/sub D/) for a transmitter in the PDM. The deviation factor in the 20-30/spl deg/C temperature range for 0.0-1.0% NaCl and 0.0-5.0% sugar solutions of the PLLM is 1.61/spl times/10/sup -3///spl deg/C and 1.68/spl times/10/sup -3///spl deg/C. Moreover, it has become clear that the same temperature compensation factor can be used for both the NaCl and sugar solutions deriving from their equations.
{"title":"Temperature-compensation factor and deviation factor of simple ultrasonic solution-concentration sensor","authors":"K. Ikeda","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956277","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a temperature-compensation factor and a deviation factor of a new simple ultrasonic solution-concentration sensor by using the phase-locked loop method (PLLM) and the phase difference method (PDM). The deviation factor is an essential specification for designing a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and a phase detector (PD). It was proved that the deviation factor obtained by the empirical equation is always the same value, regardless the center frequency (f/sub O/) of the VCO in the PLLM and the frequency of a driving oscillator (f/sub D/) for a transmitter in the PDM. The deviation factor in the 20-30/spl deg/C temperature range for 0.0-1.0% NaCl and 0.0-5.0% sugar solutions of the PLLM is 1.61/spl times/10/sup -3///spl deg/C and 1.68/spl times/10/sup -3///spl deg/C. Moreover, it has become clear that the same temperature compensation factor can be used for both the NaCl and sugar solutions deriving from their equations.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127421130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956208
A. Halperin
Quartz usually contains AI impurities substituted for silicon in the lattice, with monovalent ions, as charge compensators at the Al. Ionizing radiation was found to induce frequency shifts in quartz resonators, caused by the migration in the lattice of the monovalent ions. Thermoluminescence was used in the present work to investigate the migration of the monovalent ions, Li/sup +/ in the present work. The investigation suggested a way to transfer the Li ions from the Al to sites where they form thermally stable electron traps. They are then not available for migration in the lattice. Irradiation at 350 K was found to reduce the concentration of the Li ions available for migration by two orders of magnitude.
{"title":"Elimination of radiation induced frequency-shifts caused by migration of alkali-metal ions in quartz","authors":"A. Halperin","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956208","url":null,"abstract":"Quartz usually contains AI impurities substituted for silicon in the lattice, with monovalent ions, as charge compensators at the Al. Ionizing radiation was found to induce frequency shifts in quartz resonators, caused by the migration in the lattice of the monovalent ions. Thermoluminescence was used in the present work to investigate the migration of the monovalent ions, Li/sup +/ in the present work. The investigation suggested a way to transfer the Li ions from the Al to sites where they form thermally stable electron traps. They are then not available for migration in the lattice. Irradiation at 350 K was found to reduce the concentration of the Li ions available for migration by two orders of magnitude.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114480966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956352
T. Pastureaud, V. Laude, A. Soufyane, S. Ballandras
Two approaches are investigated to model accurately the physical characteristics of plate mode devices, and more particularly of resonators. They are respectively based on finite element analysis (FEA) and on mixing FEA with a boundary integral method (FEA/BIM). In the later case, using a transfer matrix approach for the computation of the spectral Green's function results in numerical instabilities for large layer thickness or large slowness. A new stable algorithm is described for the computation of the spectral Green's function of a multilayer structure, that is inherently numerically stable. The main parameters of wave propagation (velocity, coupling factor, reflection coefficient) can then be estimated considering an infinite periodic structure and computing the harmonic admittance. For comparison with measurements of quartz transverse plate mode resonators, the estimated parameters can be inserted in a P-matrix model. Theory and experiments are found to comply well for both the pure FEA and the FEA/BIM approaches.
{"title":"Stabilization of the simulation of saw devices on stratified structures: application to transverse plate mode resonators","authors":"T. Pastureaud, V. Laude, A. Soufyane, S. Ballandras","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956352","url":null,"abstract":"Two approaches are investigated to model accurately the physical characteristics of plate mode devices, and more particularly of resonators. They are respectively based on finite element analysis (FEA) and on mixing FEA with a boundary integral method (FEA/BIM). In the later case, using a transfer matrix approach for the computation of the spectral Green's function results in numerical instabilities for large layer thickness or large slowness. A new stable algorithm is described for the computation of the spectral Green's function of a multilayer structure, that is inherently numerically stable. The main parameters of wave propagation (velocity, coupling factor, reflection coefficient) can then be estimated considering an infinite periodic structure and computing the harmonic admittance. For comparison with measurements of quartz transverse plate mode resonators, the estimated parameters can be inserted in a P-matrix model. Theory and experiments are found to comply well for both the pure FEA and the FEA/BIM approaches.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121867337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956260
K. Wessendorf
This unique bridge-type oscillator design permits liquid-loaded operation of QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) resonators with a simple, low parts count and inexpensive oscillator. This is achieved using "active-bridge" operation, which eliminates the need for the expensive and complex ALC (automatic level control) circuits typically used in high-performance oscillators designed for these applications. The Active-Bridge oscillator absorbs the wide dynamic range of resonator loss by varying the circuit operating Q as a function of the resonator loss. The output amplitude is relatively proportional to resonator loss. This design has demonstrated the ability to servo a loaded QCM resonator to within a few degrees of zero impedance-phase over a wide range of resonator loss, 300 /spl Omega/ to approximately 3k /spl Omega/. This corresponds roughly to a liquid viscosity range of 1 to 120 cP, assuming a density close to one.
{"title":"The active-bridge oscillator for use with liquid loaded QCM sensors","authors":"K. Wessendorf","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956260","url":null,"abstract":"This unique bridge-type oscillator design permits liquid-loaded operation of QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) resonators with a simple, low parts count and inexpensive oscillator. This is achieved using \"active-bridge\" operation, which eliminates the need for the expensive and complex ALC (automatic level control) circuits typically used in high-performance oscillators designed for these applications. The Active-Bridge oscillator absorbs the wide dynamic range of resonator loss by varying the circuit operating Q as a function of the resonator loss. The output amplitude is relatively proportional to resonator loss. This design has demonstrated the ability to servo a loaded QCM resonator to within a few degrees of zero impedance-phase over a wide range of resonator loss, 300 /spl Omega/ to approximately 3k /spl Omega/. This corresponds roughly to a liquid viscosity range of 1 to 120 cP, assuming a density close to one.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121878461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956203
J. Kosinski, R. Pastore, E. Bigler, M. D. da Cunha, D. Malocha, J. Détaint
The aim of this paper is to derive an improved set of Langasite (LGS) material constants based on BAW and SAW data in order to get a better agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements for wave velocities and temperature effects. In a previous work it was shown that an "aggregate" set of the measured values of bulk wave velocities can provide a improved set of measurement data for BAW propagation. Recent advances in LGS crystal growth and measurement of material properties obtained independently from the original authors allows us to go further, one unsolved problem with previous data being inconsistencies in the temperature derivatives of material constants of LGS. This paper brings together a large quantity of experimental data obtained independently by the authors. Comparison between experiments and theoretical predictions are recomputed taking into account the more recently published data sets for LGS. In combination with a critical analysis of the literature on LGS crystals, an improvement of a "best fit" data set for velocities is proposed.
{"title":"A review of langasite material constants from BAW and SAW data: toward an improved data set","authors":"J. Kosinski, R. Pastore, E. Bigler, M. D. da Cunha, D. Malocha, J. Détaint","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956203","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to derive an improved set of Langasite (LGS) material constants based on BAW and SAW data in order to get a better agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements for wave velocities and temperature effects. In a previous work it was shown that an \"aggregate\" set of the measured values of bulk wave velocities can provide a improved set of measurement data for BAW propagation. Recent advances in LGS crystal growth and measurement of material properties obtained independently from the original authors allows us to go further, one unsolved problem with previous data being inconsistencies in the temperature derivatives of material constants of LGS. This paper brings together a large quantity of experimental data obtained independently by the authors. Comparison between experiments and theoretical predictions are recomputed taking into account the more recently published data sets for LGS. In combination with a critical analysis of the literature on LGS crystals, an improvement of a \"best fit\" data set for velocities is proposed.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127852208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956379
Y. Vorokhovsky, I.G. Petrosyan, S. Anastasyev
The design of internally heated quartz resonators (IHQRs) is discussed. IHQR is a combination of quartz crystal and an oven in a one hermetically sealed package with vacuum thermal insulation. The major advantage of IHQRs is very low power consumption. Improvement of the frequency stability of IHQRs and OCXOs is then considered by further improving the design of IHQR itself in order to minimize influence of heat transfer through heat radiation and conductivity of the residual gases in a vacuum package and by introduction of an additional oven for the circuitry of the oscillator. This additional oven will also serve as an external oven for IHQR itself, i.e. such approach may be considered as attempt to build double oven OCXO based on IHQR.
{"title":"New concepts of internally heated quartz resonators (IHQRs) and appropriate OCXOs","authors":"Y. Vorokhovsky, I.G. Petrosyan, S. Anastasyev","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956379","url":null,"abstract":"The design of internally heated quartz resonators (IHQRs) is discussed. IHQR is a combination of quartz crystal and an oven in a one hermetically sealed package with vacuum thermal insulation. The major advantage of IHQRs is very low power consumption. Improvement of the frequency stability of IHQRs and OCXOs is then considered by further improving the design of IHQR itself in order to minimize influence of heat transfer through heat radiation and conductivity of the residual gases in a vacuum package and by introduction of an additional oven for the circuitry of the oscillator. This additional oven will also serve as an external oven for IHQR itself, i.e. such approach may be considered as attempt to build double oven OCXO based on IHQR.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131452987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956344
Y.T. Hu, Q. Jiang, J.S. Yang, X. Zhang
Two-dimensional equations for piezoelectric plates have been very effective in modeling piezoelectric resonators. To predict the behavior of resonators under environmental effects like temperature change or acceleration, the theory of incremental motions in an electroelastic body under biasing fields is necessary. Existing two-dimensional equations for electroelastic plates under biasing fields employ various simplifying assumptions. For example, electroelastic couplings are often neglected for materials like quartz with weak piezoelectric effect. Spatially uniform and time-independent biasing fields are usually assumed so that the resulting equations have constant coefficients. The study of resonators made from new materials with strong piezoelectric coupling and the treatment of, e.g., resonator vibration sensitivity require plate equations with full electroelastic coupling and time-dependent or spatially varying biasing fields. We develop two-dimensional equations for an electroelastic plate under general biasing fields. No assumptions on the biasing fields are made. Full electroelastic coupling is taken into account. A set of two-dimensional equations for coupled extension and flexure with shear deformations are obtained. The application of the equations in resonator vibration sensitivity is shown by an example.
{"title":"Two-dimensional equations for electroelastic plates under biasing fields","authors":"Y.T. Hu, Q. Jiang, J.S. Yang, X. Zhang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956344","url":null,"abstract":"Two-dimensional equations for piezoelectric plates have been very effective in modeling piezoelectric resonators. To predict the behavior of resonators under environmental effects like temperature change or acceleration, the theory of incremental motions in an electroelastic body under biasing fields is necessary. Existing two-dimensional equations for electroelastic plates under biasing fields employ various simplifying assumptions. For example, electroelastic couplings are often neglected for materials like quartz with weak piezoelectric effect. Spatially uniform and time-independent biasing fields are usually assumed so that the resulting equations have constant coefficients. The study of resonators made from new materials with strong piezoelectric coupling and the treatment of, e.g., resonator vibration sensitivity require plate equations with full electroelastic coupling and time-dependent or spatially varying biasing fields. We develop two-dimensional equations for an electroelastic plate under general biasing fields. No assumptions on the biasing fields are made. Full electroelastic coupling is taken into account. A set of two-dimensional equations for coupled extension and flexure with shear deformations are obtained. The application of the equations in resonator vibration sensitivity is shown by an example.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131660276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956169
Li Tianchu, Li Mingshou, H. Bingying, Qian Jin, L. Pingwei
An atomic cesium fountain has been designed for a new primary standard of frequency in China. Cold atomic clouds collected in the magneto-optical trap (MOT) were previously reported (1995). To further improve the performance of the MOT we have optimized the laser-optical system and operation of the MOT. Some optical elements were replaced with new ones with better quality; frequency stabilization of lasers and arrangement of the optical system was modified; and polarization maintaining (PM) optical fibers were adopted to transfer lights from the optical system to MOT. We also installed the fluorescence detecting - amplifying assembles to take the time of flight (TOF) measurement of the cold atoms.
{"title":"Progress on the construction of an atomic cesium fountain at NIM","authors":"Li Tianchu, Li Mingshou, H. Bingying, Qian Jin, L. Pingwei","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956169","url":null,"abstract":"An atomic cesium fountain has been designed for a new primary standard of frequency in China. Cold atomic clouds collected in the magneto-optical trap (MOT) were previously reported (1995). To further improve the performance of the MOT we have optimized the laser-optical system and operation of the MOT. Some optical elements were replaced with new ones with better quality; frequency stabilization of lasers and arrangement of the optical system was modified; and polarization maintaining (PM) optical fibers were adopted to transfer lights from the optical system to MOT. We also installed the fluorescence detecting - amplifying assembles to take the time of flight (TOF) measurement of the cold atoms.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124083416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956239
T. Watanabe, M. Kojima, K. Yamato
In a synthetic quartz crystal, it is desirable for the wafer immediately after slicing by a multi-wire-saw, which is a grinding system using free abrasive grains, to have no total thickness variation in the wafer and as near as possible zero warp as this influences the final product. Here, the terms and conditions for realizing high-precision machining were examined. Although based on abrasive grain particle diameter and a 800-1350 m/min. high-speed run of the wire , it turns out that the warp and the total thickness variation of a wafer can be brought close to zero by performing at a speed that brings a workpiece to the state where it is synchronized with the slicing speed. The performance of a unidirectional wire driving system and a bi-directional wire driving system were compared. The total thickness variation of the sliced wafer obtained using the unidirectional wire driving system is half the value of that using the bi-directional system. The various quality factors in slicing technology were examined, and the outstanding performance of unidirectional multi-wire-saw was verified.
{"title":"Study of quartz crystal slicing technology by using unidirectional multi-wire-saw","authors":"T. Watanabe, M. Kojima, K. Yamato","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956239","url":null,"abstract":"In a synthetic quartz crystal, it is desirable for the wafer immediately after slicing by a multi-wire-saw, which is a grinding system using free abrasive grains, to have no total thickness variation in the wafer and as near as possible zero warp as this influences the final product. Here, the terms and conditions for realizing high-precision machining were examined. Although based on abrasive grain particle diameter and a 800-1350 m/min. high-speed run of the wire , it turns out that the warp and the total thickness variation of a wafer can be brought close to zero by performing at a speed that brings a workpiece to the state where it is synchronized with the slicing speed. The performance of a unidirectional wire driving system and a bi-directional wire driving system were compared. The total thickness variation of the sliced wafer obtained using the unidirectional wire driving system is half the value of that using the bi-directional system. The various quality factors in slicing technology were examined, and the outstanding performance of unidirectional multi-wire-saw was verified.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128545085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956371
C. Nicholls
Commercial ceramic resonator oscillator technology is limited to less than 3 GHz with respect to the output frequency The following paper presents results on ceramic resonator oscillator circuits capable of 4 and 5 GHz operation. Present work that extends the operating frequency of the oscillator to X and Ku bands is outlined. Measured phase noise for the oscillators at 10 kHz offset is better than -100 dBc/Hz. It is demonstrated that the push-push oscillator topology is advantageous with respect to its implementation in phase locked loop circuits as a second output signal at half the oscillation frequency can be obtained from the oscillator for use as the RF input signal for a phase locked loop synthesizer. The results represent a significant breakthrough in the field of ceramic resonator oscillator technology and present a viable low cost signal source solution to high QAM microwave radio applications.
{"title":"Extension of the frequency range of ceramic resonator oscillators using push-push circuit topology","authors":"C. Nicholls","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956371","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial ceramic resonator oscillator technology is limited to less than 3 GHz with respect to the output frequency The following paper presents results on ceramic resonator oscillator circuits capable of 4 and 5 GHz operation. Present work that extends the operating frequency of the oscillator to X and Ku bands is outlined. Measured phase noise for the oscillators at 10 kHz offset is better than -100 dBc/Hz. It is demonstrated that the push-push oscillator topology is advantageous with respect to its implementation in phase locked loop circuits as a second output signal at half the oscillation frequency can be obtained from the oscillator for use as the RF input signal for a phase locked loop synthesizer. The results represent a significant breakthrough in the field of ceramic resonator oscillator technology and present a viable low cost signal source solution to high QAM microwave radio applications.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129173622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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