Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956195
V. Grouzinenko, A.N. Matzak, A. Medvedev
The. recent investigations have shown the possibility and the perspectivity of piezoelectric resonator application which were fabricated from langasite-single crystals operating in flexural, longitudinal, face shear and thickness shear modes over a wide frequency range. During the last 10 years considerable successes have been achieved in improvement of the growth technology and quality control methods of homogeneity, lowering cost and the increase of langasite production volumes. These achievements allow us to consider the practical advisability of langasite utilization for the production of high quality and high stability resonators possessing definite peculiarities and advantages over conventional resonators having quartz crystal elements of AT, SC and BT cuts.
{"title":"High-quality crystal units on the basis of langasite single crystals","authors":"V. Grouzinenko, A.N. Matzak, A. Medvedev","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956195","url":null,"abstract":"The. recent investigations have shown the possibility and the perspectivity of piezoelectric resonator application which were fabricated from langasite-single crystals operating in flexural, longitudinal, face shear and thickness shear modes over a wide frequency range. During the last 10 years considerable successes have been achieved in improvement of the growth technology and quality control methods of homogeneity, lowering cost and the increase of langasite production volumes. These achievements allow us to consider the practical advisability of langasite utilization for the production of high quality and high stability resonators possessing definite peculiarities and advantages over conventional resonators having quartz crystal elements of AT, SC and BT cuts.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116861714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956205
D. Malocha, M. D. da Cunha
There have been a number of published results of the material constants of quartz and more recently, of langasite (LGS), langanite (LGN) and langatate (LGT). Many of the constants reported to date do not discuss the approach or inherent accuracies of their measurements. The stiffness parameter extraction can be obtained using well-known equations given velocity and density data. Assuming the known material density, four of the stiffness constants can be obtained directly from single mode velocity data in a given cut direction using time-echo measurement techniques and are only a function of the mode time delay measurement accuracy. However, c/sub 14/ and c/sub 13/ extraction are more complicated and must be obtained from multiple mode velocity measurements and calculations. In addition, there are several equations using different longitudinal and shear mode velocities that can be used for the parameter extraction of the stiffness constant. This indicates that the extraction is a function of the time delay measurement accuracy and the sensitivity to the velocities used in the calculations. Based on a sensitivity analysis, it is shown that it is best to use the equations using shear mode velocities, rather than longitudinal velocities, in calculations to reduce sensitivity to measurement inaccuracies.
{"title":"Sensitivity analysis for extraction of material constants for trigonal crystal classes","authors":"D. Malocha, M. D. da Cunha","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956205","url":null,"abstract":"There have been a number of published results of the material constants of quartz and more recently, of langasite (LGS), langanite (LGN) and langatate (LGT). Many of the constants reported to date do not discuss the approach or inherent accuracies of their measurements. The stiffness parameter extraction can be obtained using well-known equations given velocity and density data. Assuming the known material density, four of the stiffness constants can be obtained directly from single mode velocity data in a given cut direction using time-echo measurement techniques and are only a function of the mode time delay measurement accuracy. However, c/sub 14/ and c/sub 13/ extraction are more complicated and must be obtained from multiple mode velocity measurements and calculations. In addition, there are several equations using different longitudinal and shear mode velocities that can be used for the parameter extraction of the stiffness constant. This indicates that the extraction is a function of the time delay measurement accuracy and the sensitivity to the velocities used in the calculations. Based on a sensitivity analysis, it is shown that it is best to use the equations using shear mode velocities, rather than longitudinal velocities, in calculations to reduce sensitivity to measurement inaccuracies.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116976477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956265
R. Lec
Modern biosensors developed with advanced microfabrication and signal processing techniques are becoming inexpensive, accurate, and reliable. Increasing miniaturization of biosensors leads to the realization of complex analytical systems such as BioChemLab-on-a-Chip. This rapid progress in miniature devices and instrumentation development will significantly impact the practice of medical care as well as future advances in the chemical, pharmaceutical and environmental industries. In this paper piezoelectric biosensor technology and applications are presented and the challenges facing acoustic biosensor developers in the coming decade are discussed.
{"title":"Piezoelectric biosensors: recent advances and applications","authors":"R. Lec","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956265","url":null,"abstract":"Modern biosensors developed with advanced microfabrication and signal processing techniques are becoming inexpensive, accurate, and reliable. Increasing miniaturization of biosensors leads to the realization of complex analytical systems such as BioChemLab-on-a-Chip. This rapid progress in miniature devices and instrumentation development will significantly impact the practice of medical care as well as future advances in the chemical, pharmaceutical and environmental industries. In this paper piezoelectric biosensor technology and applications are presented and the challenges facing acoustic biosensor developers in the coming decade are discussed.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127321035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956178
G. Kramer, W. Klische
The paper describes a new type of instrument for measuring phase and frequency. After an introduction the paper describes in some detail the principles of operation, the component elements, and some applications of the new instrument. One particular application will be that it can serve as the hardware interface for a software clock. Of the complementing actor, a continuous digital phase-shifter, the paper also reports principles and performance at the present state of development.
{"title":"Multi-channel synchronous digital phase recorder","authors":"G. Kramer, W. Klische","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956178","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes a new type of instrument for measuring phase and frequency. After an introduction the paper describes in some detail the principles of operation, the component elements, and some applications of the new instrument. One particular application will be that it can serve as the hardware interface for a software clock. Of the complementing actor, a continuous digital phase-shifter, the paper also reports principles and performance at the present state of development.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125042832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956281
Jong-Won Park, S. Kurosawa, Dae-Sang Han, H. Aizawa, Minoru Yoshimoto, Chikashi Nakamura, Jun Miyake, Z. Chang
We present the detection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) as a model compound of dioxin to use the competitive reaction between DNP and DNP-conjugated albumin via anti-DNP antibody immobilized quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The present QCM method is detectable in the range 0.01 to 100 ng/mL of DNP concentration, and linear correlation is obtained from 1 to 100 ng/mL of DNP concentration.
{"title":"Environmental immunosensor detection for 2,4-dinitrophenol as a model compound of dioxin","authors":"Jong-Won Park, S. Kurosawa, Dae-Sang Han, H. Aizawa, Minoru Yoshimoto, Chikashi Nakamura, Jun Miyake, Z. Chang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956281","url":null,"abstract":"We present the detection of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) as a model compound of dioxin to use the competitive reaction between DNP and DNP-conjugated albumin via anti-DNP antibody immobilized quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The present QCM method is detectable in the range 0.01 to 100 ng/mL of DNP concentration, and linear correlation is obtained from 1 to 100 ng/mL of DNP concentration.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116150785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956153
C. Fertig, J. Rees, K. Gibble
We demonstrate a new atomic state detection scheme that directly measures the population difference of the two clock states using FM absorption spectroscopy. We also demonstrate a juggling Rb fountain clock that we will use to study collisions of juggled balls of atoms. Juggling can significantly improve the clocks short-term stability without requiring greater signal-to-noise or a larger cold collision frequency shift.
{"title":"A juggling Rb fountain clock and a direct measurement of population differences","authors":"C. Fertig, J. Rees, K. Gibble","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956153","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a new atomic state detection scheme that directly measures the population difference of the two clock states using FM absorption spectroscopy. We also demonstrate a juggling Rb fountain clock that we will use to study collisions of juggled balls of atoms. Juggling can significantly improve the clocks short-term stability without requiring greater signal-to-noise or a larger cold collision frequency shift.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121738360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956366
M. Tobar, E. Ivanov, J. Hartnett, C. Locke
Novel temperature control circuits have been designed to stabilize the temperature of a Sapphire Loaded Cavity (SLC) Whispering Gallery resonator-oscillator and improve its medium-term frequency stability. The temperature control sensor operates from the difference frequency between Whispering Gallery quasi-TE (WGH) and quasi-TM (WGE) modes (dual-mode operation), which have different temperature coefficients of frequency due to the anisotropy of sapphire. The design concept was verified at room temperature at 9 GHz with a SLC resonator capable of supporting two orthogonal modes (the WGE/sub 7,0,0/ and the WGH/sub 9,0,0/) separated by 79 MHz. A discussion of the noise performances of different configurations of dual-mode SLC oscillators is presented.
{"title":"Novel temperature control of a sapphire loaded cavity oscillator from the difference frequency of WGE and WGH modes","authors":"M. Tobar, E. Ivanov, J. Hartnett, C. Locke","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956366","url":null,"abstract":"Novel temperature control circuits have been designed to stabilize the temperature of a Sapphire Loaded Cavity (SLC) Whispering Gallery resonator-oscillator and improve its medium-term frequency stability. The temperature control sensor operates from the difference frequency between Whispering Gallery quasi-TE (WGH) and quasi-TM (WGE) modes (dual-mode operation), which have different temperature coefficients of frequency due to the anisotropy of sapphire. The design concept was verified at room temperature at 9 GHz with a SLC resonator capable of supporting two orthogonal modes (the WGE/sub 7,0,0/ and the WGH/sub 9,0,0/) separated by 79 MHz. A discussion of the noise performances of different configurations of dual-mode SLC oscillators is presented.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126217338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956342
T. Sakurai, Akihiro Soeda, T. Saitoh, O. Ishii
In a monolithic crystal filter (MCF) which has an unbalanced-input and a balanced-output, the attenuation on the lower side has poor repeatability caused by the variation of capacitance between each electrode. We examined an unbalanced/balanced MCF that has good and repeatable attenuation characteristics. We obtained more than 90 dB at fo-900 kHz for a 2-pole MCF (center frequency is 109.65 MHz, 3rd overtone, terminating impedance is 800 ohm//-0.3 pF). We also examined an unbalanced/balanced 3-pole MCF which has good characteristics. This is because the capacitance between each electrode is close to zero due to the shield effect of the center electrodes.
{"title":"An unbalanced/balanced MCF for cellular phone","authors":"T. Sakurai, Akihiro Soeda, T. Saitoh, O. Ishii","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956342","url":null,"abstract":"In a monolithic crystal filter (MCF) which has an unbalanced-input and a balanced-output, the attenuation on the lower side has poor repeatability caused by the variation of capacitance between each electrode. We examined an unbalanced/balanced MCF that has good and repeatable attenuation characteristics. We obtained more than 90 dB at fo-900 kHz for a 2-pole MCF (center frequency is 109.65 MHz, 3rd overtone, terminating impedance is 800 ohm//-0.3 pF). We also examined an unbalanced/balanced 3-pole MCF which has good characteristics. This is because the capacitance between each electrode is close to zero due to the shield effect of the center electrodes.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127987696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956168
Jingbiao Chen, Junhai Zhang, Fengzhi Wang, Donghai Yang, Yi-qiu Wang
Irregularities of the atomic microwave Ramsey patterns in an optically pumped cesium atomic beam frequency standard with a sharp angle incidence detecting laser beam have been diagnosed. They originate from a separated two-peak velocity distribution of effective atoms, which is caused by the additional static magnetic fields. All the experimentally measured results and theoretical analysis of this phenomenon are presented in this report.
{"title":"Influences of static magnetic field on effective atomic velocity distribution in optically pumped cesium beam frequency standard","authors":"Jingbiao Chen, Junhai Zhang, Fengzhi Wang, Donghai Yang, Yi-qiu Wang","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956168","url":null,"abstract":"Irregularities of the atomic microwave Ramsey patterns in an optically pumped cesium atomic beam frequency standard with a sharp angle incidence detecting laser beam have been diagnosed. They originate from a separated two-peak velocity distribution of effective atoms, which is caused by the additional static magnetic fields. All the experimentally measured results and theoretical analysis of this phenomenon are presented in this report.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133937395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-06-06DOI: 10.1109/FREQ.2001.956368
S. Chang, A. Mann
By comparing the drift rate between two nominally identical resonators, each with a choice of two closely spaced modes having a different electromagnetic configuration (E mode and H mode), it was found that variation of mechanical stress in the sapphire element induced by its mounting structure was the origin of the frequency drift of UWA 6 K sapphire oscillator reported previously. Discussions on the previously proposed mechanisms accounting for the oscillator residual frequency drift and measurement results on the relative frequency drift rate between a pair of resonators with different mechanical mounting structures are presented.
{"title":"Mechanical stress caused frequency drift in cryogenic sapphire resonators","authors":"S. Chang, A. Mann","doi":"10.1109/FREQ.2001.956368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/FREQ.2001.956368","url":null,"abstract":"By comparing the drift rate between two nominally identical resonators, each with a choice of two closely spaced modes having a different electromagnetic configuration (E mode and H mode), it was found that variation of mechanical stress in the sapphire element induced by its mounting structure was the origin of the frequency drift of UWA 6 K sapphire oscillator reported previously. Discussions on the previously proposed mechanisms accounting for the oscillator residual frequency drift and measurement results on the relative frequency drift rate between a pair of resonators with different mechanical mounting structures are presented.","PeriodicalId":369101,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Frequncy Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition (Cat. No.01CH37218)","volume":"18 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133495148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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