Results in Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Pyrolytic valorization of E-waste Plastics: State-of-the-art, technical roadblocks, and opportunities","authors":"Maha Awjan Alreshidi ,&nbsp;Krishna Kumar Yadav ,&nbsp;Amel Gacem ,&nbsp;C. Joel ,&nbsp;S. Padmanabhan ,&nbsp;S. Ganesan ,&nbsp;L. Guganathan ,&nbsp;P. Saravanan ,&nbsp;Kamal Y Thajudeen ,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Fallatah ,&nbsp;Mohammed Muqtader Ahmed ,&nbsp;Saad Ali Alshehri ,&nbsp;G. Shoba ,&nbsp;Varagunapandiyan Natarajan ,&nbsp;C. Kavitha ,&nbsp;P. Tamizhdurai ,&nbsp;A. Subramani ,&nbsp;R. Kumaran","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The escalating generation of electronic waste (e-waste) has rendered conventional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration increasingly inadequate due to their associated environmental hazards, energy demands, economic inefficiencies, and poor material recovery rates. These traditional practices fall short in addressing the dual imperatives of resource efficiency and sustainable development. As an alternative, pyrolysis has emerged as a promising strategy for managing electronic plastic waste, offering notable advantages in terms of resource recovery and environmental protection. This review provides a comprehensive examination of five advanced pyrolysis techniques: vacuum pyrolysis, catalytic pyrolysis, co-pyrolysis, microwave-assisted pyrolysis, and plasma pyrolysis. It delves into their underlying reaction mechanisms, current development trends, and the technical challenges faced in practical applications. By analyzing experimental results and real-world implementations, the strengths and limitations of each method are critically assessed. While pyrolysis presents a viable route for the valorization of electronic polymers, its commercial deployment is hindered by challenges such as material degradation, catalyst performance, and energy optimization. To bridge the gap between research and industrial application, future efforts must prioritize the development of robust catalytic systems, integration of hybrid technologies, intelligent process control, comprehensive life-cycle assessments, and pilot-scale validation. Advancing these fronts will be essential for transitioning pyrolysis from experimental setups to scalable, environmentally responsible industrial operations. Future opportunities include microwave-assisted thermal storage for energy efficiency, multi-stage catalytic systems for contaminant removal, and hybrid plasma–catalytic approaches to improve cracking. Integrating digital tools such as machine learning and digital twin modeling can enable real-time optimization, accelerate scale-up, and strengthen the role of pyrolysis in advancing circular economy goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 109036"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements and challenges in green hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and utilization for climate-resilient energy systems","authors":"Mohammed Ghazal ,&nbsp;Malaz Osman ,&nbsp;Marah Alhalabi ,&nbsp;Abdalla Gad ,&nbsp;Maha Yaghi ,&nbsp;Mohamad Ramadan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Alkhedher","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.108993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.108993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Consuming large quantities of harmful fossil fuels is leading to significant disturbances in the ecosystem’s health, increasing global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions per capita of approximately 8.3% between 1990 and 2022. Increasing temperatures, frequent natural disasters, and rising sea levels are among the consequences of climate change that threaten Earth’s sustainability. In this context, green hydrogen has been proven to be a sustainable, clean, and environmentally friendly solution to such challenges. Hydrogen can play a vital role in the storage, transportation, or provision of alternative energy. However, it contributes only 2% of global hydrogen production, whereas fossil fuels account for over 96%. This paper highlights the potential and crucial need to integrate green hydrogen into the current and future energy infrastructure, ensuring a smooth transition towards climate-resilient and environmentally safe systems. It also analyzes the components of a hydrogen-based economy and infrastructure, including green hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and utilization. Solar-powered systems, biomass gasification, wind or hybrid systems, and geothermal methods are examined and shown to improve production efficiency by 64% and reduce GHG emissions by 94%. Green hydrogen production methods, including the work presented, aim to identify the key advantages, challenges, limitations, and opportunities that hydrogen can bring to the global economy, as well as the potential of green hydrogen to provide a clean earth for future generations. This review highlights recent advancements in green hydrogen production and utilization technologies and identifies gaps that require attention from research, industry, society, and government. The work presented in this review is based on an analysis of over 140 scholarly publications spanning 2010 to 2025, highlighting current developments in the adoption of the hydrogen economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108993"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing metasurface solar absorbers for high-efficiency solar absorption: Review of design, mechanisms, and challenges","authors":"G Saranya ,&nbsp;Muthuraja Soundrapandian ,&nbsp;Madurakavi Karthikeyan","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.109010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metasurface solar absorbers have emerged as promising technologies for efficient solar energy harvesting, due to their ability to control light at subwavelength scales. Unlike traditional solar absorbers such as bulk semiconductors, multilayer coatings, and plasmonic materials, metasurfaces enable higher absorption efficiency, broader spectral coverage, reduced material usage, and better thermal stability. These features make them ideal for solar-thermal and photovoltaic (PV) applications. This review provides a detailed overview of recent progress in the design and development of metasurface-based solar absorbers, discusses the fundamental concepts behind metasurfaces, including their ability to manipulate electromagnetic waves through resonance and interference effects. Compared various materials such as metals, dielectrics used for metasurface fabrication with a focus on their optical and thermal properties. For high temperature applications, high melting point material like Titanium Carbide (TiC) shows tremendous thermal stability. Dielectric spacers such as Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) achieve superior absorption rates exceeding 97% due to their low-loss characteristics with enhanced plasmonic and Fabry-Perot resonances. Different metasurface configurations designed for ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), and infrared (IR) absorption are discussed, along with the mechanisms that drive their performance, such as localized resonances, hybrid modes, and multilayer interference effects. Comparative analysis is provided on key parameters such as absorption efficiency, spectral selectivity, design complexity, and environmental robustness. This work focuses specifically on metasurface absorbers that operate across a broad solar spectrum range of 200-3000 nm. By combining theoretical understanding, material selection, and design strategies, this review aims to support the development of scalable and spectrally tunable metasurface absorbers for next-generation solar energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 109010"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in hybrid renewable energy systems coupled with mechanical energy storage: Progress and challenges","authors":"Montaser Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Ohood H.K. Adhari ,&nbsp;Enas Taha Sayed ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem ,&nbsp;Abdul Ghani Olabi","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.108994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.108994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) have gained attention as an effective approach to address the variability and intermittency issues of standalone renewable energy technologies. Coupling these systems with mechanical energy storage systems (MESS) enhances energy reliability and long-term sustainability. This review provides an assessment of recent advances in HRES-MESS integration, examining key system configurations, major storage technologies, and essential control strategies. Special focus is given to the primary technical, economic, and environmental challenges associated with MESS, including high capital costs, conversion inefficiencies, ecological impacts, and site-specific limitations. Recent case studies and advancements are highlighted to demonstrate practical feasibility and scalability of these systems. While several MESS technologies are already deployed in real-world applications, many innovations and performance improvements remain at the laboratory or demonstration scale. Focused efforts are thus required to accelerate the transition of these developments toward full-scale implementation, enabling MESS to compete effectively with more mature energy storage solutions in commercial hybrid energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108994"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green strategies for MXene synthesis: Toward sustainable nanomaterials and emerging applications","authors":"Homa Kahkesh ,&nbsp;Mahdi Yeganeh","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.108970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.108970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MXenes, a family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have attracted significant attention due to their high electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and structural adaptability. Conventional synthesis routes often rely on corrosive reagents such as hydrofluoric acid (HF), raising environmental and safety concerns. In this review, emerging green synthesis strategies are systematically examined, including electrochemical, alkali-based, molten salt, chemical vapor deposition, Photo–Fenton, physical, and biogenic approaches. Reaction parameters, precursors, reagents, and resulting surface terminations are discussed in detail. Beyond descriptive coverage, a novel analytical framework, the Green Synthesis Index (GSI), is introduced to quantitatively evaluate each route against sustainability-driven metrics such as safety, scalability, energy demand, environmental impact, termination diversity, and application suitability. The decision matrix derived from this framework indicates that electrochemical etching achieves the highest overall scores, while molten salt, physical, and biogenic methods excel in environmental compatibility but face scalability challenges. Chemical vapor deposition offers unmatched structural precision yet suffers from high energy demand, whereas Photo–Fenton protocols provide benign chemistry but require optimization for industrial translation. By consolidating these insights, the GSI transforms MXene synthesis from a descriptive catalog into a decision-making paradigm, enabling systematic prioritization of routes tailored to specific applications. Overall, green synthesis pathways, when assessed through the GSI framework, provide viable and scalable alternatives to conventional methods, aligning MXene development with global sustainability goals while opening new opportunities for safe and application-oriented material design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108970"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent optimization methods and techniques in residential home energy management systems","authors":"Riad El Abed ,&nbsp;Ali Hammoud ,&nbsp;Mohamed El-Gohary ,&nbsp;Bilal Taher","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.108974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2026.108974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residential Home Energy Management System (HEMS) has emerged as a key player in promoting energy efficiency, cost savings, and environmental sustainability within modern households. HEMS provides a crucial solution that combines smart technology and sustainable living, enabling homeowners to monitor, control, and optimize energy consumption. The architecture of HEMS is complex, incorporating sensors, actuators, communication networks, central controllers, user interfaces, and cloud services, and they can integrate renewable energy sources to enhance performance. Optimization techniques in HEMS range from exact mathematical methods, such as linear programming, to approximate approaches including meta-heuristics and Artificial Intelligence (AI), providing a dynamic framework for improving energy usage. This paper presents a comprehensive up-to-date review of HEMS research, focusing on optimization objective functions, methodologies, and techniques. Strengths and limitations of recent studies are critically analyzed, and potential directions for future research are proposed to assist researchers in advancing the field of intelligent residential energy management. Building on this foundation, this paper proposes a new conceptual Green Smart Home Energy Management System (GSHEMS), a novel framework designed to further enhance residential energy management. GSHEMS integrates renewable generation, intelligent storage management, predictive weather-based load scheduling, and dimming-based appliance control within a unified architecture. While GSHEMS is at the conceptual phase, its novelty lies in the holistic integration of AI-based optimization, predictive analytics, dual operation modes (automatic and manual), and real-time visualization, which is expected to outperform conventional HEMS in maximizing renewable utilization, reducing grid dependency, and maintaining user comfort with generating tailored recommendations for energy saving, based on forecasted weather and predicted renewable availability, transforming conventional home into Green Smart Home (GSH) or nearly Zero Energy Smart Home (ZESH).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108974"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence, IoT, and solar PV-integrated home energy management systems: A review","authors":"Md. Rokonuzzaman ,&nbsp;Mahmuda Khatun Mishu ,&nbsp;Boon Kar Yap ,&nbsp;Mohammad Nur-E-Alam ,&nbsp;Kazi Sajedur Rahman ,&nbsp;Asif Islam ,&nbsp;Jagadeesh Pasupuleti ,&nbsp;Nowshad Amin","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, residential energy storage systems (ESS), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled sensing devices has increased the demand for smart Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) capable of optimizing energy use in smart buildings. This review presents a structured synthesis of recent research on AI and IoT-integrated HEMS, focusing on forecasting methods, optimization strategies, appliance scheduling, and demand side management (DSM). The analysis reveals that advanced neural network variants and hybrid AI approaches can achieve high accuracy in forecasting; however, the practical deployment is often constrained by computational complexity, limited generalization, and low technology readiness. Reinforcement learning (RL) shows strong potential for adaptive real-time control; however, sample inefficiency and the simulation-to-reality gap remain major challenges. Across the reviewed literature, fragmented IoT communication standards, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, limited prosumer participation, and insufficient validation through hardware-in-the-loop and field testing emerge as key barriers to large-scale adoption. Based on these findings, the paper outlines a future research roadmap emphasizing hybrid AI-optimization frameworks, edge-computing architectures, blockchain-enabled peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading, and standardized validation protocols. The review provides actionable insights to support the development of scalable, secure, and interoperable HEMS, contributing to the realization of smart, sustainable, and net-zero residential energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108954"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent development and performance evaluation of integrated solar dryer and photovoltaic panel: A comprehensive review","authors":"Deyaa M.N. Mahmood ,&nbsp;Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi ,&nbsp;Oday Z. Jasim ,&nbsp;Sura S. Al-Musawi","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review paper examines the integration of solar dryers with photovoltaic (PV) panels, offering a sustainable and energy-efficient solution for drying agricultural products and preserving food quality. Various kinds of solar dryers including direct, indirect, and hybrid systems are examined while evaluating their performance when integrated to PV panels. PV panels can enhance the efficiency and reliability of solar dryers, especially in remote or off-grid areas, by providing a steady power source for auxiliary systems like fans, sensors, and controllers. Key factors influencing performance, such as temperature, airflow, and humidity, are analysed, alongside advancements in materials and technologies that improve dryer efficiency, comprising phase change materials (PCMs) and heat recovery systems. The results show that an increase in the number of PV collectors can improve thermal energy output from 2.63 to 7.70 kWh/day and electrical energy from 0.23 to 20 kWh/day. Also, the drying time can be reduced by 16.6% to 36.6% using the sun-tracking systems. Specifically, neem leaves assure the reduction of moisture content from 4.56% to 0.07% (dry basis). Finally, the thermal efficiency can be ranged between 43.75% to 54.86% as a consequence to using the hybrid solar dryers. Accordingly, the widespread deployment of such integrated solar technologies is a critical strategy for enhancing food security by drastically reducing post-harvest losses, while simultaneously advancing the objectives of SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), particularly in off-grid agricultural communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108953"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next-generation green construction: 3D-printed geopolymer concrete with optimized rheology, mechanical performance, and environmental efficiency","authors":"G. Murali ,&nbsp;Ekaterina Kravchenko ,&nbsp;Divya Yuvaraj ,&nbsp;Siva Avudaiappan","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising demand for sustainable construction has spurred interest in 3D-printed concrete (3DPC), a technology enabling automated, material-efficient, and geometrically flexible building solutions. Conventional 3DPC, however, relies heavily on Portland cement, contributing significantly to carbon emissions. 3D-printed geopolymer concrete (3DPGC), synthesized from industrial and construction by-products, has emerged as a low-carbon alternative with substantial environmental benefits. This review critically consolidates recent advances in 3DPGC, focusing on the influence of waste-derived precursors on rheology, buildability, mechanical performance, microstructure, and sustainability metrics. Key insights reveal that printability and structural integrity are highly sensitive to mix composition, rheological tuning, and particle packing. The incorporation of supplementary materials such as slag, ordinary Portland cement, or waste glass powder modulates yield stress, viscosity, and interlayer bonding, directly impacting shape retention and interlayer adhesion. Moderate reactive filler content promotes geopolymerisation and microstructural densification, whereas excessive inert additions reduce performance. Mechanical behavior exhibits pronounced anisotropy due to interlayer weaknesses, with strength predominantly arising from amorphous gel formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108956"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Net zero carbon impulse – assessment of waste plastic and biomass char from the thermochemical process as a value-added product: A unified view","authors":"Ravishankar Sathyamurthy ,&nbsp;Pitchaiah Sudalaimuthu ,&nbsp;Prabhu B","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving carbon neutrality will stand among the most important global aims of many nations in the coming years, where advanced emissions reduction technologies can play a significant role. In recent years, third-generation biofuel feedstocks have contributed to energy conservation and net-zero carbon. Among these, the thermochemical process of plastic and biomass received great attention from many researchers for achieving a global circular economy with effective waste management strategies. Char is one of the valuable products from the thermochemical reaction of plastic and biomass. This review paper focuses uniquely on alarming facts about carbon emissions, specifically highlighting value-added products derived from plastic and biomass carbon sources to reduce carbon emissions through innovative and sustainable practices. In this review article we discussed the char characterization and their importance along with prospects, notably highlighting plastic char, which is an almost new aspect and crucial. Plastic and biomass are sustainable carbon sources. Char properties are desired in multiple applications due to their unique properties. Based on studies, char has been successfully employed for multiple applications such as oil and dye adsorption, air and water treatment, and the composite of civil concrete. This, followed by examining the carbon trading of plastic and biomass char, is currently under research in various applications. Process parameters and feedstocks play a role in the product. Optimal range and more inventions from plastic and biomass conversion into char are expected, along with socio-economic benefits. Hydrothermal carbonization offers closer benefits, but technological challenges restrict the process, notably in reactor handling and process control. However, this review will promote the importance of recycling into greener products, negative emissions techniques (NETs), and carbon neutrality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 108886"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}