Results in Engineering最新文献

Environmental occurrence, hazards, and remediation strategies for the removal of cadmium from the polluted environment

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104322

Shehla Sattar , Muhammad Yahya , Sarfa Aslam , Rahib Hussain , Syed Muhammad Mukkarram Shah , Zahid Rauf , Ahmad Zamir , Rafi Ullah , Asim Shahzad

Understanding the sources of cadmium (Cd) is crucial for implementing effective control measures and minimizing its environmental impact. The present study was aimed to investigate the environmental impacts of cadmium sources and to evaluate potential remedial measures for cadmium contamination. The results showed that the average amount (mg/kg) of Cd in rocks was 92 (Idaho), 38 (North Carolina), Coal 3.8 (China), 0.28 (India), groundwater 0.98 (China), 0.8 (Bangladesh), 0.3 (India), 0.16 (Egypt), Soil 6.3 (Nigeria), 2.5 (Ecuador), 0.8 (Selangor), and 5.0 (Kelantan), Fertilizer 5 (China), 192 (USA), 11 (Morocco), 8.7 (Iran), and 14 (Algeria), wastewater 20 (Pakistan), 37 (India), and I.7 (China), Plants 0.81 (Nigeria), 1.2 (Pakistan), 0.05 (Romania). The mode of occurrence of Cd is geogenic, namely oxidation of mineralized rocks, stream sediments, volcanic materials, and soil, while anthropogenic sources include commercial and industrial wastes, hospital wastes, fertilizer, construction wastes, paints, and pigments, batteries, steel works, contaminated food, and cigarettes. Exposure to cadmium can lead to a range of health issues, including gastrointestinal distress, lung and kidney cancer, mutagenic and teratogenic effects, liver dysfunction, and fragile bone deformation. The Cd contamination can be removed through various processes such as bioremediation, phytoremediation, nano-particle remediation, soil washing, electrokinetic remediation, ion exchange, and phytostabilization may remediate the Cd level up to the maximum level. The study concluded that the toxic elements, such as Cd can be effectively remediated from contaminated media using the aforementioned methods, thereby limiting the health consequences associated with cadmium. These approaches help to remediate the health risks associated with Cd exposure. In-depth research is needed to explore the Cd in the biogeochemical cycle for better geo-management.

{"title":"Environmental occurrence, hazards, and remediation strategies for the removal of cadmium from the polluted environment","authors":"Shehla Sattar , Muhammad Yahya , Sarfa Aslam , Rahib Hussain , Syed Muhammad Mukkarram Shah , Zahid Rauf , Ahmad Zamir , Rafi Ullah , Asim Shahzad","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the sources of cadmium (Cd) is crucial for implementing effective control measures and minimizing its environmental impact. The present study was aimed to investigate the environmental impacts of cadmium sources and to evaluate potential remedial measures for cadmium contamination. The results showed that the average amount (mg/kg) of Cd in rocks was 92 (Idaho), 38 (North Carolina), Coal 3.8 (China), 0.28 (India), groundwater 0.98 (China), 0.8 (Bangladesh), 0.3 (India), 0.16 (Egypt), Soil 6.3 (Nigeria), 2.5 (Ecuador), 0.8 (Selangor), and 5.0 (Kelantan), Fertilizer 5 (China), 192 (USA), 11 (Morocco), 8.7 (Iran), and 14 (Algeria), wastewater 20 (Pakistan), 37 (India), and I.7 (China), Plants 0.81 (Nigeria), 1.2 (Pakistan), 0.05 (Romania). The mode of occurrence of Cd is geogenic, namely oxidation of mineralized rocks, stream sediments, volcanic materials, and soil, while anthropogenic sources include commercial and industrial wastes, hospital wastes, fertilizer, construction wastes, paints, and pigments, batteries, steel works, contaminated food, and cigarettes. Exposure to cadmium can lead to a range of health issues, including gastrointestinal distress, lung and kidney cancer, mutagenic and teratogenic effects, liver dysfunction, and fragile bone deformation. The Cd contamination can be removed through various processes such as bioremediation, phytoremediation, nano-particle remediation, soil washing, electrokinetic remediation, ion exchange, and phytostabilization may remediate the Cd level up to the maximum level. The study concluded that the toxic elements, such as Cd can be effectively remediated from contaminated media using the aforementioned methods, thereby limiting the health consequences associated with cadmium. These approaches help to remediate the health risks associated with Cd exposure. In-depth research is needed to explore the Cd in the biogeochemical cycle for better geo-management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 104322"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of fabrication techniques of high entropy alloys: A review with integration of machine learning

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104441

Mohamed Yasin Abdul Salam , Enoch Nifise Ogunmuyiwa , Victor Kitso Manisa , Abid Yahya , Irfan Anjum Badruddin

High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) are an emerging class of materials distinguished by equimolar or near-equimolar compositions of five or more principal elements. HEAs display exceptional mechanical properties, thermal stability, and wear resistance, making them suitable for advanced aerospace, biomedical, and automotive engineering applications. This review thoroughly explores various fabrication techniques for HEAs, including Vacuum Arc Melting (VAM), Hot Compression (HC), Laser Cladding (LC), and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Each method's advantages, limitations, and impacts on microstructural properties are discussed in detail. Additionally, the integration of Machine Learning (ML) techniques in HEA research is highlighted, demonstrating their potential for optimizing fabrication parameters and predicting phase stability, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties. The review concludes by identifying challenges in HEA fabrication, such as data availability and sustainability, and proposes future research directions to address these gaps. This work aims to provide researchers and engineers with a consolidated resource for advancing the development and application of HEAs.

{"title":"Effect of fabrication techniques of high entropy alloys: A review with integration of machine learning","authors":"Mohamed Yasin Abdul Salam , Enoch Nifise Ogunmuyiwa , Victor Kitso Manisa , Abid Yahya , Irfan Anjum Badruddin","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) are an emerging class of materials distinguished by equimolar or near-equimolar compositions of five or more principal elements. HEAs display exceptional mechanical properties, thermal stability, and wear resistance, making them suitable for advanced aerospace, biomedical, and automotive engineering applications. This review thoroughly explores various fabrication techniques for HEAs, including Vacuum Arc Melting (VAM), Hot Compression (HC), Laser Cladding (LC), and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Each method's advantages, limitations, and impacts on microstructural properties are discussed in detail. Additionally, the integration of Machine Learning (ML) techniques in HEA research is highlighted, demonstrating their potential for optimizing fabrication parameters and predicting phase stability, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties. The review concludes by identifying challenges in HEA fabrication, such as data availability and sustainability, and proposes future research directions to address these gaps. This work aims to provide researchers and engineers with a consolidated resource for advancing the development and application of HEAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 104441"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An overview on the carbon deposited during dry reforming of methane (DRM): Its formation, deposition, identification, and quantification

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104328

Osarieme Uyi Osazuwa , Kim Hoong Ng

Carbon deposition in dry reforming of methane (DRM) is associated with two side reactions: CH₄ decomposition and Boudouard reaction. Effective management of DRM technology necessitates a thorough comprehension of associated side reactions. In view of this, the current review systematically provides insights into carbon in DRM, with its formation, deposition, identification, qualitative and quantitative determinations highlighted herein. Under most occasions, the carbon formed and deposited can be broadly categorized into graphitic, amorphous and filamentous forms, each with varied resilience under regenerative conditions. Therefore, correctly identifying the genre of deposited carbon serves the first vital step to effective carbon gasification and formulating appropriate catalytic regeneration strategies. While presenting the main characteristic of each carbon species, the reliance of their formation kinetics on different factors, namely temperature, pressure, inlet feed (reactants composition and CH₄-to-CO₂ ratio), catalyst genre, etc., were highlighted in this review too. In brief, elevated temperatures and pressures, catalyst formulation and CH₄/CO₂ ratio impact graphitic build-up, decarbonization, and carbon reactivity, crystallinity, and quantity. Meanwhile, characterization techniques that provide valuable insights into the deposited carbon species were identified too, with emphasis placed on those unveiling crystallinity, morphological, structural, thermal stability, reactivity and quantity of deposited carbon. Understanding the features of deposited carbon is crucial, particularly for DRM reaction that suffers severely from this hindrance. Despite advances in understanding carbon species in DRM, strategies to control carbon species formation mechanisms towards reactive carbon formation remain underdeveloped, emphasizing the need for continued research by experienced and new researchers in the DRM community.

{"title":"An overview on the carbon deposited during dry reforming of methane (DRM): Its formation, deposition, identification, and quantification","authors":"Osarieme Uyi Osazuwa , Kim Hoong Ng","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon deposition in dry reforming of methane (DRM) is associated with two side reactions: CH<sub>4</sub> decomposition and Boudouard reaction. Effective management of DRM technology necessitates a thorough comprehension of associated side reactions. In view of this, the current review systematically provides insights into carbon in DRM, with its formation, deposition, identification, qualitative and quantitative determinations highlighted herein. Under most occasions, the carbon formed and deposited can be broadly categorized into graphitic, amorphous and filamentous forms, each with varied resilience under regenerative conditions. Therefore, correctly identifying the genre of deposited carbon serves the first vital step to effective carbon gasification and formulating appropriate catalytic regeneration strategies. While presenting the main characteristic of each carbon species, the reliance of their formation kinetics on different factors, namely temperature, pressure, inlet feed (reactants composition and CH<sub>4</sub>-to-CO<sub>2</sub> ratio), catalyst genre, etc., were highlighted in this review too. In brief, elevated temperatures and pressures, catalyst formulation and CH<sub>4</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio impact graphitic build-up, decarbonization, and carbon reactivity, crystallinity, and quantity. Meanwhile, characterization techniques that provide valuable insights into the deposited carbon species were identified too, with emphasis placed on those unveiling crystallinity, morphological, structural, thermal stability, reactivity and quantity of deposited carbon. Understanding the features of deposited carbon is crucial, particularly for DRM reaction that suffers severely from this hindrance. Despite advances in understanding carbon species in DRM, strategies to control carbon species formation mechanisms towards reactive carbon formation remain underdeveloped, emphasizing the need for continued research by experienced and new researchers in the DRM community.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 104328"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of the typical twisted tape inserts into the inner tube of double-pipe heat exchanger: A limited review

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104386

Saif Ali Kadhim , Karrar A. Hammoodi , Hayder Mohsin Ali , Farhan Lafta Rashid , Hussein Togun , Ahmed Mohsin Alsayah , Ahmed Kadhim Hussein , Hussain Saad Abd , Issa Omle

Given the importance of the double-pipe heat exchanger (DPHX) in industry, this article review explores the studies and methods that have enhanced the thermal performance of this heat exchanger using typical twisted tape (3T) inserts into the inner tube as one of the prominent passive techniques. The twist ratio (TR) parameter can be considered the most influential factor on the thermal enhancement percentages, in addition to other less influential parameters, such as the type of 3T material, the clearance between the 3T and the inner tube, the length of the 3T relative to the length of the inner tube, in addition to the operating conditions, including the difference in the inlet temperature between the working fluids and the difference in flow rates. Thermal enhancement is increased when this technique is combined with other techniques, whether passive or active. In general, the use of 3T inserts enhances the thermal performance of the DPHX, especially when reducing the TR, but at the outlay of hydraulic performance, so it is necessary to use the thermal performance factor parameter (TPF) in evaluating the overall performance. The literature indicates that it is possible to obtain a TPF greater than 2 depending on operation conditions, design, and integration with other thermal enhancement techniques. This review can stand as a valuable, clear, and limited reference for those interested in this subject and increasing knowledge, as well as for developers and researchers who want to enhance the performance of DPHX using 3T with or without other techniques.

{"title":"Influence of the typical twisted tape inserts into the inner tube of double-pipe heat exchanger: A limited review","authors":"Saif Ali Kadhim , Karrar A. Hammoodi , Hayder Mohsin Ali , Farhan Lafta Rashid , Hussein Togun , Ahmed Mohsin Alsayah , Ahmed Kadhim Hussein , Hussain Saad Abd , Issa Omle","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the importance of the double-pipe heat exchanger (DPHX) in industry, this article review explores the studies and methods that have enhanced the thermal performance of this heat exchanger using typical twisted tape (3T) inserts into the inner tube as one of the prominent passive techniques. The twist ratio (TR) parameter can be considered the most influential factor on the thermal enhancement percentages, in addition to other less influential parameters, such as the type of 3T material, the clearance between the 3T and the inner tube, the length of the 3T relative to the length of the inner tube, in addition to the operating conditions, including the difference in the inlet temperature between the working fluids and the difference in flow rates. Thermal enhancement is increased when this technique is combined with other techniques, whether passive or active. In general, the use of 3T inserts enhances the thermal performance of the DPHX, especially when reducing the TR, but at the outlay of hydraulic performance, so it is necessary to use the thermal performance factor parameter (TPF) in evaluating the overall performance. The literature indicates that it is possible to obtain a TPF greater than 2 depending on operation conditions, design, and integration with other thermal enhancement techniques. This review can stand as a valuable, clear, and limited reference for those interested in this subject and increasing knowledge, as well as for developers and researchers who want to enhance the performance of DPHX using 3T with or without other techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 104386"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Review of photovoltaic and concentrated solar technologies including their performance, reliability, efficiency and storage

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104424

Moaz Osman, Imran Qureshi

The transition to sustainable energy systems is increasingly driven by the development of solar technologies like Photovoltaic (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of these technologies, as well as analysing their performance, reliability, scalability, and efficiency across diverse applications and climates. PV systems, with efficiencies up to 30 %, excel in adaptability and scalability, making them suitable for residential, commercial, and large-scale deployments. CSP systems, capable of achieving efficiencies of up to 35 %, offer a unique advantage in providing dispatchable power through thermal energy storage, making them ideal for large-scale grid applications in high-irradiance regions. This research emphasises the complementary strengths of PV and CSP technologies in advancing global renewable energy goals. By integrating insights into technical performance, environmental impact, and economic feasibility, the findings highlight innovative strategies to enhance energy system reliability, efficiency, and sustainability, contributing to the ongoing energy transition.

{"title":"Review of photovoltaic and concentrated solar technologies including their performance, reliability, efficiency and storage","authors":"Moaz Osman, Imran Qureshi","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition to sustainable energy systems is increasingly driven by the development of solar technologies like Photovoltaic (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of these technologies, as well as analysing their performance, reliability, scalability, and efficiency across diverse applications and climates. PV systems, with efficiencies up to 30 %, excel in adaptability and scalability, making them suitable for residential, commercial, and large-scale deployments. CSP systems, capable of achieving efficiencies of up to 35 %, offer a unique advantage in providing dispatchable power through thermal energy storage, making them ideal for large-scale grid applications in high-irradiance regions. This research emphasises the complementary strengths of PV and CSP technologies in advancing global renewable energy goals. By integrating insights into technical performance, environmental impact, and economic feasibility, the findings highlight innovative strategies to enhance energy system reliability, efficiency, and sustainability, contributing to the ongoing energy transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 104424"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recent developments in solar water heaters and solar collectors: A review on experimental and neural network analyses

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104394

Rasaiah Naveenkumar , Rajaraman Venkateshkumar , Vinayagam Mohanavel , Chelladurai Franklin , Sikiru Oluwarotimi Ismail , Manickam Ravichandran , Sathish Kannan , Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar

Solar water heaters (SWHs) and solar collectors (SCs) are crucial renewable energy technologies that have developed attractiveness in recent years, as a result of their several benefits over traditional energy sources. To further enhance their thermal performances and efficiencies, researchers and engineers have implemented various modifications in the systems. The modifications include integrating SWHs with storage collectors, combining SWHs with photovoltaic cells, integrating thermosyphon and twisted tapes, enriching collectors with nanofluids, phase change materials and using different types of evacuated tube SCs. Furthermore, improvement in materials, design and operating conditions have led to performance enhancement of parabolic trough and linear Fresnel SCs. In addition, the modifications have enabled SWHs to be more cost-effective and resulted to efficient SCs, making them increasingly attractive for several commercial, industrial and residential applications. Recent studies are expected to enhance their performance and economic suitability, making them more viable and sustainable energy devices. Hence, an elaborated discussion on various state-of-the-art modifications in SWHs and SCs to enhance their efficiencies and the application of artificial neural network (ANN) in SWHs and SCs is reported in this comprehensive review, which is lacking in the earlier studies. This compendious article provides the techniques for enhancing both SWHs and SCs to leverage renewable, abundantly available, sustainable and environmentally friendly solar energy. It also expatiates on their future considerations, as a scope for further works and towards advancement in clean energy devices.

{"title":"Recent developments in solar water heaters and solar collectors: A review on experimental and neural network analyses","authors":"Rasaiah Naveenkumar , Rajaraman Venkateshkumar , Vinayagam Mohanavel , Chelladurai Franklin , Sikiru Oluwarotimi Ismail , Manickam Ravichandran , Sathish Kannan , Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar water heaters (SWHs) and solar collectors (SCs) are crucial renewable energy technologies that have developed attractiveness in recent years, as a result of their several benefits over traditional energy sources. To further enhance their thermal performances and efficiencies, researchers and engineers have implemented various modifications in the systems. The modifications include integrating SWHs with storage collectors, combining SWHs with photovoltaic cells, integrating thermosyphon and twisted tapes, enriching collectors with nanofluids, phase change materials and using different types of evacuated tube SCs. Furthermore, improvement in materials, design and operating conditions have led to performance enhancement of parabolic trough and linear Fresnel SCs. In addition, the modifications have enabled SWHs to be more cost-effective and resulted to efficient SCs, making them increasingly attractive for several commercial, industrial and residential applications. Recent studies are expected to enhance their performance and economic suitability, making them more viable and sustainable energy devices. Hence, an elaborated discussion on various state-of-the-art modifications in SWHs and SCs to enhance their efficiencies and the application of artificial neural network (ANN) in SWHs and SCs is reported in this comprehensive review, which is lacking in the earlier studies. This compendious article provides the techniques for enhancing both SWHs and SCs to leverage renewable, abundantly available, sustainable and environmentally friendly solar energy. It also expatiates on their future considerations, as a scope for further works and towards advancement in clean energy devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 104394"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Explainable artificial intelligence for sustainable urban water systems engineering

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104349

Shofia Saghya Infant , Sundaram Vickram , A Saravanan , C M Mathan Muthu , Devarajan Yuarajan

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has potential for revolutionary improvements in operational efficiency, resilience, and decision-making in the engineering of sustainable urban water systems. Presenting cutting-edge approaches in XAI (such as SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations), LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations), and counterfactual analysis), this review defines the evolution of explainability approaches specifically for hydrological modelling, demand prediction, and leak detection. As an example, the SHAP values have quantified the impact of meteorological variables on urban runoff models, resulting in a 15 % increase in the prediction accuracy. In terms of numbers, XAI applications in water distribution systems have led to up to 20 % savings in energy consumption by optimizing pump schedules based on interpretable machine learning models. Qualitative benefits have included interpretable neural networks for monitoring water quality that detected anomalies and provided transparent contamination alerts that increased stakeholder trust. Examples from cities such as Amsterdam show how XAI is used to improve smart water metering, with reductions of water losses of 12 %. Additionally, XAI has allowed policymakers to assess the influence of climate change on urban drainage networks through transparent visualization of underlying factors. It also addresses some key challenges along with XAI models or frameworks to be scalable and to work with emerging data streams from IoT. This highlights the promise of XAI as a tool to improve sustainable practices in water management by providing a link between highly complex algorithms and watertight management decisions that are easier to implement.

{"title":"Explainable artificial intelligence for sustainable urban water systems engineering","authors":"Shofia Saghya Infant , Sundaram Vickram , A Saravanan , C M Mathan Muthu , Devarajan Yuarajan","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has potential for revolutionary improvements in operational efficiency, resilience, and decision-making in the engineering of sustainable urban water systems. Presenting cutting-edge approaches in XAI (such as SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations), LIME (Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations), and counterfactual analysis), this review defines the evolution of explainability approaches specifically for hydrological modelling, demand prediction, and leak detection. As an example, the SHAP values have quantified the impact of meteorological variables on urban runoff models, resulting in a 15 % increase in the prediction accuracy. In terms of numbers, XAI applications in water distribution systems have led to up to 20 % savings in energy consumption by optimizing pump schedules based on interpretable machine learning models. Qualitative benefits have included interpretable neural networks for monitoring water quality that detected anomalies and provided transparent contamination alerts that increased stakeholder trust. Examples from cities such as Amsterdam show how XAI is used to improve smart water metering, with reductions of water losses of 12 %. Additionally, XAI has allowed policymakers to assess the influence of climate change on urban drainage networks through transparent visualization of underlying factors. It also addresses some key challenges along with XAI models or frameworks to be scalable and to work with emerging data streams from IoT. This highlights the promise of XAI as a tool to improve sustainable practices in water management by providing a link between highly complex algorithms and watertight management decisions that are easier to implement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 104349"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143444424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing solar distiller performance for water desalination: A comparative review of Vertical modifications-based techniques

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104360

Mohamed M.Z. Ahmed , Z.M. Omara , Wissam H. Alawee , S. Shanmugan , Fadl A. Essa

Global freshwater scarcity, coupled with rising demand, necessitates advancements in solar desalination technologies for sustainable water security. This study systematically reviews the integration of vertically modified components—such as wicks, external heating coils, photovoltaic (PV) modules, and reflectors—in solar stills to enhance thermal efficiency and distillation rates. By elevating feedwater and distillate temperatures, these modifications significantly improve productivity: vertical wicks increase output by 84–107%, heating coils by 54–66%, PV modules by 9–71%, and reflectors by 9–33%. These enhancements are achieved without increasing horizontal footprint, optimizing land use through compact designs. The review highlights how reduced thermal resistance and elevated temperatures synergistically boost distillation efficiency. This analysis provides critical insights for future research, emphasizing the potential of vertically configured systems to address global freshwater challenges effectively.

{"title":"Enhancing solar distiller performance for water desalination: A comparative review of Vertical modifications-based techniques","authors":"Mohamed M.Z. Ahmed , Z.M. Omara , Wissam H. Alawee , S. Shanmugan , Fadl A. Essa","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global freshwater scarcity, coupled with rising demand, necessitates advancements in solar desalination technologies for sustainable water security. This study systematically reviews the integration of vertically modified components—such as wicks, external heating coils, photovoltaic (PV) modules, and reflectors—in solar stills to enhance thermal efficiency and distillation rates. By elevating feedwater and distillate temperatures, these modifications significantly improve productivity: vertical wicks increase output by 84–107%, heating coils by 54–66%, PV modules by 9–71%, and reflectors by 9–33%. These enhancements are achieved without increasing horizontal footprint, optimizing land use through compact designs. The review highlights how reduced thermal resistance and elevated temperatures synergistically boost distillation efficiency. This analysis provides critical insights for future research, emphasizing the potential of vertically configured systems to address global freshwater challenges effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36919,"journal":{"name":"Results in Engineering","volume":"25 ","pages":"Article 104360"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Urban metabolism, sustainability and energy transition in cities: A comprehensive review

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104278

Lucía Galán-Cano , Juan Cámara-Aceituno , Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez , Ángel Mena-Nieto , Julio Terrados-Cepeda

This research article conducts a comprehensive literature review on the concept of urban metabolism (UM), with a special focus on the transition from a linear to a circular model. In the context of climate change, increasing urbanisation, and resource depletion, cities are recognised as playing a crucial role in environmental sustainability. A bibliometric analysis of scientific literature shows an increasing interest in circular UM as a comprehensive approach to managing energy and material flows in urban settings. This article aims to further explore the transition from a linear to a circular model by reviewing the evolution of the urban metabolism concept, its key components, and relevant case studies from cities that have successfully implemented circular strategies. By identifying barriers and challenges cities face in adopting circular practices within their urban metabolism, the article proposes recommendations to overcome these obstacles. Furthermore, it examines the interrelationships between circular UM and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in terms of sustainable urban planning and energy transition. However, important challenges remain, such as the lack of standardised and accessible data that hinder comparisons between cities and their evolution. Finally, future lines of research are proposed that focus on the integration of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and neural networks, as well as the development of circular urban models that can tangibly measure their impact on climate change. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of UM while enriching the existing body of knowledge on emerging trends in this field.

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引用次数: 0

A review of innovative materials and techniques in solar stills: A focus on heat localization and thin film evaporation

IF 6 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Results in Engineering

Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104348

A.S. Abdullah , Abanob Joseph , Swellam W. Sharshir , Elbager M.A. Edreis , Mohammed El Hadi Attia , Mohamed Elashmawy

Freshwater scarcity is becoming a worldwide problem, more so in remote locations. Solar stills are a promising technology for desalination, leveraging solar energy; however, their productivity requires significant enhancement. This review focuses on recent efforts to improve the efficiency of solar stills based on thin-film evaporation and heat localization, which benefit from combinations of advanced materials, structural modifications, and energy management. Various configurations including single slope, flat, double slope, pyramid, tubular, and hemispherical solar stills are discussed. It is found that the application of nanocomposites, wicks, and nanoparticles increases solar radiation absorption and heat retention, significantly increasing water productivity and thermal efficiency. Also, wicks, nanoparticles, solar tracking, and advanced basin designs are highlighted as promising ways to maximize evaporations and minimize thermal losses. Modified designs increased water productivity by over 300 % and yields by 368.5 %. Advanced setups using materials such as CuO, TiO₂, and graphene attained a thermal efficiency of 86.78 % and improved solar absorption and productivity by 161.5 %. Innovations such as rotating wicks and drums increased thin-film evaporation by 400 %, while phase change materials provided continuous evaporation, increasing freshwater production by more than 240 %. The production costs were also reduced by up to 66.2 %, yielding a minimum freshwater cost of 0.0042 $/L. A bibliometric analysis, using VOSviewer, of trends in thin-film evaporation and heat localization techniques for scaling up SS technologies for sustainable freshwater globally.

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引用次数: 0