Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2023.1.6267
Georgi L. Georgiev, V. Hubenov, I. Stoycheva, Rumyana T. Eneva, B. Petrova, U. Szeluga, S. Pusz, Marieta Belcheva, B. Tsyntsarski
Carbon materials from almond shells were developed for the adsorption of microorganisms from air. Samples were processed by means of a one-step process – high-temperature hydro-pyrolysis. Studies were carried out in a wide temperature range of 600-900 °C. As a result, carbonates with predominant micro- and mesopores were obtained. The samples were impregnated with zinc, silver, iron and copper 5% by weight. The obtained samples were characterized by XDR, BET, scanning electron spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The final products are distinguished by a moderate surface and the presence of nanosized metal particles. The antibacterial properties of the activated carbon composites were examined using standard methodology under dynamic contact conditions and Escherichia coli K12 as test microorganism. All tested composite materials exhibit strong antibacterial properties after 48 h of contact with microbial cells. Thus the application of these materials in filtering system will be possible solution for successful reduction of microbial cell number. It is assumed that a similar effect can be achieved in an air environment.
{"title":"CARBON MATERIALS FROM WASTE BIOMASS AS ANTI-BACTERIAL AIR FILTERS","authors":"Georgi L. Georgiev, V. Hubenov, I. Stoycheva, Rumyana T. Eneva, B. Petrova, U. Szeluga, S. Pusz, Marieta Belcheva, B. Tsyntsarski","doi":"10.32006/eeep.2023.1.6267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2023.1.6267","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon materials from almond shells were developed for the adsorption of microorganisms from air. Samples were processed by means of a one-step process – high-temperature hydro-pyrolysis. Studies were carried out in a wide temperature range of 600-900 °C. As a result, carbonates with predominant micro- and mesopores were obtained. The samples were impregnated with zinc, silver, iron and copper 5% by weight. The obtained samples were characterized by XDR, BET, scanning electron spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The final products are distinguished by a moderate surface and the presence of nanosized metal particles. The antibacterial properties of the activated carbon composites were examined using standard methodology under dynamic contact conditions and Escherichia coli K12 as test microorganism. All tested composite materials exhibit strong antibacterial properties after 48 h of contact with microbial cells. Thus the application of these materials in filtering system will be possible solution for successful reduction of microbial cell number. It is assumed that a similar effect can be achieved in an air environment.","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132804846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2023.1.7782
E. Geleva, Svetoslav Dimitrov, N. Goutev, Verzhinia Variyska, D. Tonev
The natural radioactivity levels of mineral water from certain most frequently used sources in Southwest Bulgaria were determined. The mineral water was investigated with regard to gross alpha and beta activity to determine whether the activity concentrations are below levels at which no further action is required. The measurements were made by Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer. The gross alpha and beta activity varied from ≤ 0.003 Bq/L to 0.671 Bq/L and from 0.054 and to 0.375 Bq/L, respectively. The values obtained in this study were compared with data reported by other authors in different countries and with reference values accepted for drinking water. The annual effective doses were calculated for all investigated waters for adult inhabitants assuming yearly consumption of 730 litres. The results show that the annual effective dose of ingestion of these water samples excluding one, are below the individual dose criterion of 100 µSv/y according to the World Health Organization recommendations.
{"title":"GROSS ALPHA AND BETA ACTIVITY IN MINERAL WATER FROM SOUTHWEST BULGARIA","authors":"E. Geleva, Svetoslav Dimitrov, N. Goutev, Verzhinia Variyska, D. Tonev","doi":"10.32006/eeep.2023.1.7782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2023.1.7782","url":null,"abstract":"The natural radioactivity levels of mineral water from certain most frequently used sources in Southwest Bulgaria were determined. The mineral water was investigated with regard to gross alpha and beta activity to determine whether the activity concentrations are below levels at which no further action is required. The measurements were made by Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer. The gross alpha and beta activity varied from ≤ 0.003 Bq/L to 0.671 Bq/L and from 0.054 and to 0.375 Bq/L, respectively. The values obtained in this study were compared with data reported by other authors in different countries and with reference values accepted for drinking water.\u0000The annual effective doses were calculated for all investigated waters for adult inhabitants assuming yearly consumption of 730 litres. The results show that the annual effective dose of ingestion of these water samples excluding one, are below the individual dose criterion of 100 µSv/y according to the World Health Organization recommendations.","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126993362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2023.1.6876
S. Karadzhov, T. Popova, I. Ignatov, L. Dimitrova, I. Nikolova, V. Kussovski, H. Naidenski, G. Gluhchev
The anolyte, obtained during electrochemical activation of low mineralized water solutions possesses a strong biocidal action due to its physical-chemical properties. This study presents a brief report for the effect of anolyte application to samples of different kind of microorganisms. An idea of the physical-chemical processes taking place in the anode chamber of an electrolyzer is present. The changes in the parameters pH, ORP and the presence of active chlorine during the time and at different storage conditions of the anolyte were examined. The experiments showed their stability and preservation of biocidal activity for a period longer than 9 months. Experimental results from investigations of the biocidal effect of anolyte carried out in different laboratories are present.
{"title":"BIOCIDAL ACTION OF ANOLYTE","authors":"S. Karadzhov, T. Popova, I. Ignatov, L. Dimitrova, I. Nikolova, V. Kussovski, H. Naidenski, G. Gluhchev","doi":"10.32006/eeep.2023.1.6876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2023.1.6876","url":null,"abstract":"The anolyte, obtained during electrochemical activation of low mineralized water solutions possesses a strong biocidal action due to its physical-chemical properties. This study presents a brief report for the effect of anolyte application to samples of different kind of microorganisms. An idea of the physical-chemical processes taking place in the anode chamber of an electrolyzer is present. The changes in the parameters pH, ORP and the presence of active chlorine during the time and at different storage conditions of the anolyte were examined. The experiments showed their stability and preservation of biocidal activity for a period longer than 9 months. Experimental results from investigations of the biocidal effect of anolyte carried out in different laboratories are present.","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"727 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116062322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2023.1.2735
I. Bida, O. Havryliuk, V. Hovorukha, G. Gladka, O. Tashyrev
The problems of polymetallic wastewater treatment from mining enterprises as well as the accumulation of organic waste are acute worldwide. The application of any existing methods of wastewater purification is ineffective and impossible due to the huge volumes and high concentrations of metals. Similarly, modern methods are ineffective for the treatment of huge amounts of organic waste. Therefore, there is a necessity to develop novel environmental biotechnologies providing the simultaneous degradation of organic waste and detoxification of toxic metals. The purpose of the work was to theoretically substantiate and experimentally confirm the possibility of toxic divalent cations removal using dissimilatory sulfate reduction via anaerobic fermentation of ecologically hazardous model organic waste. Colorimetric and potentiometric methods were used for pH and redox potential measurement; volumetric and chromatographic methods – to control volume and composition of synthesized gas; permanganate method – to determine the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC); photocolorimetric method via the qualitative reaction with Nessler’s reagent was used to determine the concentration of ammonium ions. The Co2+ and Ni2+ content in medium was determined by a colorimetric method with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR). Fermentation parameters were calculated with the use of mathematical and statistical ones. Modified Postgate B medium with different sources of carbon and energy (potatoes, alanine, and meat) was used for cultivation of dissimilatory sulfate reducing bacteria. The anaerobic microbiome obtained from the sludge of methane tanks showed high efficiency to remove Co2+ and Ni2+ from the liquid medium. The highest efficiency (100% in 9 days) was observed when alanine was used as a source of carbon and energy. The slowest metal precipitation process occurred using meat (20 days). Also, the use of a protein substrate did not provide the expected alkalinization of the medium, which could significantly accelerate the process of metal precipitation. The precipitation of cobalt and nickel cations during the hydrogen fermentation of potato starch was complicated by acidification of the medium, but it was equally effective when the pH was adjusted. The proposed approach, the slow dissimilatory sulfate reduction, due to the sparingly soluble calcium sulfate as electron acceptor, can be used as a basis for the development of new biotechnologies for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with divalent heavy metals with the simultaneous treatment of ecologically hazardous compounds.
{"title":"MICROBIAL BIOREMOVAL OF DIVALENT TOXIC METALS","authors":"I. Bida, O. Havryliuk, V. Hovorukha, G. Gladka, O. Tashyrev","doi":"10.32006/eeep.2023.1.2735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2023.1.2735","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of polymetallic wastewater treatment from mining enterprises as well as the accumulation of organic waste are acute worldwide. The application of any existing methods of wastewater purification is ineffective and impossible due to the huge volumes and high concentrations of metals. Similarly, modern methods are ineffective for the treatment of huge amounts of organic waste. Therefore, there is a necessity to develop novel environmental biotechnologies providing the simultaneous degradation of organic waste and detoxification of toxic metals. The purpose of the work was to theoretically substantiate and experimentally confirm the possibility of toxic divalent cations removal using dissimilatory sulfate reduction via anaerobic fermentation of ecologically hazardous model organic waste. Colorimetric and potentiometric methods were used for pH and redox potential measurement; volumetric and chromatographic methods – to control volume and composition of synthesized gas; permanganate method – to determine the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC); photocolorimetric method via the qualitative reaction with Nessler’s reagent was used to determine the concentration of ammonium ions. The Co2+ and Ni2+ content in medium was determined by a colorimetric method with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR). Fermentation parameters were calculated with the use of mathematical and statistical ones. Modified Postgate B medium with different sources of carbon and energy (potatoes, alanine, and meat) was used for cultivation of dissimilatory sulfate reducing bacteria. The anaerobic microbiome obtained from the sludge of methane tanks showed high efficiency to remove Co2+ and Ni2+ from the liquid medium. The highest efficiency (100% in 9 days) was observed when alanine was used as a source of carbon and energy. The slowest metal precipitation process occurred using meat (20 days). Also, the use of a protein substrate did not provide the expected alkalinization of the medium, which could significantly accelerate the process of metal precipitation. The precipitation of cobalt and nickel cations during the hydrogen fermentation of potato starch was complicated by acidification of the medium, but it was equally effective when the pH was adjusted. The proposed approach, the slow dissimilatory sulfate reduction, due to the sparingly soluble calcium sulfate as electron acceptor, can be used as a basis for the development of new biotechnologies for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with divalent heavy metals with the simultaneous treatment of ecologically hazardous compounds.","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121151230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Recently a mixed culture dominated by the iron-oxidizing microorganisms Leptospirillum and Ferroplasma has been used in a large-scale microbial fuel cell for electrical power generation. There are many factors that affect the kinetics of iron oxidation by the mixotroph Ferroplasma acidiphilum. This study investigated the effects of pH, temperature, and substrate and yeast extract concentrations in order to arrive at kinetically favorable operating conditions with minimal jarosite precipitation. Furthermore, F. acidiphilum was cultured with Leptospirillum sp. in order to determine its viability as a species capable of limiting the organic by-products of chemolithotrophic microbial growth. Bacterial characterization in the culture was accomplished using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). It was found that the ferrous iron oxidation was most favorable at yeast extract concentration of 0.02% (w/v), pH of 1.6, temperature of 35 oC and an initial ferrous iron concentration of 1 g/L yielding a maximum specific growth rate of 0.0351-0.042 h-1. Moreover, F. acidiphilum displayed a symbiotic relationship with its chemolithotrophic counterpart, Leptospirillum sp. in that they were able to utilize the metabolic organic products of the chemolithotroph and limit the organic concentration to ~20 ppm total organic carbon (TOC), well below the threshold concentration of 250 ppm for chemolithotroph activity.
{"title":"BIOKINETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FERROPLASMA ACIDIPHILUM","authors":"J. Daoud, D. Karamanev","doi":"10.32006/2023.1.0516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/2023.1.0516","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Recently a mixed culture dominated by the iron-oxidizing microorganisms Leptospirillum and Ferroplasma has been used in a large-scale microbial fuel cell for electrical power generation. There are many factors that affect the kinetics of iron oxidation by the mixotroph Ferroplasma acidiphilum. This study investigated the effects of pH, temperature, and substrate and yeast extract concentrations in order to arrive at kinetically favorable operating conditions with minimal jarosite precipitation. Furthermore, F. acidiphilum was cultured with Leptospirillum sp. in order to determine its viability as a species capable of limiting the organic by-products of chemolithotrophic microbial growth. Bacterial characterization in the culture was accomplished using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). It was found that the ferrous iron oxidation was most favorable at yeast extract concentration of 0.02% (w/v), pH of 1.6, temperature of 35 oC and an initial ferrous iron concentration of 1 g/L yielding a maximum specific growth rate of 0.0351-0.042 h-1. Moreover, F. acidiphilum displayed a symbiotic relationship with its chemolithotrophic counterpart, Leptospirillum sp. in that they were able to utilize the metabolic organic products of the chemolithotroph and limit the organic concentration to ~20 ppm total organic carbon (TOC), well below the threshold concentration of 250 ppm for chemolithotroph activity.","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116831336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2023.1.3653
Y. Gocheva, Lyudmila L Dimitrova, V. Hubenov, L. Kabaivanova, P. Angelov, I. Simeonov, H. Najdenski
In nature, cellulose, lignocellulose and lignin are major sources of plant biomass therefore their recycling is indispensable for the carbon cycle. The synergistic action of a variety of microorganisms is needed for recycling lignocellulosic materials. The capacities of microorganisms to assimilate complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, depend on the ability to produce the enzymes that work synergically. Populations growing in compost piles consist mainly of bacteria (including actinobacteria) and fungi. Polymers such as hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin are only degraded once the more easily degradable compounds have been consumed. Afterwards, the lignocellulosic materials are partly transformed into humus. In the present review, numerous studies on the isolation of cellulose-degrading bacteria and fungi, their identification, enzymatic activities, and their ability to grow in the presence of lignocellulose and components of these industrial waste streams (phenolic compounds, sulfides, and dyes are analyzed and discussed. This is of particular interest to design future studies to isolate those bacteria that can specifically degrade cellulose matrix and more recalcitrant components such as lignin and aromatic lignin degradation products. Cultivation and characterization of microorganisms alone is not adequate without preservation techniques that do not alter the morphology, physiology or genetics of pure strains. Careful preservation is imperative for future research, teaching and industrial applications.
{"title":"CELLULOLYTIC MICROORGANISMS: AEROBIC, MICROAEROPHILIC, ANAEROBIC BACTERIA AND MICROBIAL CONSORTIA (Part II)","authors":"Y. Gocheva, Lyudmila L Dimitrova, V. Hubenov, L. Kabaivanova, P. Angelov, I. Simeonov, H. Najdenski","doi":"10.32006/eeep.2023.1.3653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2023.1.3653","url":null,"abstract":"In nature, cellulose, lignocellulose and lignin are major sources of plant biomass therefore their recycling is indispensable for the carbon cycle. The synergistic action of a variety of microorganisms is needed for recycling lignocellulosic materials. The capacities of microorganisms to assimilate complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose,\u0000hemicellulose and lignin, depend on the ability to produce the enzymes that work synergically. Populations growing in compost piles consist mainly of bacteria (including actinobacteria) and fungi. Polymers such as hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin are only degraded once the more easily degradable compounds have been consumed. Afterwards, the lignocellulosic materials are partly transformed into humus. In the present review, numerous studies on the isolation of cellulose-degrading bacteria and fungi, their identification, enzymatic activities, and their ability to grow in the\u0000presence of lignocellulose and components of these industrial waste streams (phenolic compounds, sulfides, and dyes are analyzed and discussed. This is of particular interest to design future studies to isolate those bacteria that can specifically degrade cellulose matrix and more recalcitrant components such as lignin and aromatic lignin degradation products. Cultivation and characterization of microorganisms alone is not adequate without preservation techniques that do not alter the morphology, physiology or genetics of pure strains. Careful preservation is imperative for future research, teaching and industrial applications.","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129039760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2023.1.5461
B. Ranguelov, Garo Mardirosian
The destructive earthquakes generated huge losses and human victims. As for the moment the time of impending strong seismic event is unpredictable, during the last years – new global innovation is under development – the seismic early warning systems (SEWS). All of them signalize the population and/or governmental bodies and after the earthquake starts just providing information that the seismic event is fact, to expect stronger shakings and some very fast measures to be performed – for example NPP’s reactors stop, as well as superfast trains, chemical production, gas and oil pipeline disconnection, etc. In lucky cases some people can react (especially in the areas of low buildings) and to evacuate effective in the time domain of few seconds, thus saving their lives. Such system is in operation in Japan since 2007 and some other countries also develop their own SEWS. The present investigation is targeted to the methodology development of so called kinematic SEWS. They are using a fundamental property of the body seismic waves P and S. As it is well known from the theory, the P-waves are faster and less destructive than S-waves. This property gives the possibility to use the detection of the P waves as important signal that after a while (the time domain depends on the distance between the seismic source and the investigated site) the slower (1.41 times) more destructive S waves will arrive and struck the infrastructure. Our previous experience of the developed SEWS (for example for Baku and Venice) gives the possibility to upgrade the modeling methodology extending to the formalized algorithm and accuracy estimations, especially for the critical infrastructure (for example NPP).
{"title":"METHODOLOGY FOR A KINEMATIC MODEL OF SEISMIC EARLY WARNING SYSTEM ABOUT CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE","authors":"B. Ranguelov, Garo Mardirosian","doi":"10.32006/eeep.2023.1.5461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2023.1.5461","url":null,"abstract":"The destructive earthquakes generated huge losses and human victims. As for the moment the time of impending strong seismic event is unpredictable, during the last years – new global innovation is under development – the seismic early warning systems (SEWS). All of them signalize the population and/or governmental bodies and after the earthquake starts just providing information that the seismic event is fact, to expect stronger shakings and some very fast measures to be performed – for example NPP’s reactors stop, as well as superfast trains, chemical production, gas and oil pipeline disconnection, etc. In lucky cases some people can react (especially in the areas of low buildings) and to evacuate effective in the time domain of few seconds, thus saving their lives. Such system is in operation in Japan since 2007 and some other countries also develop their own SEWS. The present investigation is targeted to the methodology development of so called kinematic SEWS. They are using a fundamental property of the body seismic waves P and S. As it is well known from the theory, the P-waves are faster and less destructive than S-waves. This property gives the possibility to use the detection of the P waves as important signal that after a while (the time domain depends on the distance between the seismic source and the investigated site) the slower (1.41 times) more destructive S waves will arrive and struck the infrastructure. Our previous experience of the developed SEWS (for example for Baku and Venice) gives the possibility to upgrade the modeling methodology extending to the formalized algorithm and accuracy estimations, especially for the critical infrastructure (for example NPP).","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116400718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2023.1.1726
A. Sadovski
The present study aims to review the sources of mineral water in Bulgaria, as well as the various aspects of their use as an energy source, benefit for human health and the national economy. Several literary sources on the subject are cited. Statistical analysis was performed and data were summarized about their physical and chemical characteristics, and especially to find distribution by temperature. The production of cheap thermal energy from the geothermal plants contribute to the reduction of the environment pollution, which is of great importance for the country. The extremely good bio-climatic resources in the country provide a base for the prospective development of the balneological branch. The barriers to geothermal development in the country are shown. It is concluded that the importance of geothermal energy from mineral waters in Bulgaria is underestimated.
{"title":"MINERAL WATERS IN BULGARIA","authors":"A. Sadovski","doi":"10.32006/eeep.2023.1.1726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2023.1.1726","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to review the sources of mineral water in Bulgaria, as well as the various aspects of their use as an energy source, benefit for human health and the national economy. Several literary sources on the subject are cited. Statistical analysis was performed and data were summarized about their physical and chemical characteristics, and especially to find distribution by temperature. The production of cheap thermal energy from the geothermal plants contribute to the reduction of the environment pollution, which is of great importance for the country. The extremely good bio-climatic resources in the country provide a base for the prospective development of the balneological branch. The barriers to geothermal development in the country are shown. It is concluded that the importance of geothermal energy from mineral waters in Bulgaria is underestimated.","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114609610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-20DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2022.2.4455
Ning Pan, Haoping Wang, Yang Tian, E. Chorukova, I. Simeonov, N. Christov
This paper deals with the theoretical comparison of biogas and energy yields of one-stage anaerobic digestion processes (OSAD) with biomethane production and two-stage anaerobic digestion processes (TSAD) producing biohydrogen and biomethane. The comparative study of the biogas yield from OSAD and TSAD systems is performed on the base on mathematical models obtained in our previous papers. The possible maximal yields of biohydrogen and biomethane are calculated by the static characteristics and extremum points of both systems. Simulation results suggest that in comparison to OSAD, the increase in biogas (biohydrogen and biomethgane) production of TSAD can reach to 75.18%. The energy produced from two-stage anaerobic digestion processes is 1.32 to 1.486 times greater than those from one-stage anaerobic digestion processes (depending of the inlet organics concentrations), which means TSAD is a better choice considering biogas and energy production.
{"title":"THEORETICAL COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE BIOGAZ YIELDS FROM ONE-STAGE AND TWO-STAGE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESSES","authors":"Ning Pan, Haoping Wang, Yang Tian, E. Chorukova, I. Simeonov, N. Christov","doi":"10.32006/eeep.2022.2.4455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2022.2.4455","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the theoretical comparison of biogas and energy yields of one-stage anaerobic digestion processes (OSAD) with biomethane production and two-stage anaerobic digestion processes (TSAD) producing biohydrogen and biomethane. The comparative study of the biogas yield from OSAD and TSAD systems is performed on the base on mathematical models obtained in our previous papers. The possible maximal yields of biohydrogen and biomethane are calculated by the static characteristics and extremum points of both systems. Simulation results suggest that in comparison to OSAD, the increase in biogas (biohydrogen and biomethgane) production of TSAD can reach to 75.18%. The energy produced from two-stage anaerobic digestion processes is 1.32 to 1.486 times greater than those from one-stage anaerobic digestion processes (depending of the inlet organics concentrations), which means TSAD is a better choice considering biogas and energy production.","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123555918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-20DOI: 10.32006/eeep.2022.2.6872
S. Savev
The high mountain and subalpine treeless part of the territory of Belasitsa Nature Park is occupied by herbaceous and shrub communities. Almost the entire part of the mountain roof is represented by a natural habitat 4060 "Alpine and boreal ericoid communities", with Siberian juniper being the dominant species in the communities. The current state of the vegetation resulted from the lack of economic activities in the treeless area in the last 25 years. Surveys to date have revealed significant change resulting in a reduction in the total area of grassland habitats as a result of colonization with ericoid scrub. Considering the trend of natural succession processes, the management in this area should focus to the restoration and maintenance of grass vegetation except in places with species of high conservation value. In this case, grazing can be a natural tool slowing down this undesired succession. The grassland communities in the highlands of our mountains are semi-natural and this tool could prevent them from becoming entirely juniper scrub, which would result in the loss of remaining natural habitats of conservation value. Research data show that in the past, the load of livestock to the pastures in the area was less than their capacity, i.e. pastures in the park have not been overcrowded. This fact indicates that more intense use of the pastures in the future will not provoke a danger of disturbing plant diversity. Habitat 4060 in Belasitsa occupies an area of 1023.97 ha, or 98% of the total 1037.48 ha of treeless high mountain area, with the remaining 13.51 ha being pastures of conservation importance. The grasslands of conservation importance are represented by three types of natural habitats, which, as a result of juniper succession, are highly fragmented, represented by several separate small areas of several hectares each. Two areas for pastures have been designated along the land borders between Samuilovo and Kolarovo. It is recommended that grazing be done on a rotational basis in the two areas.
{"title":"REGIMES FOR CLOSE-TO-NATURE MANAGEMENT OF THE HIGH-MOUNTAIN PASTURES ON THE TERRITORY OF BELASITSA NATURE PARK","authors":"S. Savev","doi":"10.32006/eeep.2022.2.6872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2022.2.6872","url":null,"abstract":"The high mountain and subalpine treeless part of the territory of Belasitsa Nature Park is occupied by herbaceous and shrub communities. Almost the entire part of the mountain roof is represented by a natural habitat 4060 \"Alpine and boreal ericoid communities\", with Siberian juniper being the dominant species in the communities. The current state of the vegetation resulted from the lack of economic activities in the treeless area in the last 25 years. Surveys to date have revealed significant change resulting in a reduction in the total area of grassland habitats as a result of colonization with ericoid scrub. Considering the trend of natural succession processes, the management in this area should focus to the restoration and maintenance of grass vegetation except in places with species of high conservation value. In this case, grazing can be a natural tool slowing down this undesired succession. The grassland communities in the highlands of our mountains are semi-natural and this tool could prevent them from becoming entirely juniper scrub, which would result in the loss of remaining natural habitats of conservation value. Research data show that in the past, the load of livestock to the pastures in the area was less than their capacity, i.e. pastures in the park have not been overcrowded. This fact indicates that more intense use of the pastures in the future will not provoke a danger of disturbing plant diversity. Habitat 4060 in Belasitsa occupies an area of 1023.97 ha, or 98% of the total 1037.48 ha of treeless high mountain area, with the remaining 13.51 ha being pastures of conservation importance. The grasslands of conservation importance are represented by three types of natural habitats, which, as a result of juniper succession, are highly fragmented, represented by several separate small areas of several hectares each. Two areas for pastures have been designated along the land borders between Samuilovo and Kolarovo. It is recommended that grazing be done on a rotational basis in the two areas.","PeriodicalId":369361,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123906049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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