Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14629712.2023.2227526
J. Orzel
Many noblemen from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth travelled across Europe in the eighteenth century. One of the obligatory places in their itinerary was Paris, especially Versailles — a symbol of court created by Louis XIV. During any stay in Versailles, the most important point on the agenda would be to see the court. There was no particular problem with attending the public audience, but travellers wanted to see the court up close. Depending on several factors (date of the source, age of the writer, purpose of the journey, degree of intimacy with the court, etc.), the accounts of the court of Versailles vary from descriptions of royal apartments and ceremonies (both secular and religious), through to detailed reports of political events, and accounts of private conversations with the royal family and the French elite during meals. This article presents different depictions of the private and public spheres at the court of Versailles observed by travellers from Poland and Lithuania and attempts to show the various perspectives on privacy at the court of Versailles.
{"title":"Between the Public and Private in Visions of the Court of Versailles: Reports of Travellers from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth","authors":"J. Orzel","doi":"10.1080/14629712.2023.2227526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14629712.2023.2227526","url":null,"abstract":"Many noblemen from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth travelled across Europe in the eighteenth century. One of the obligatory places in their itinerary was Paris, especially Versailles — a symbol of court created by Louis XIV. During any stay in Versailles, the most important point on the agenda would be to see the court. There was no particular problem with attending the public audience, but travellers wanted to see the court up close. Depending on several factors (date of the source, age of the writer, purpose of the journey, degree of intimacy with the court, etc.), the accounts of the court of Versailles vary from descriptions of royal apartments and ceremonies (both secular and religious), through to detailed reports of political events, and accounts of private conversations with the royal family and the French elite during meals. This article presents different depictions of the private and public spheres at the court of Versailles observed by travellers from Poland and Lithuania and attempts to show the various perspectives on privacy at the court of Versailles.","PeriodicalId":37034,"journal":{"name":"Court Historian","volume":"28 1","pages":"143 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47724899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14629712.2023.2227525
Alexandra Ziober
Any early modern ruler had to have devoted supporters. Most of them gathered around the king in order to obtain specific official and financial benefits, and sometimes they had similar political views to the monarch. However, this issue looked a bit different in relation to Vladislav IV Vasa, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, who was considered by the nobility as a sympathetic and easy-going ruler (as opposed to his more secretive father, Sigismund III). Vladislav was a king who made friendships easily, and people close to him were very clearly at the centre of influence and thus political power. One of the main objectives of this article is to indicate when and how the magnates established private contacts with Vladislav as prince and how they developed once he became king. A separate issue discussed centres on categories related to the understanding of friendship as an element of privacy in the early modern period. Through an in-depth analysis of the letters and memoirs left by the elite of the Polish-Lithuanian state, case studies of private friendships emerge, including the King’s close relationships with Adam Kazanowski, Jan Stanislaw Sapieha, Gerard Denhoff, Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł, Krzysztof Radziwiłł and several others.
{"title":"In the Circle of Power: Friends of King Vladislav IV Vasa","authors":"Alexandra Ziober","doi":"10.1080/14629712.2023.2227525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14629712.2023.2227525","url":null,"abstract":"Any early modern ruler had to have devoted supporters. Most of them gathered around the king in order to obtain specific official and financial benefits, and sometimes they had similar political views to the monarch. However, this issue looked a bit different in relation to Vladislav IV Vasa, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, who was considered by the nobility as a sympathetic and easy-going ruler (as opposed to his more secretive father, Sigismund III). Vladislav was a king who made friendships easily, and people close to him were very clearly at the centre of influence and thus political power. One of the main objectives of this article is to indicate when and how the magnates established private contacts with Vladislav as prince and how they developed once he became king. A separate issue discussed centres on categories related to the understanding of friendship as an element of privacy in the early modern period. Through an in-depth analysis of the letters and memoirs left by the elite of the Polish-Lithuanian state, case studies of private friendships emerge, including the King’s close relationships with Adam Kazanowski, Jan Stanislaw Sapieha, Gerard Denhoff, Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł, Krzysztof Radziwiłł and several others.","PeriodicalId":37034,"journal":{"name":"Court Historian","volume":"28 1","pages":"114 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41607502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14629712.2023.2227533
J. Escobar
I n his Idea of a Christian Prince, Represented in One Hundred Emblems, a book originally published in , the political theorist and diplomat Diego Saavedra Fajardo offers a lengthy description of the court as an institution. Focusing on the palace as its representative center, Saavedra equates the court with a musical instrument. The corresponding emblem features a crowned harp set before a flat landscape (fig. ). A Latin inscription reads Maiora minoribvs consonant bespeaking a challenge Saavedra sets forth that a Prince master the instrument so that he can play it well:
{"title":"Ambassadors in Golden-Age Madrid","authors":"J. Escobar","doi":"10.1080/14629712.2023.2227533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14629712.2023.2227533","url":null,"abstract":"I n his Idea of a Christian Prince, Represented in One Hundred Emblems, a book originally published in , the political theorist and diplomat Diego Saavedra Fajardo offers a lengthy description of the court as an institution. Focusing on the palace as its representative center, Saavedra equates the court with a musical instrument. The corresponding emblem features a crowned harp set before a flat landscape (fig. ). A Latin inscription reads Maiora minoribvs consonant bespeaking a challenge Saavedra sets forth that a Prince master the instrument so that he can play it well:","PeriodicalId":37034,"journal":{"name":"Court Historian","volume":"28 1","pages":"175 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43899204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14629712.2023.2227524
Oskar J. Rojewski, M. Bruun
he Centre
中心
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Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14629712.2023.2230085
Oskar J. Rojewski
This article analyses the wedding poems (epithalamia) from the Jagiellonian courts of Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus in order to understand what privacy was and how it was comprehended in the sixteenth century Polish Lithuanian-Commonwealth courts. Applying the terminological and the heuristic zone approach, this article deals with the idea that in early modern Central-Eastern Europe, privacy could have an ambiguous meaning. On the one hand, it could be grasped as family ties, especially in poems following the classical tradition where priv* words appear, and on the other hand, as the King’s personal property understood as an artifact commissioned or possessed by the ruler that formed part of his domestic belongings. The epithalamia also let us observe the wedding rituals and customs practiced by the Jagiellonians and prove their derivation from Western European court traditions.
{"title":"Revealing Privacy in Epithalamia: Royal Possessions during Wedding Festivals at the Court of the Jagiellonians: Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus","authors":"Oskar J. Rojewski","doi":"10.1080/14629712.2023.2230085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14629712.2023.2230085","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the wedding poems (epithalamia) from the Jagiellonian courts of Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus in order to understand what privacy was and how it was comprehended in the sixteenth century Polish Lithuanian-Commonwealth courts. Applying the terminological and the heuristic zone approach, this article deals with the idea that in early modern Central-Eastern Europe, privacy could have an ambiguous meaning. On the one hand, it could be grasped as family ties, especially in poems following the classical tradition where priv* words appear, and on the other hand, as the King’s personal property understood as an artifact commissioned or possessed by the ruler that formed part of his domestic belongings. The epithalamia also let us observe the wedding rituals and customs practiced by the Jagiellonians and prove their derivation from Western European court traditions.","PeriodicalId":37034,"journal":{"name":"Court Historian","volume":"28 1","pages":"101 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46361012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14629712.2023.2227530
Esther Griffin-Van Orsouw
Countess Ludwika Maria Zamoyska-Poniatowska (1728–1804) and her only child, Urszula Wandalin Mniszech-Zamoyska (1750–1816) were prominent figures at the court of their brother and uncle Stanisław August Poniatowski (1732–98), the last king of Poland from 1764 to 1795. Their influence has been recognised in the past, yet their — informal — politics have started to attract the attention of scholars only recently, while their architectural endeavours have yet to be explored. This paper offers a case-study of the no longer extant Zamoyska palace in Warsaw, the renovation of which was managed by Urszula Mniszech, on behalf of her mother. A set of architectural drawings from the 1780s and a 1799 inventory of the residence form the main focus of study. The distribution and function of rooms, interior decoration and the façade provide clues to the way this residence was to shape the life of Ludwika Zamoyska in a time of political upheaval. The variations between seemingly executed and rejected architectural designs also raise questions that can contribute to a better understanding of the different meanings of privacy in the late eighteenth century.
{"title":"Questions of Privacy at the Zamoyska Palace in Warsaw","authors":"Esther Griffin-Van Orsouw","doi":"10.1080/14629712.2023.2227530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14629712.2023.2227530","url":null,"abstract":"Countess Ludwika Maria Zamoyska-Poniatowska (1728–1804) and her only child, Urszula Wandalin Mniszech-Zamoyska (1750–1816) were prominent figures at the court of their brother and uncle Stanisław August Poniatowski (1732–98), the last king of Poland from 1764 to 1795. Their influence has been recognised in the past, yet their — informal — politics have started to attract the attention of scholars only recently, while their architectural endeavours have yet to be explored. This paper offers a case-study of the no longer extant Zamoyska palace in Warsaw, the renovation of which was managed by Urszula Mniszech, on behalf of her mother. A set of architectural drawings from the 1780s and a 1799 inventory of the residence form the main focus of study. The distribution and function of rooms, interior decoration and the façade provide clues to the way this residence was to shape the life of Ludwika Zamoyska in a time of political upheaval. The variations between seemingly executed and rejected architectural designs also raise questions that can contribute to a better understanding of the different meanings of privacy in the late eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":37034,"journal":{"name":"Court Historian","volume":"28 1","pages":"154 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49002355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14629712.2023.2228574
Mariusz Sawicki
The royal court in every European state, including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, played a representative role. The ceremonial functions at the Polish court, both private and public, connected the monarch with his subjects through a system of symbols, gestures and rituals. Private ceremonies included the christenings, birthdays and funerals of royal children and others concerning the royal family personally. In the case of private ceremonies, only a limited number of courtiers and those in the monarch’s or queen’s immediate entourage attended, although they were publicly known about. This chapter will analyse the private celebrations of the court of Louise Marie de Gonzague-Nevers (1611–1667), such as the births, baptisms and, unfortunately, deaths of royal children. These were private ceremonies and were marked by the smallest group of people, although their setting undoubtedly flowed far beyond the royal court, along with information about these events. Every detail, even the smallest, of these ceremonies was important, and a large role was also played by the godparents, who had to be chosen carefully, taking into account political considerations.
包括波兰立陶宛联邦在内的每个欧洲国家的皇家法院都发挥了代表作用。波兰宫廷的仪式职能，包括私人和公共职能，通过符号、手势和仪式系统将君主与臣民联系起来。私人仪式包括王室子女的洗礼、生日和葬礼以及其他与王室有关的个人仪式。在私人仪式的情况下，只有有限数量的朝臣和君主或女王的直接随行人员参加，尽管他们是公开的。本章将分析Louise Marie de Gonzague Nevers（1611-1667）宫廷的私人庆祝活动，如王室子女的出生、洗礼，以及不幸的死亡。这些都是私人仪式，由人数最少的人参加，尽管他们的背景无疑远远超出了王室，还有关于这些活动的信息。这些仪式的每一个细节，即使是最小的细节，都很重要，教母们也扮演着重要的角色，他们必须在考虑政治因素的情况下仔细选择。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14629712.2023.2173407
J. E. H. Muñoz
Since the first appearance of monarchies, the presence of the king determined a graded hierarchy of the surrounding space. At the same time, the position of the different courtiers in that ‘created’ space showed their rank in the palatial world and, therefore, in the whole of the court, determining the degree of access to the royal person. The admission to the Royal Household of the monarch, especially to the Royal Chamber, favoured this closeness to the ruler. This contribution aims to study the evolution of the shape of the palatine space that took place in the seventeenth-century Spanish Monarchy, especially the changes related to the Royal Chamber that regulated access to the most private spaces of the king. Indeed, in the daily practice of government during the reigns of Philip III and Philip IV, the validos, or minister-favourites like Lerma and Olivares, confirmed that the royal palaces were political spaces, and they strove to submit these spaces to their control. Within this context, the Instruction of 1637 and other subsequent regulatory documents focused on restricting the access to the royal apartments, with the Chamber at their heart, influencing the relation between private and public at court.
{"title":"The Regulation of Private Spaces: The Codification of the Royal Chamber of the Spanish Monarchy in the Seventeenth Century","authors":"J. E. H. Muñoz","doi":"10.1080/14629712.2023.2173407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14629712.2023.2173407","url":null,"abstract":"Since the first appearance of monarchies, the presence of the king determined a graded hierarchy of the surrounding space. At the same time, the position of the different courtiers in that ‘created’ space showed their rank in the palatial world and, therefore, in the whole of the court, determining the degree of access to the royal person. The admission to the Royal Household of the monarch, especially to the Royal Chamber, favoured this closeness to the ruler. This contribution aims to study the evolution of the shape of the palatine space that took place in the seventeenth-century Spanish Monarchy, especially the changes related to the Royal Chamber that regulated access to the most private spaces of the king. Indeed, in the daily practice of government during the reigns of Philip III and Philip IV, the validos, or minister-favourites like Lerma and Olivares, confirmed that the royal palaces were political spaces, and they strove to submit these spaces to their control. Within this context, the Instruction of 1637 and other subsequent regulatory documents focused on restricting the access to the royal apartments, with the Chamber at their heart, influencing the relation between private and public at court.","PeriodicalId":37034,"journal":{"name":"Court Historian","volume":"28 1","pages":"18 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48015731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/14629712.2023.2173406
Dustin M. Neighbors
T he explosive interview with Prince Harry and Meghan Markle, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, pointed to several issues surrounding the modern monarchy and royal court in the United Kingdom. More importantly, the interview has brought to the fore a tension that has existed since premodern times — the conflict between the public and private embedded within the institution of monarchy and royal court culture. This conflict over the public and private lives of the British royal family and the court’s involvement has never been more viscerally fought over or caused such havoc than it has in modern times. During the interview, Markle proclaimed ‘There is the family and there’s the people that are running the institution’, both of which she charged subjected her to mistreatment and racism. This distinction between the family and the ‘institution’ is important because it not only characterises the political culture of the British royal establishment in the modern context, but it also identifies a clear power divide. The ‘institution’, or ‘firm’ as it is more commonly referred to by the royal family themselves, is particularly relevant for the collection of essays presented here, because the firm is very much the royal court, regardless of its label. According to the Sussexes, the royal court was the source of their problems — from their mistreatment by not providing support in dealing with the media and the violation of their privacy, to the firm’s attitudes towards race and racism— because of the firm’s priority for and devotion to the monarchy and its business endeavours. The prioritising of the royal establishment over the wellbeing of the Sussexes led to their decision to step back from royal duties in February . The modern court’s role is in many ways similar to its historical predecessors, in which the court is made up of the monarch and their family (primarily the senior members of the royal family, peers of the realm, civil servants, and household staff). Yet, the modern British royal court is markedly different due to its current constitution and organisation which is shaped by the media interchange. On the one hand, the firm depends on the media for public relations to support their charities and business activities, communicate their point of view and share royal news. On the other hand, the royal establishment are beholden to the public and have to deal with the demands of the media. In fact, following on from the interview, Harry and Meghan released a follow up Netflix documentary in December . During the documentary, Harry explains in detail, complete with diagrams, that a ‘press pack of royal correspondents is essentially just an extended PR arm of the royal family.’ Continuing, Harry then
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