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UNIVERSITY: GENESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF IDEA 大学:观念的起源与转变
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.2.3.133-152
Sergey Smirnov
The article is devoted to the birth and transformation of the Idea of the University as an institutional form within the German spiritual culture of the 19th – 20th centuries. The author traces the history of the Idea of the University from the works of I. Kant (through the prism of his idea of the Enlightenment), then in the works of W. von Humboldt, the attempt to revive the Idea in the works of K. Jaspers, and the death of the idea during Nazism on the example of the “Heidegger case” The article specifically examines the basic principles of the University of W. von Humboldt – academic freedom and unity of science and education. The latter is considered not in a narrow academic sense, but in the classical – the formation of a person's image, chasing his appearance. W. von Humboldt assumed the unity of three universes: the universe of man, the universe of knowledge and the university as an institution that creates conditions for “solitude and freedom”.Further, the author shows the transformation of the university in the modern world in connection with the change in the time vector, the reorientation of the educational paradigm from the past to the future and the search, in this connection, of a new identity for universities. Despite the actual death of the classical idea of the University of W. von Humboldt, the author shows that this idea can be revived in a new model of an entrepreneurial university, which also contains the basic principle of W. von Humboldt, which presupposes a constant scientific search and the formation of a person for whom personal development remains a value.
这篇文章致力于19 - 20世纪德国精神文化中作为一种制度形式的大学理念的诞生和转变。作者想法的历史痕迹的大学。康德的作品(通过棱镜他的思想启蒙运动的),然后在w·冯·洪堡的作品,试图重振k雅斯贝尔斯的作品的想法和主意在纳粹主义的死亡的例子“海德格尔案例”这篇文章专门检查w·冯·洪堡大学的基本原则,科学和教育的学术自由和团结。后者不是狭义的学术意义上的,而是古典意义上的——塑造一个人的形象,追逐他的外表。冯·洪堡认为三个宇宙是统一的:人的宇宙、知识的宇宙和大学是为“孤独和自由”创造条件的机构。此外,作者还展示了大学在现代世界中的转型与时间向量的变化、教育范式从过去到未来的重新定位以及大学新身份的寻找有关。尽管冯·洪堡大学的经典理念实际上已经死亡,但作者表明,这一理念可以在一种新的创业型大学模式中复活,这种模式也包含了冯·洪堡的基本原则,即以不断的科学探索和培养一个以个人发展为价值的人为前提。
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引用次数: 0
SCIENTIST'S PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY: FACTORS AND PATTERNS OF TRANSFORMATION 科学家的职业认同:转变的因素与模式
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.2.3.61-72
A. Ablazhey
The article is devoted to the analysis of factors and patterns of transformation the professional identity of scientists on the example of modern Russian science. The analysis was carried out on the basis of both secondary and primary sociological data. As the primary sociological data were used the materials of quantitative and qualitative research carried out in scientific centers of the SB RAS in the period from the end of the 1990s to the end of the 2010s. It is concluded that the leading factor for the transformation of the professional identity of Russian scientists was, first of all, a sharp change in the attitude towards science on the part of society and the state. We can say about the crisis in these relations is evident, which was reflected in a sharp drop of economic and social status of science. In addition, we are also talking about the weakening of the science’s cognitive role in culture. Three post-Soviet decades have shown that science, as a rule, found ways to successfully adapt to a constantly changing situation, primarily a change in the course of state scientific policy.
本文以俄罗斯现代科学为例,分析了科学家职业认同转变的因素和模式。分析是在二级和初级社会学数据的基础上进行的。作为主要的社会学数据,本研究采用了上世纪90年代末至2010年代末在科学院各科学中心进行的定量和定性研究的材料。结论是,俄罗斯科学家职业身份转变的主要因素首先是社会和国家对科学态度的急剧变化。我们可以说,这些关系的危机是显而易见的,这反映在科学经济社会地位的急剧下降上。此外,我们也在谈论科学在文化中的认知作用的弱化。苏联解体后的三十年表明,科学通常找到了成功适应不断变化的形势的方法,主要是国家科学政策进程的变化。
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引用次数: 0
ON TYPE-THEORETICAL FORMALIZATION OF SITUATION SEMANTICS 论情景语义的类型理论形式化
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.2.3.32-41
O. Domanov
Situation semantics is an effective instrument for analysing semantical aspects of natural languages with explicit dependence on contexts, like referential opacity of belief contexts etc. Making use of type-theoretical approaches not only makes its formalism more practical in many ways, but also facilitates its migration to computer systems, specifically, the formalization in functional programming languages. The article deals with a prototype of the type theoretical language of situation semantics, implemented on the basis of the language Racket. It decribes principal approaches, methods of solving some problems of formal semantics as well as issues that need to be addressed.
情境语义学是分析具有明确语境依赖性的自然语言语义方面的有效工具,如信念语境的参照不透明性等。使用类型理论方法不仅使其形式化在许多方面更加实用,而且有助于将其迁移到计算机系统,特别是函数式编程语言的形式化。本文讨论了一种基于Racket语言实现的情景语义类型理论语言的原型。它描述了解决一些形式语义问题的主要方法和方法,以及需要解决的问题。
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引用次数: 0
BAKHTIN AND RENE GIRARD ON DOSTOEVSKY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 巴赫金与勒内·吉拉德对陀思妥耶夫斯基的比较分析
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.2.3.42-51
K. Rodin
The article provides a critical comparison of two independent interpretations of F. M. Dostoevsky: from the side of M. Bakhtin and from the side of Rene Girard. Both authors have created coherent ways of understanding and reading the literary heritage of the writer in the perspective of their own understanding of the history of literature and the intellectual history of mankind as such. Dostoevsky is significant for Bakhtin not simply as an illustration of the applicability of some of his own ideas within the framework of literary criticism. Bakhtin sees Dostoevsky as an innovator in the development of the menippea genre and an unprecedented dialogization of literature. At the same time, without Dostoevsky, the movement of literature postulated by Girard towards the embodiment of the Gospel revelation would be incomplete. The incompleteness of Girard or Bakhtin without Dostoevsky (with all the reservations) is not fundamental.Without Dostoevsky, history as such fundamentally changes for Girard and for Bakhtin. The apparent incomparability of the authors makes it possible to read Dostoevsky differently. From the context of Girard, the meaning of Bakhtin's works and, inevitably, the meaning of laughter and dialogue (polyphony) in history are significantly transformed. On the other hand, the ways of including Dostoevsky in the image of history created by Girard, independently of Bakhtin, also run into difficulties.
本文对陀思妥耶夫斯基的两种独立解读进行了批判性的比较:巴赫金的解读和勒内·吉拉德的解读。两位作者都从自己对文学史和人类思想史的理解出发,创造了连贯的理解和解读作家文学遗产的方式。陀思妥耶夫斯基对巴赫金来说意义重大,不仅仅是作为他自己的一些思想在文学批评框架内的适用性的例证。巴赫金认为陀思妥耶夫斯基是menippea体裁发展的革新者,是史无前例的文学对话。与此同时,如果没有陀思妥耶夫斯基,吉拉德所设想的文学运动将是不完整的,它将体现福音的启示。没有陀思妥耶夫斯基的吉拉德或巴赫金的不完整(连同所有的保留)并不是根本的。没有陀思妥耶夫斯基,对吉拉德和巴赫金来说,历史就会发生根本性的变化。两位作者之间明显的不可比较性使得人们有可能以不同的方式解读陀思妥耶夫斯基。从吉拉德的语境来看,巴赫金作品的意义,以及不可避免的,历史上笑声和对话(复调)的意义都发生了重大的转变。另一方面,吉拉德将陀思妥耶夫斯基独立于巴赫金所创造的历史形象纳入其中的方式也遇到了困难。
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引用次数: 0
FORMS OF ETHNIC IDENTITY AND STRATEGIES OF INTERETHNIC INTEGRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE URBAN COMMUNITY. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY 城市社区青年族群认同的形式与族群融合策略。分析研究结果
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.85-103
O. Persidskaya
The article provides an analysis of the results of a sociological study conducted in the form of interviews with Novosibirsk residents aged 14 to 19 years. The study was aimed at identifying the forms of ethnic identity in modern youth and the relationship of these forms with the strategies of interethnic integration. It is shown that different combinations of indicators of the severity and valence of ethnic identity form a set of forms of ethnic identity. This allows us to get away from a one-dimensional interpretation of this phenomenon. The identified forms of ethnic identity differ both in the content of what is invested in the understanding of one's own ethnic identity and in the choice of strategies for interethnic interaction. Based on the analysis of the research results, three forms of ethnic identity are described: pronounced, nominal and distant. It is shown that an intercultural and culturally oriented strategy of interethnic interaction corresponds to a pronounced form of ethnic identity, and an omniculturalism to a distant form.
本文对一项社会学研究的结果进行了分析,该研究以采访新西伯利亚14至19岁的居民的形式进行。本研究旨在确定现代青年族群认同的形式,以及这些形式与族群融合策略的关系。研究表明,民族认同的严重程度和效价指标的不同组合形成了一套民族认同的形式。这使我们能够摆脱对这种现象的一维解释。已确定的种族认同形式在对自己种族认同的理解所投入的内容和对种族间互动策略的选择上都有所不同。在对研究结果进行分析的基础上,本文描述了三种形式的族群认同:显性、名义性和距离性。研究表明,跨文化和以文化为导向的种族间互动策略对应于一种明显的种族认同形式,而全文化主义对应于一种遥远的形式。
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引用次数: 0
THE REPRESENTATIONS ON THE CONTEMPLATIVE AND ACTIVE LIFE IN EARLY HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHY 早期希腊化哲学中关于沉思和积极生活的表现
Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.2.2.5-17
V. Brovkin
It is established that the question of the preferred way of life was actualized in the early Hellenistic philosophy. For many philosophers, the contemplative and the active life were equivalent. This position was held by Demetrius of Phalerum, early Stoics, probably Xenocrates and Menedemus of Eretria. Dicaearchus preferred an active life. Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Epicurus preferred the contemplative life. Unlike Aristotle and Theophrastus, Epicurus viewed the contemplative life not as an end, but only as a means of achieving serenity. It was also found that the high value of active life in early Hellenistic philosophy was due to the preservation of the polis system and the formation of Hellenistic monarchies, which opened up wide opportunities for philosophers to participate in political activities. The desire for a contemplative life was associated with the crisis of the polis system.
可以确定的是,首选生活方式的问题是在早期希腊化哲学中实现的。对于许多哲学家来说,沉思和积极的生活是等同的。这个职位是由早期斯多葛派的费勒勒姆的狄米特留斯,可能是Xenocrates和Eretria的Menedemus担任的。Dicaearchus喜欢活跃的生活。亚里士多德、泰奥弗拉斯图斯和伊壁鸠鲁更喜欢沉思的生活。与亚里士多德和泰奥弗拉斯都不同,伊壁鸠鲁认为沉思的生活不是目的,而只是实现宁静的一种手段。我们还发现,早期希腊化哲学中积极生活的高度价值是由于城邦制度的保存和希腊化君主制的形成,这为哲学家参与政治活动开辟了广阔的机会。对沉思生活的渴望与城邦制度的危机联系在一起。
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引用次数: 0
LEGAL FICTION: METHODS OF APPLICATION IN THE CIVIL LAW OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 法律虚构:俄罗斯联邦民法中的适用方法
Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.2.2.121-130
Anastasiia Artemova
The article examines the essence of legal fiction. Based on an analysis of the current legislation of the Russian Federation, the author has established ways of using legal fiction in civil law. It has been substantiated that legal fiction finds expression in the construction of a legal entity and the institution of fictitious transactions. Legal fiction is used to extend the legal regime of one object to another object, as well as the legal status of one subject to another subject. Legal fiction is used when it is necessary to overcome a situation of legal uncertainty, to recognize as real non-existent circumstances to restore the violated rights of persons who have suffered as a result of the actions of unscrupulous participants in civil-law transactions. Finally, the method of legal fiction is widely used by the legislator the legal economy. As a result of the study, a conclusion was made about the importance of legal fiction for the process of lawmaking.
本文考察了法律小说的本质。在对俄罗斯联邦现行立法进行分析的基础上,笔者提出了在民法中运用法律虚构的途径。事实证明,法律虚构主要表现在法律实体的建构和虚拟交易制度上。法律虚构是将一个客体的法律制度延伸到另一个客体,将一个主体的法律地位延伸到另一个主体。当有必要克服法律不确定的情况时,就使用法律虚构,承认不存在的情况是真实的,以恢复因无道德的民法交易参与者的行为而遭受侵犯的人的权利。最后,法律虚构的方法在法律经济中被立法者广泛使用。研究结果表明,法律小说在立法过程中的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
FAMILY AND WORK IN THE SYSTEM OF VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF DAGHESTANIS 达吉斯坦人价值取向体系中的家庭与工作
Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.2.2.74-85
A. Adiev, A. Vinokurova
The paper presents the main aspects related to the implementation of the value orientations of the residents of Dagestan in the field of family and professional and labour activity, which are considered in the context of the basic characteristics that determine the socio-economic development of this region. The study was carried out mainly based on quantitative methods, including the analysis of official statistics data and the results of a questionnaire survey (n=170) conducted with the direct participation of the authors in 2020. Our research has shown that Daghestanis are mainly focused on family and material well-being. The desire to improve their well-being and the well-being of their family encourages the formation of professional and labour orientations that provide for a stable, permanent, well-paid job with career prospects.
本文介绍了与达吉斯坦居民在家庭、专业和劳动活动领域实现价值取向有关的主要方面,这些方面是在决定该地区社会经济发展的基本特征的背景下考虑的。本研究主要采用定量方法进行,包括对官方统计数据的分析,以及作者在2020年直接参与的问卷调查结果(n=170)。我们的研究表明,达吉斯坦人主要关注家庭和物质福利。改善其福利及其家庭福利的愿望鼓励形成专业和劳动方向,提供稳定、长期、高收入、有职业前景的工作。
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引用次数: 0
BIOPOLITICS AS AN ASPECT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN NON-LIBERAL POLITICAL REGIMES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE PRC) 生命政治作为非自由政体中公共行政的一个方面(以中华人民共和国为例)
Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.2.2.86-97
Nikolai Kshevin, O. Simonenko
The article focuses on the potential applicability of biopolitics to modern elements of public administration in non-liberal political regimes on the example of China. M. Foucault's biopolitics is a rather difficult concept to use for the analysis of modern countries of the East due to the initial connection of the concept to the Western intellectual tradition. Based on analysis of the various researches in biopolitics, we propose to look further into strategies for expanding the concept to determine the most suitable for the study of public administration in non-liberal political regimes on the example of the PRC. It is noted that modern China, being an example of a non-liberal political regime, has signs of biopolitical state governance. It is concluded that biopolitics as a technology of power over the population is not an exclusive part of liberal governance.
本文以中国为例,重点探讨了在非自由主义政体中,生命政治学对现代公共行政要素的潜在适用性。福柯的生命政治是一个相当难以用于分析东方现代国家的概念,因为这个概念最初是与西方知识传统联系在一起的。在对各种生物政治学研究进行分析的基础上,我们建议进一步探索扩展这一概念的策略,以确定最适合非自由政治体制下公共行政研究的概念,并以中国为例。值得注意的是,现代中国作为一个非自由政体的例子,具有生命政治国家治理的迹象。结论是,生命政治作为一种控制人口的权力技术,并不是自由主义治理的专有部分。
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引用次数: 1
IS IT POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT SCHOOL? 在学校培养企业家精神有可能吗?
Pub Date : 2021-03-29 DOI: 10.47850/rl.2021.2.2.98-112
M. Farnicka, Inetta Nowosad
Entrepreneurship will make it possible for young people to adapt to the employment market and participate in not only professional but also social and personal adult life effectively and satisfactorily. This article aimed to emphasize the way of developing entrepreneurship in the educational practice. The base of reflection as Culturally Relevant Pedagogy and Karney’s definition of entrepreneurship. These approaches may open schools as environments for the coordination of all processes hidden in their culture on the way to effectiveness. The category of entrepreneurship understood as a personal and organizational feature, an attitude, an activity mode, and a path of individual and institutional development were considered. When introducing challenges connected with the development of Entrepreneurship, some tools were described which make it possible to evaluate the changes taking place in the didactic process. This means that reflection on the process of development of must appears in various implementation spaces. It would be observable both at the level of individual development (students’ and teachers’ competencies), about activities undertaken within an organization, as well as changes in organizational climate and overall educational environment.
创业将使年轻人能够适应就业市场,不仅有效和满意地参与专业生活,而且参与社会和个人的成年生活。本文旨在强调在教育实践中培养企业家精神的途径。反思作为文化相关教育学的基础和卡尼对企业家精神的定义。这些方法可以使学校成为协调隐藏在其文化中的所有过程的环境,从而提高效率。企业家精神的范畴被理解为个人和组织的特征,一种态度,一种活动模式,以及个人和机构的发展路径。在介绍与创业精神发展有关的挑战时,介绍了一些工具,使评估教学过程中发生的变化成为可能。这意味着对must的发展过程的反思出现在各个实施空间中。在个人发展(学生和教师的能力)、组织内开展的活动以及组织气氛和整个教育环境的变化两方面都可以观察到。
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引用次数: 0
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