Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.655
P. Zabroda, L. Pshenichnov, D. Marichev
Non-extractive method for the benthic wildlife study using the underwater video system (UVS) recording was provided during the research survey with the bottom longline in the northwestern part of the Weddell Sea. At the longline survey stations the data on wind direction and speed, state of the sea, air temperature, cloudiness, ice concentration, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, depth and coordinates of the anchor setting, direction of the longline set also were collected. It was found that the UVS with additional light during video recording does not disturb the animal behavior at depths of 700–1100 m in the study area. Three UVS observations have been described. The slope of the northwestern part of the Weddell Sea can be considered as spawning site of squid (Slosarczykovia circumantarctica). The data indicate wide distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and Antarctic jonasfish (Notolepis coatsi) in the area. The high density of the adult Antarctic jonasfish in a single place has never been recorded before. Preliminary observations and analysis of video recordings showed that the shooting lighting andobservation distance are sufficient for observing and identifying animals, their behavior and movement. This technique will allow estimating the relative species abundance and size distribution.
{"title":"Benthic wildlife underwater video recording during longline survey in Weddell Sea","authors":"P. Zabroda, L. Pshenichnov, D. Marichev","doi":"10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.655","url":null,"abstract":"Non-extractive method for the benthic wildlife study using the underwater video system (UVS) recording was provided during the research survey with the bottom longline in the northwestern part of the Weddell Sea. At the longline survey stations the data on wind direction and speed, state of the sea, air temperature, cloudiness, ice concentration, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, depth and coordinates of the anchor setting, direction of the longline set also were collected. It was found that the UVS with additional light during video recording does not disturb the animal behavior at depths of 700–1100 m in the study area. Three UVS observations have been described. The slope of the northwestern part of the Weddell Sea can be considered as spawning site of squid (Slosarczykovia circumantarctica). The data indicate wide distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and Antarctic jonasfish (Notolepis coatsi) in the area. The high density of the adult Antarctic jonasfish in a single place has never been recorded before. Preliminary observations and analysis of video recordings showed that the shooting lighting andobservation distance are sufficient for observing and identifying animals, their behavior and movement. This technique will allow estimating the relative species abundance and size distribution.","PeriodicalId":370867,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Antarctic Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121272064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.648
M. Savenets, L. Pysarenko, D. Pishniak
The study presents analysis of microclimatic conditions on Galindez Island (western part of the Antarctic Peninsula), in particular: seasonal variability and spatial heterogeneity. Based on land surface temperature (LST) data derived from loggers and MicroClimate Monitoring Station, we analyzed areas with active growth of local plants. Seasonal variations formed mainly under annual and semi-annual cycles, with no dependencies of amplitudes and phases form area location. LST highly correlates with air temperature and total incoming irradiance. It is emphasized that spatial orientation of relief microforms plays the most significant role for LST formation on micro-level. Using cluster analysis, it was found that temperature loggers which are located along shoreline and oriented to the north–north-east could be grouped by similar LST distribution.
{"title":"Microclimatic variations of land surface temperatureon Galindez Island (western part of the Antarctic Peninsula)","authors":"M. Savenets, L. Pysarenko, D. Pishniak","doi":"10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.648","url":null,"abstract":"The study presents analysis of microclimatic conditions on Galindez Island (western part of the Antarctic Peninsula), in particular: seasonal variability and spatial heterogeneity. Based on land surface temperature (LST) data derived from loggers and MicroClimate Monitoring Station, we analyzed areas with active growth of local plants. Seasonal variations formed mainly under annual and semi-annual cycles, with no dependencies of amplitudes and phases form area location. LST highly correlates with air temperature and total incoming irradiance. It is emphasized that spatial orientation of relief microforms plays the most significant role for LST formation on micro-level. Using cluster analysis, it was found that temperature loggers which are located along shoreline and oriented to the north–north-east could be grouped by similar LST distribution.","PeriodicalId":370867,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Antarctic Journal","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132067051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.649
I. Brovchenko, V. Maderich, К. Тerletska, A. Bezhenar
The objective of the study is to simulate using numerical methods the seasonal and intraseasonal variations of circula-tion, sea level, temperature and salinity in the Bellingshausen Sea and on the shelf of the western part of the Antarctic Penin-sula (WAP). The Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model with an unstructured triangular horizontal grid and a vertical local sigma coordinate system and ice dynamic-thermodynamic Finite-Element Sea Ice Model were applied. Heat, momentum and salt fluxes were set on the ocean surface using the ERA5 reanalysis data. At the open boundaries, the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity was determined according to the COPERNICUS reanalysis. At the western open boundary of the computational domain, the vertical distribution of velocity of currents from COPERNICUS was also specified, whereas at the open eastern boundary the level deviations were specified. Time variability analysis of sea level wasperformed using wavelet analysis. The results of modelling of the sea level, temperature, and salinity fields for 2014–2015 were compared with the available observational data on the shelf of the WAP, including data from the Ukrainian Antarctic Expedition. The simulated horizontal and vertical distributions of the subsurface layer with minimum of potential temperature Tmin (Winter Water) are given. The depth of the Tmin varies in the range of 10–100 m increasing to the north. The values of minimum of po-tential temperature Tmin also increase to the north from –1.8 to 1.2 °C. The intraseasonal oscillations of sea level computed by the model for 2014—2015 were analysed together with data of observations at the tidal stations Faraday/Akademik Vernadsky and Rothera located at the coast of WAP. In the range 1–150 days the largest amplitudes of the level scalegrams were found for a period of approximately 100 days in 2014 and 120 days in 2015 at both stations. The largest amplitudes of modelled level scale-grams were observed with a period of approximately 88 days in 2014 and 80 days in 2015 at both stations. The largest amplitudesof scalegrams for Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) were found for a period of 105 days in 2014 and 123 days in 2015. The corresponding correlation coefficients between observed sea level scalegrams and AAO for 2014 were 0.84 and 0.86, respectively, whereas for 2015 they were 0.87 and 0.90, respectively. It was concluded that the relationship between intraseasonal processes in the ocean in West Antarctica and AAO existed at a time scale of about 100 days.
{"title":"Modelling seasonal and intraseasonal variations of circulation,temperature, salinity and sea level in the Bellingshausen Seaand on the Antarctic Peninsula shelf","authors":"I. Brovchenko, V. Maderich, К. Тerletska, A. Bezhenar","doi":"10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.649","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the study is to simulate using numerical methods the seasonal and intraseasonal variations of circula-tion, sea level, temperature and salinity in the Bellingshausen Sea and on the shelf of the western part of the Antarctic Penin-sula (WAP). The Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated System Model with an unstructured triangular horizontal grid and a vertical local sigma coordinate system and ice dynamic-thermodynamic Finite-Element Sea Ice Model were applied. Heat, momentum and salt fluxes were set on the ocean surface using the ERA5 reanalysis data. At the open boundaries, the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity was determined according to the COPERNICUS reanalysis. At the western open boundary of the computational domain, the vertical distribution of velocity of currents from COPERNICUS was also specified, whereas at the open eastern boundary the level deviations were specified. Time variability analysis of sea level wasperformed using wavelet analysis. The results of modelling of the sea level, temperature, and salinity fields for 2014–2015 were compared with the available observational data on the shelf of the WAP, including data from the Ukrainian Antarctic Expedition. The simulated horizontal and vertical distributions of the subsurface layer with minimum of potential temperature Tmin (Winter Water) are given. The depth of the Tmin varies in the range of 10–100 m increasing to the north. The values of minimum of po-tential temperature Tmin also increase to the north from –1.8 to 1.2 °C. The intraseasonal oscillations of sea level computed by the model for 2014—2015 were analysed together with data of observations at the tidal stations Faraday/Akademik Vernadsky and Rothera located at the coast of WAP. In the range 1–150 days the largest amplitudes of the level scalegrams were found for a period of approximately 100 days in 2014 and 120 days in 2015 at both stations. The largest amplitudes of modelled level scale-grams were observed with a period of approximately 88 days in 2014 and 80 days in 2015 at both stations. The largest amplitudesof scalegrams for Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) were found for a period of 105 days in 2014 and 123 days in 2015. The corresponding correlation coefficients between observed sea level scalegrams and AAO for 2014 were 0.84 and 0.86, respectively, whereas for 2015 they were 0.87 and 0.90, respectively. It was concluded that the relationship between intraseasonal processes in the ocean in West Antarctica and AAO existed at a time scale of about 100 days.","PeriodicalId":370867,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Antarctic Journal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127217161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.652
J. Siddaway, A. Klekociuk, S. Alexander, A. Grytsai, G. Milinevsky, R. Dargaville, O. Ivaniha, O. Evtushevsky
In the paper the seasonal trends in the zonal asymmetry in the quasi-stationary wave pattern of total ozone column (TOC) at southern polar latitudes have been investigated. We evaluated and compared seasonal trends in the zonal TOC asymmetry from modern era satellite measurements using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data and the second Chemistry Climate Model Validation (CCMVal-2) assessment. The model longitude phase shifts in asymmetry are in general consistent with the eastward phase shifts observed in historical period 1979–2005, however, there are underestimated values in individual seasons. Future trends in zonal asymmetry from the eleven CCMVal-2 models up to 2100 are presented. They demonstrate the appearance of reverse (westward) future phase shifts, mainly in austral summer. The results are in agreement with previous study and highlight that the general eastward/westward phase shift is caused by both greenhouse gases changes and ozone depletion/recovery. The greenhouse gases change drives a basic long-term eastward shift, which is enhanced (decelerates or reverses) in austral spring and summer by ozone depletion (recovery). The trends in the TOC asymmetry are forced by a general strengthening of the stratospheric zonal flow, which is interacting with the asymmetry of the Antarctic continent to displace the quasi-stationary wave-1 pattern and thus influences the TOC distribution. The results will be useful in prediction of seasonal anomalies in ozone hole and long-term changes in the local TOC trends, in ultraviolet radiation influence on the Southern Ocean biological productivity and in regional surface climate affected by the zonally asymmetric ozone hole.
{"title":"Assessment of the zonal asymmetry trend in Antarctic total ozonecolumn using TOMS measurements and CCMVal-2 models","authors":"J. Siddaway, A. Klekociuk, S. Alexander, A. Grytsai, G. Milinevsky, R. Dargaville, O. Ivaniha, O. Evtushevsky","doi":"10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.2.2020.652","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper the seasonal trends in the zonal asymmetry in the quasi-stationary wave pattern of total ozone column (TOC) at southern polar latitudes have been investigated. We evaluated and compared seasonal trends in the zonal TOC asymmetry from modern era satellite measurements using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data and the second Chemistry Climate Model Validation (CCMVal-2) assessment. The model longitude phase shifts in asymmetry are in general consistent with the eastward phase shifts observed in historical period 1979–2005, however, there are underestimated values in individual seasons. Future trends in zonal asymmetry from the eleven CCMVal-2 models up to 2100 are presented. They demonstrate the appearance of reverse (westward) future phase shifts, mainly in austral summer. The results are in agreement with previous study and highlight that the general eastward/westward phase shift is caused by both greenhouse gases changes and ozone depletion/recovery. The greenhouse gases change drives a basic long-term eastward shift, which is enhanced (decelerates or reverses) in austral spring and summer by ozone depletion (recovery). The trends in the TOC asymmetry are forced by a general strengthening of the stratospheric zonal flow, which is interacting with the asymmetry of the Antarctic continent to displace the quasi-stationary wave-1 pattern and thus influences the TOC distribution. The results will be useful in prediction of seasonal anomalies in ozone hole and long-term changes in the local TOC trends, in ultraviolet radiation influence on the Southern Ocean biological productivity and in regional surface climate affected by the zonally asymmetric ozone hole.","PeriodicalId":370867,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Antarctic Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134529946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.1.2020.378
O. Ivaniha
. Objectives. To analyze ozone monthly mean data from the MERRA-2 reanalysis and CMIP6 model. To determine Antarctic ozone asymmetry climatology for austral spring months (September, October, November) over the 1980–2014 period. Methods. Processing and visualization of the MERRA-2, CMIP6 data on total ozone and ozone partial pressure, following analysis, interpretation, and comparison. Getting 2D (total ozone column) and 3D (ozone partial pressure) monthly mean ozone values for the zonal band (0 ° –90 ° S) at pressure levels (1000–0.1 hPa) for each month of the chosen period. Calculating climatology of the total ozone and ozone partial pressure. Comparison of model and reanalysis of results. Results. The amplitude of ozone zonal asymmetry was calculated to provide the monthly, latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal analysis. It is shown that the largest ozone zonal asymmetry is observed in spring, especially in October, with dominant wave-1 structure with zonal minimum over 0 ° –90 ° W, and maximum over 120 ° –180 ° E longitudinal sectors. The area with high ozone content is located at the 40 ° –80 ° S zonal band and gradually shifts to the south from September to November. The model underestimates amplitude of ozone zonal asymmetry, especially in October. Conclusions. Latitudinal mean maximums in zonal mean ozone distribution are observed over 62 ° S, in October over 66 ° S, and in November over 68 ° S for MERRA-2 and over 64 ° S, 65 ° S and 66 ° S respectively for CMIP6. The poleward shift of ozone latitude maximum continues until March with decreasing of ozone level, but in April, the shift reverses its direction to equatorward and ozone level starts to increase, however in the model this process is slower. In September the shift again becomes poleward. In the longitudinal distribution wave-1 pattern dominates with a shift of longitude ozone minimum. From September to October the shift is eastward, and from October to November westward by MERRA-2 data and only eastward by CMIP6 data. The highest difference in altitude ozone distribution is observed during October in the stratosphere between ozone zonal minimum and maximum points and reaches approximately 68% (44%) of the zonal average value at 65 ° S (65.4 ° S) by MERRA-2 (CMIP6) data. MERRA-2 profiles unlike CMIP6 one show higher location of altitudinal maximum over the zonal minimum and lower over the zonal maximum with the zonal mean in the middle. All three CMIP6 profiles have the same height of altitude maximum.
{"title":"Long-term analysis of the Antarctic total ozone zonal asymmetry by MERRA-2 and CMIP6 data","authors":"O. Ivaniha","doi":"10.33275/1727-7485.1.2020.378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.1.2020.378","url":null,"abstract":". Objectives. To analyze ozone monthly mean data from the MERRA-2 reanalysis and CMIP6 model. To determine Antarctic ozone asymmetry climatology for austral spring months (September, October, November) over the 1980–2014 period. Methods. Processing and visualization of the MERRA-2, CMIP6 data on total ozone and ozone partial pressure, following analysis, interpretation, and comparison. Getting 2D (total ozone column) and 3D (ozone partial pressure) monthly mean ozone values for the zonal band (0 ° –90 ° S) at pressure levels (1000–0.1 hPa) for each month of the chosen period. Calculating climatology of the total ozone and ozone partial pressure. Comparison of model and reanalysis of results. Results. The amplitude of ozone zonal asymmetry was calculated to provide the monthly, latitudinal, longitudinal and altitudinal analysis. It is shown that the largest ozone zonal asymmetry is observed in spring, especially in October, with dominant wave-1 structure with zonal minimum over 0 ° –90 ° W, and maximum over 120 ° –180 ° E longitudinal sectors. The area with high ozone content is located at the 40 ° –80 ° S zonal band and gradually shifts to the south from September to November. The model underestimates amplitude of ozone zonal asymmetry, especially in October. Conclusions. Latitudinal mean maximums in zonal mean ozone distribution are observed over 62 ° S, in October over 66 ° S, and in November over 68 ° S for MERRA-2 and over 64 ° S, 65 ° S and 66 ° S respectively for CMIP6. The poleward shift of ozone latitude maximum continues until March with decreasing of ozone level, but in April, the shift reverses its direction to equatorward and ozone level starts to increase, however in the model this process is slower. In September the shift again becomes poleward. In the longitudinal distribution wave-1 pattern dominates with a shift of longitude ozone minimum. From September to October the shift is eastward, and from October to November westward by MERRA-2 data and only eastward by CMIP6 data. The highest difference in altitude ozone distribution is observed during October in the stratosphere between ozone zonal minimum and maximum points and reaches approximately 68% (44%) of the zonal average value at 65 ° S (65.4 ° S) by MERRA-2 (CMIP6) data. MERRA-2 profiles unlike CMIP6 one show higher location of altitudinal maximum over the zonal minimum and lower over the zonal maximum with the zonal mean in the middle. All three CMIP6 profiles have the same height of altitude maximum.","PeriodicalId":370867,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Antarctic Journal","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116069531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.1.2020.380
N. Raksha, I. Udovychenko, T. Halenova, T. Vovk, O. Savchuk, L. Ostapchenko
. Considering the continuing increase of morbidity and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular diseases, the search for novel compounds able to affect the hemostasis system is among the current trends of modern science and pharmacol-ogy. Fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes because of their role in dissolving blood clots as well as prevention of their formation attract special attention. The main goal of the current research was to develop the methodological approaches to obtain fibrino(geno) lytic enzymes from Antarctic hydrobionts and study their effects on the functioning of the hemostasis system. A complex approach which included affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography was applied to isolate the fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes from the tissue of Antarctic nemertea ( Parborlasia corrugatus ), Antarctic sea urchin ( Sterechinus neumayeri ), and Antarctic sea star ( Odontaster validus ). The presence of proteolytic activity was monitored by zymographic technique. Fibrin(ogen)olytic activity was assessed by incubation of the samples with fibrinogen followed by 10% SDS-PAGE analysis. To test the substrate specificity of the enzymes, the chromogenic substrates such as H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg- p NA, pyroGlu-Pro-Arg- p NA, H-D-Val-Leu-Lys- p NA and Bz-IIe-Glu( γ -OR)-Gly-Arg- p NA were used. The influence of fib rino(geno)lytic enzymes on platelet aggregation was assessed in platelet-rich plasma. To analyze the effect of the fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes on coagulation the blood coagulation time was assessed. The obtained results clearly indicated the presence of enzymes with activity toward fibrinogen in the tissues of tested hydrobionts. Based on the results of SDS-PAGE and zymography the molecular weight of the fibrino(geno) lytic enzymes was in the range of 26–34 kDa. The fibrinogen cleavage pattern analyzed by SDS-PAGE revealed the susceptibility of fibrinogen chains to degradation by enzymes from tissues of Antarctic hydrobionts. The fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes from all tested hydrobionts cleaved preferentially the A α -chain and more slowly the B β -chain of fibrinogen. The fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes mediated the significant prolongation of blood clotting time in chronometric tests and inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The enzymes exhibit activity against chromogenic substrates, which was more expressed in case of pyroGlu-Pro-Arg- p NA — a specific synthetic substrate for activated protein C and factor XIa. The enzymes isolated from the tissues of Antarctic marine hydrobionts possess a fibrin(ogen)olytic activity and can be of medical interest as therapeutic agents in the treatment and prevention of thrombotic disorders.
． 考虑到与心血管疾病相关的发病率和死亡率的持续增加，寻找能够影响止血系统的新型化合物是现代科学和药理学的当前趋势之一。纤维蛋白(基因)裂解酶因其在溶解血凝块以及预防其形成方面的作用而受到特别关注。本研究的主要目的是开发从南极水生生物中获得纤维蛋白(基因)裂解酶的方法，并研究其对止血系统功能的影响。采用亲和层析和大小排斥层析相结合的复杂方法，从南极海胆(Sterechinus neumayeri)、南极海星(Odontaster validus)和南极刺尾藻(Parborlasia gatus)组织中分离出纤维蛋白(基因)裂解酶。酶谱技术监测蛋白水解活性的存在。纤维蛋白原溶解活性通过纤维蛋白原孵育后10% SDS-PAGE分析来评估。为检测酶的底物特异性，采用h - d - phep - pip - arg - p NA、pyroGlu-Pro-Arg- p NA、h - d - valu - leu - lys - p NA和bz - ie - glu (γ - or)- gly - arg - p NA等显色底物。研究了富血小板血浆中纤颤蛋白(基因)裂解酶对血小板聚集的影响。分析纤维蛋白(基因)裂解酶对凝血的影响，评价凝血时间。所得结果清楚地表明，在被试水生生物的组织中存在对纤维蛋白原有活性的酶。根据SDS-PAGE和酶谱分析结果，纤维蛋白(基因)裂解酶的分子量在26-34 kDa之间。SDS-PAGE分析的纤维蛋白原切割模式揭示了纤维蛋白原链对南极水生生物组织中酶降解的敏感性。所有水生生物的纤维蛋白(基因)裂解酶优先裂解纤维蛋白原的A α链，较慢地裂解纤维蛋白原的B β链。纤维蛋白(基因)裂解酶介导显著延长血液凝固时间在计时测试和抑制adp诱导的血小板聚集。这些酶对显色底物表现出活性，对活化蛋白C和XIa的特异性合成底物pyroGlu-Pro-Arg- p NA表现出更多的活性。从南极海洋生物的组织中分离出的酶具有纤维蛋白(原)溶解活性，可以作为治疗和预防血栓性疾病的治疗剂而具有医学意义。
{"title":"Purification and biochemical characterization of fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes from tissues of Antarctic hydrobionts","authors":"N. Raksha, I. Udovychenko, T. Halenova, T. Vovk, O. Savchuk, L. Ostapchenko","doi":"10.33275/1727-7485.1.2020.380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.1.2020.380","url":null,"abstract":". Considering the continuing increase of morbidity and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular diseases, the search for novel compounds able to affect the hemostasis system is among the current trends of modern science and pharmacol-ogy. Fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes because of their role in dissolving blood clots as well as prevention of their formation attract special attention. The main goal of the current research was to develop the methodological approaches to obtain fibrino(geno) lytic enzymes from Antarctic hydrobionts and study their effects on the functioning of the hemostasis system. A complex approach which included affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography was applied to isolate the fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes from the tissue of Antarctic nemertea ( Parborlasia corrugatus ), Antarctic sea urchin ( Sterechinus neumayeri ), and Antarctic sea star ( Odontaster validus ). The presence of proteolytic activity was monitored by zymographic technique. Fibrin(ogen)olytic activity was assessed by incubation of the samples with fibrinogen followed by 10% SDS-PAGE analysis. To test the substrate specificity of the enzymes, the chromogenic substrates such as H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg- p NA, pyroGlu-Pro-Arg- p NA, H-D-Val-Leu-Lys- p NA and Bz-IIe-Glu( γ -OR)-Gly-Arg- p NA were used. The influence of fib rino(geno)lytic enzymes on platelet aggregation was assessed in platelet-rich plasma. To analyze the effect of the fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes on coagulation the blood coagulation time was assessed. The obtained results clearly indicated the presence of enzymes with activity toward fibrinogen in the tissues of tested hydrobionts. Based on the results of SDS-PAGE and zymography the molecular weight of the fibrino(geno) lytic enzymes was in the range of 26–34 kDa. The fibrinogen cleavage pattern analyzed by SDS-PAGE revealed the susceptibility of fibrinogen chains to degradation by enzymes from tissues of Antarctic hydrobionts. The fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes from all tested hydrobionts cleaved preferentially the A α -chain and more slowly the B β -chain of fibrinogen. The fibrino(geno)lytic enzymes mediated the significant prolongation of blood clotting time in chronometric tests and inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. The enzymes exhibit activity against chromogenic substrates, which was more expressed in case of pyroGlu-Pro-Arg- p NA — a specific synthetic substrate for activated protein C and factor XIa. The enzymes isolated from the tissues of Antarctic marine hydrobionts possess a fibrin(ogen)olytic activity and can be of medical interest as therapeutic agents in the treatment and prevention of thrombotic disorders.","PeriodicalId":370867,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Antarctic Journal","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131949232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-13DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.135
A. Marusenkov, Ssau, M. Leonov, V. Korepanov, S. Leonov, A. Koloskov, Ye. Nakalov, Y. Otruba
The article describes the main features of upgrading the magnetometric complex based on the LEMI-025 variometer in January-April 2019 at the geomagnetic observatory (code AIA) of the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station. The observatory’s old magnetometric complex consisted of two LEMI-008 (No. 02 and No. 16) variometers and one POS-1 scalar magnetometer. The measurements of LEMI-008 and POS-1 were not mutually synchronized and this was one of the main problem. Every measuring instrument taken individually as a component of the whole magnetometric complex had good individual properties. However, in general, the complex as an entire system had reduced performance, mainly due to the lack of mutual synchronization of measurements. Some preliminary test results are also presented. Main objective. One of the main task of upgrading the AIA observatory was to install a new variometer that is compatible with the requirements of the 1-second INTERMAGNET data standard. For two decades, old LEMI-008 variometers at Akademik Vernadsky station have shown high baseline stability, which meets INTERMAGNET requirements. Unfortunately, the noise characteristics of old variometers, the accuracy of synchronization with UTC, and the resolution do not longer meet the current INTERMAGNET requirements for devices that produce 1-second data. Measurements of LEMI-008 variometers and POS-1 scalar magnetometer were not mutually synchronized. Due to lack of reliable mutual synchronization, the differences between the field vector modules, calculated indirectly from the variometer measurements and measured directly with the scalar magnetometer, varied and could be unreliable. With strong geomagnetic disturbances, this reduced the overall accuracy of the magnetometric complex as an integral measuring system, although the complex consisted of high-precision instruments. Only one of LEMI-008 variometers was equipped with GPS synchronization. This made data processing difficult. Therefore, one of the crucial upgrading tasks was creation of a system for mutual synchronization of measurements provided by the variometer LEMI-025 and the scalar magnetometer POS-1 with an accuracy of approximately 0.1 s (but not worse than 1 s) using control computer. Methods. The problem of mutual synchronization of the measurements of the LEMI-025 variometer and the POS-1 scalar magnetometer (at the stage of upgrading the magnetometric complex as a whole system) was solved using a control computer by periodical adjusting the POS-1 clock and starting its measurement cycles with a given timing advance. New data arrays were obtained while the LEMI-025 magnetometer was operated in test mode. Using the Bartlett’s method and spectral harmonics averaging, the noise level of the magnetometers during a geomagnetically quiet day was estimated. The results of absolute measurements of the geomagnetic field components, regularly carried out in the observatory by two methods, were analyzed and the basel
{"title":"Upgrade of the Argentine Islands INTERMAGNET observatory at Akademik Vernadsky station, Antarctica","authors":"A. Marusenkov, Ssau, M. Leonov, V. Korepanov, S. Leonov, A. Koloskov, Ye. Nakalov, Y. Otruba","doi":"10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.135","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the main features of upgrading the magnetometric complex based on the LEMI-025 variometer in January-April 2019 at the geomagnetic observatory (code AIA) of the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station. The observatory’s old magnetometric complex consisted of two LEMI-008 (No. 02 and No. 16) variometers and one POS-1 scalar magnetometer. The measurements of LEMI-008 and POS-1 were not mutually synchronized and this was one of the main problem. Every measuring instrument taken individually as a component of the whole magnetometric complex had good individual properties. However, in general, the complex as an entire system had reduced performance, mainly due to the lack of mutual synchronization of measurements. Some preliminary test results are also presented. Main objective. One of the main task of upgrading the AIA observatory was to install a new variometer that is compatible with the requirements of the 1-second INTERMAGNET data standard. For two decades, old LEMI-008 variometers at Akademik Vernadsky station have shown high baseline stability, which meets INTERMAGNET requirements. Unfortunately, the noise characteristics of old variometers, the accuracy of synchronization with UTC, and the resolution do not longer meet the current INTERMAGNET requirements for devices that produce 1-second data. Measurements of LEMI-008 variometers and POS-1 scalar magnetometer were not mutually synchronized. Due to lack of reliable mutual synchronization, the differences between the field vector modules, calculated indirectly from the variometer measurements and measured directly with the scalar magnetometer, varied and could be unreliable. With strong geomagnetic disturbances, this reduced the overall accuracy of the magnetometric complex as an integral measuring system, although the complex consisted of high-precision instruments. Only one of LEMI-008 variometers was equipped with GPS synchronization. This made data processing difficult. Therefore, one of the crucial upgrading tasks was creation of a system for mutual synchronization of measurements provided by the variometer LEMI-025 and the scalar magnetometer POS-1 with an accuracy of approximately 0.1 s (but not worse than 1 s) using control computer. Methods. The problem of mutual synchronization of the measurements of the LEMI-025 variometer and the POS-1 scalar magnetometer (at the stage of upgrading the magnetometric complex as a whole system) was solved using a control computer by periodical adjusting the POS-1 clock and starting its measurement cycles with a given timing advance. New data arrays were obtained while the LEMI-025 magnetometer was operated in test mode. Using the Bartlett’s method and spectral harmonics averaging, the noise level of the magnetometers during a geomagnetically quiet day was estimated. The results of absolute measurements of the geomagnetic field components, regularly carried out in the observatory by two methods, were analyzed and the basel","PeriodicalId":370867,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Antarctic Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125986574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-13DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.129
O. Mytrokhyn, V. Bakhmutov
In 2019 and 2017, the authors performed field geological research on the Graham Coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The studied area covered the western coast of the Kiev Peninsula and most of the adjacent islands of the Wilhelm Archipelago. The main objective of the study was to specify the stratigraphic column for the Ukrainian Antarctic Station (UAS) area, to determine the petrographic composition and lithological features of strata, to find out the features of their occurrence and the succession of accumulation. Research methods included: large-scale geological surveying and geological mapping. The main result was the development of a new stratigraphic scheme for the UAS area. The authors found that the studied stratigraphic column was composed of volcanic and subordinate terrigenous deposits. Their accumulation lasted in the time interval from late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic inclusive. The conclusions have been made about to the origin of studied strata, their ages and possible analogues in neighbouring territories. Lahille Island Formation (LIF) was recognized as the oldest lithostratigraphic unit of the studied area. Deep-sea turbid origin is assumed for the LIF terrigenous rocks. The TTL sedimentation age is limited by the time interval between the Late Permian and Early Triassic periods. On the basis of lithological features and geological age, TTL correlates with the Paradise Harbour formation belonging to the Trinity Peninsula Group. The most widespread lithostratigraphic unit of the study area is the volcanic strata of the Kiev Peninsula, which is a product island-arc volcanism associated with the Andean orogeny. The age of KPF volcanism is defined as Jurassic. It is found that the volcanic stratum of the Argentine Islands Formation (AIF) differs from the KPF by the petrographic composition, occurrence and features of stratification. It gave grounds to separate AIF into an independent lithostratigraphic unite. The age of AIF volcanism is limited by the time interval between the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. According to lithological features and geological age, KPF and AIF were identified as the members of Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group. An assumption about the possible presence of the latest volcanogenic rocks of Neogene or even Quaternary age on the Argentinean Islands is made.
{"title":"Stratigraphy of the area of Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station","authors":"O. Mytrokhyn, V. Bakhmutov","doi":"10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.129","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019 and 2017, the authors performed field geological research on the Graham Coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The studied area covered the western coast of the Kiev Peninsula and most of the adjacent islands of the Wilhelm Archipelago. The main objective of the study was to specify the stratigraphic column for the Ukrainian Antarctic Station (UAS) area, to determine the petrographic composition and lithological features of strata, to find out the features of their occurrence and the succession of accumulation. Research methods included: large-scale geological surveying and geological mapping. The main result was the development of a new stratigraphic scheme for the UAS area. The authors found that the studied stratigraphic column was composed of volcanic and subordinate terrigenous deposits. Their accumulation lasted in the time interval from late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic inclusive. The conclusions have been made about to the origin of studied strata, their ages and possible analogues in neighbouring territories. Lahille Island Formation (LIF) was recognized as the oldest lithostratigraphic unit of the studied area. Deep-sea turbid origin is assumed for the LIF terrigenous rocks. The TTL sedimentation age is limited by the time interval between the Late Permian and Early Triassic periods. On the basis of lithological features and geological age, TTL correlates with the Paradise Harbour formation belonging to the Trinity Peninsula Group. The most widespread lithostratigraphic unit of the study area is the volcanic strata of the Kiev Peninsula, which is a product island-arc volcanism associated with the Andean orogeny. The age of KPF volcanism is defined as Jurassic. It is found that the volcanic stratum of the Argentine Islands Formation (AIF) differs from the KPF by the petrographic composition, occurrence and features of stratification. It gave grounds to separate AIF into an independent lithostratigraphic unite. The age of AIF volcanism is limited by the time interval between the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. According to lithological features and geological age, KPF and AIF were identified as the members of Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group. An assumption about the possible presence of the latest volcanogenic rocks of Neogene or even Quaternary age on the Argentinean Islands is made.","PeriodicalId":370867,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Antarctic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116815684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-13DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.125
M. Bazylevska, V. Bogillo
The aim of the study is to determine the effects of structure and content of X, CX in the oxides X/SiO2 (X = Al2O3, TiO2, Al2O3/TiO2) on the surface characteristics. The low-temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms on the surface of 12 individual and mixed fumed oxides of Si, Ti and Al, as proxies for the Antarctic atmospheric mineral aerosols, were measured by volumetric method. The specific surface areas of the oxides, SBET were calculated by using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory. The dependence between CX and SBET is not obeyed for the mixed oxides, which can be caused by effects of the reaction temperature of MCln (M = Si, Ti and Al) hydrolysis in the oxygen/hydrogen flame and by different concentration ratios of O2, H2 and MCln on the structural characteristics of the primary particles and their aggregates. The N2 adsorption energy distributions of the oxides surface were calculated by the regularization procedure. It was demonstrated that the surfaces are characterized by high energetic heterogeneity. Result. The Zero-Adsorption Isotherm (ZAI) approach was applied to describe the N2 adsorption in the whole range of its pressures. The ZAI derived in approximation of adsorbed vapor as a set of molecular clusters. The specific surface areas for the oxides, As, maximal numbers of the molecules in the adsorbed clusters, thicknesses of the adsorbed liquid film and the free surface energies of the oxides in the absence of adsorption, γS0, were calculated using the ZAI equations. The As correlates well with SBET and it measures 77.5% of the SBET. The γS0 increases as the N2 average adsorption energy grows. The dependence between γS0 and CX (taking into account γS0 for X) is not obeyed for the mixed oxides. The γS0 for SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 rises as the permittivity and the index of refraction increase. The γS0 is within the range of dispersive components of free surface energy, which is determined by other experimental methods and calculated using the Lifshitz’ theory. The obtained parameters allow estimate the activity of the oxide surface with respect to trace gases in the Antarctic atmosphere that is necessary for calculating their partition coefficients between particles and the atmosphere and the kinetics of their removal.
{"title":"Adsorption properties of the fumed individual and mixed Si, Ti and Al oxides as proxies for the Antarctic atmospheric mineral aerosols","authors":"M. Bazylevska, V. Bogillo","doi":"10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.125","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study is to determine the effects of structure and content of X, CX in the oxides X/SiO2 (X = Al2O3, TiO2, Al2O3/TiO2) on the surface characteristics. The low-temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms on the surface of 12 individual and mixed fumed oxides of Si, Ti and Al, as proxies for the Antarctic atmospheric mineral aerosols, were measured by volumetric method. The specific surface areas of the oxides, SBET were calculated by using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory. The dependence between CX and SBET is not obeyed for the mixed oxides, which can be caused by effects of the reaction temperature of MCln (M = Si, Ti and Al) hydrolysis in the oxygen/hydrogen flame and by different concentration ratios of O2, H2 and MCln on the structural characteristics of the primary particles and their aggregates. The N2 adsorption energy distributions of the oxides surface were calculated by the regularization procedure. It was demonstrated that the surfaces are characterized by high energetic heterogeneity. Result. The Zero-Adsorption Isotherm (ZAI) approach was applied to describe the N2 adsorption in the whole range of its pressures. The ZAI derived in approximation of adsorbed vapor as a set of molecular clusters. The specific surface areas for the oxides, As, maximal numbers of the molecules in the adsorbed clusters, thicknesses of the adsorbed liquid film and the free surface energies of the oxides in the absence of adsorption, γS0, were calculated using the ZAI equations. The As correlates well with SBET and it measures 77.5% of the SBET. The γS0 increases as the N2 average adsorption energy grows. The dependence between γS0 and CX (taking into account γS0 for X) is not obeyed for the mixed oxides. The γS0 for SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 rises as the permittivity and the index of refraction increase. The γS0 is within the range of dispersive components of free surface energy, which is determined by other experimental methods and calculated using the Lifshitz’ theory. The obtained parameters allow estimate the activity of the oxide surface with respect to trace gases in the Antarctic atmosphere that is necessary for calculating their partition coefficients between particles and the atmosphere and the kinetics of their removal.","PeriodicalId":370867,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Antarctic Journal","volume":"12 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133658394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-13DOI: 10.33275/1727-7485.1(18).2019.131
A. Chyhareva, S. Krakovska, D. Pishniak
Objective. This paper deals with an estimation of the climate change at the Antarctic Peninsula region. During last decades, the most significant warming is observed in Polar regions, particularly in the Antarctic Peninsula region, where the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station is located. Therefore, the providing of the complex estimation of climate change trend is an important task for the region. These changes are taking place nowadays and will happen in the future. So, the main objective of the study is to estimate changes of climate characteristics in the Antarctic Peninsula region in the 21st century, based on calculation of the relevant climate indices. The projections of the temperature and precipitation characteristics in the Antarctic Peninsula region and Akademik Vernadsky station area for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios are the objects of the research. Methods of the research are numerical simulation and statistical analysis of the regional climate model data for the Antarctic Peninsula region from the International Project Polar-CORDEX. Spatial distribution of this data is 0.44° and three periods are under consideration: historical climatic period (1986—2005) and two future periods 2041—2060 and 2081—2100. The R-code language and the modified computing code developed by Climate4R Hub project in Jupiter Notebook environment were used for climate data analysis in this research. Six parameters were chosen to estimate climate change in the Antarctic Peninsula region: number of frost days with minimal air temperature (Т) less 0 °C, number of ice days with maximal Т less 0 °C, annual total precipitation, mean precipitation rate, maximum yearly duration of periods without precipitation, maximum yearly duration of periods with precipitation more than 1 mm per day. Results as an analysis of the cold temperature indices are presented in the Part I of the paper, while an analysis of the wet/dry indices will be presented in the Part II of the paper. Conclusions. Over the Antarctic Peninsula region, both scenarios project an average decrease in the cold season period. This process will be more pronounced for the RCP 8.5 scenario, when even to the middle of the century the period with negative temperatures is rapidly decreasing over the Larsen Ice Sheet area, which may cause its total or partial collapse. Over Akademik Vernadsky station area, the climate indices changes will almost triple as high as the averaged values over the Antarctic Peninsula for the two scenarios, indicating a greater vulnerability to the climate change in the area.
目标。本文对南极半岛地区的气候变化进行了估算。在过去几十年中，在极地地区观测到最显著的变暖，特别是在乌克兰南极科学院维尔纳德斯基站所在的南极半岛地区。因此，提供气候变化趋势的复杂估计是该地区的一项重要任务。这些变化现在正在发生，将来也会发生。因此，本研究的主要目的是在相关气候指数计算的基础上，估算21世纪南极半岛地区气候特征的变化。以RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下南极半岛地区和Akademik Vernadsky站区域的温度和降水特征预估为研究对象。研究方法是对国际极地cordex项目南极半岛地区区域气候模式资料进行数值模拟和统计分析。该数据的空间分布为0.44°，考虑了三个时期:历史气候期(1986-2005)和两个未来期(2041-2060和2081-2100)。本研究使用R-code语言和Climate4R Hub项目在Jupiter Notebook环境下开发的修改后的计算代码进行气候数据分析。选取6个参数估算南极半岛地区的气候变化:最低气温(Т)低于0℃的霜冻日数、最低气温(Т)低于0℃的最大结冰日数、年总降水量、平均降水量、无降水期的年最长持续时间、降水大于1 mm / d的年最长持续时间。作为冷温度指数的分析结果将在本文的第一部分中提出，而湿/干指数的分析将在本文的第二部分中提出。结论。在南极半岛地区，两种情景都预测寒冷季节的平均减少。在RCP 8.5情景中，这一过程将更为明显，到本世纪中叶，拉森冰盖地区的负温期正在迅速减少，这可能导致其全部或部分崩塌。在Akademik Vernadsky站区域，气候指数变化几乎是两种情景下南极半岛平均值的三倍，表明该区域对气候变化的脆弱性更大。
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