Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献_第10页

Carbon reduction strategy based on coordination of production stages in cement manufacturing enterprises considering locational marginal carbon emission 考虑区位边际碳排放的水泥生产企业生产阶段协调减碳策略

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101561

Sheng Xiang, Panpan Li, Xinyu Zhang, Hongming Yang, Shuaihao Cheng, Archie James Johnston

Cement manufacturing enterprises, recognized as one of the most significant global carbon emission sources, face substantial pressure for carbon reduction. Conventional carbon reduction strategies predominantly emphasize direct carbon emissions, yet they often overlook the considerable impact of indirect carbon emissions from purchased electricity. This oversight renders them ill-suited for the trend of electricity substitution. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a novel carbon reduction approach for cement manufacturing enterprises. The approach integrates a two-stage stochastic optimization and is centered on the dynamic collaborative control of controllable production stages. Specifically, the operational states and production rates of these controllable production stages are controlled based on the locational marginal carbon emission factor and inventory constraints, effectively reducing indirect carbon emissions without impeding the daily production target. Finally, the proposed method is verified using the IEEE 30-node system and real-world data from an actual cement manufacturing enterprise in Hunan, China. The results indicate that through the coordinated control of controllable production stages, the proposed model achieves a 15.35% reduction in indirect carbon emissions. Moreover, it demonstrates remarkable effectiveness in mitigating the impact of uncertainties (such as renewable generation fluctuations), highlighting its practical value and potential for wide-scale implementation in the cement industry.

水泥生产企业作为全球公认的最重要的碳排放源之一，面临着巨大的减碳压力。传统的碳减排战略主要强调直接碳排放，但它们往往忽视了购买电力间接碳排放的巨大影响。这种疏忽使它们不适应电力替代的趋势。为了解决这一限制，本文提出了一种新的水泥生产企业碳减排方法。该方法集成了两阶段随机优化，以可控生产阶段的动态协同控制为中心。具体而言，基于区位边际碳排放因子和库存约束对这些可控生产阶段的运行状态和生产速度进行控制，在不影响日常生产目标的情况下有效地减少间接碳排放。最后，利用IEEE 30节点系统和中国湖南某水泥生产企业的实际数据对所提方法进行了验证。结果表明，通过对可控生产阶段的协调控制，该模型实现了间接碳排放减少15.35%。此外，它在减轻不确定性（如可再生能源发电波动）的影响方面显示出显著的有效性，突出了其在水泥工业中大规模实施的实用价值和潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing stand-alone hybrid PV/Diesel Generator system with a focus on reliability, cost, and environmental considerations 优化独立的混合光伏/柴油发电系统，重点是可靠性，成本和环境考虑

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101562

Mohammad Reza Gharib , Amir Mohammadbeigi

HRESs have been extensively demonstrated to provide reliable electricity in areas where extending the power grid is not feasible due to geographical constraints. However, it is important to note that these systems are not entirely free of emissions. This study examines an HRES consisting of PV and a DG. This work proposes three scenarios labeled Multi-Objective NPC vs. LPSP and Multi-Objective Emission vs. LPSP. The first scenario investigates NPC and LPSP, while the second scenario evaluates Total CO₂ Emission and LPSP to design a PV/DG power generation system for a remote university in Torbat Heydarieh, Iran. To solve the optimization problem, three well-known multi-objective optimization methods, namely MOHS, MOGWO, and MOPSO, are utilized to identify the appropriate dimensions of the components in a hybrid system. According to the calculations made in the first scenario, the cost of fuel and diesel generators accounts for over 80% of the NPC of the proposed system. By changing the LPSP value from 0 to 10 percent, the NPC is reduced by nearly 30 percent. In the second scenario, the cost of fuel and diesel generators accounts for more than 60% of the NPC of the system. Additionally, by changing the LPSP value from 0 to 10 percent, the Total CO2 Emissions are reduced by nearly 35 percent. A complete sensitivity analysis reveals the influence of interest rates and fuel prices on the NPC. Using MATLAB software, the numerical modeling outcomes obtained from the MOGWO method were compared to similar results generated by the MOHS and MOPSO approaches.

HRESs已被广泛证明可以在由于地理限制而无法扩展电网的地区提供可靠的电力。然而，值得注意的是，这些系统并非完全没有排放。本研究考察了由PV和DG组成的HRES。这项工作提出了三种场景，分别是多目标NPC vs. LPSP和多目标排放vs. LPSP。第一个方案调查NPC和LPSP，而第二个方案评估总二氧化碳排放量和LPSP，为伊朗Torbat Heydarieh的一所偏远大学设计光伏/DG发电系统。为了解决优化问题，利用MOHS、MOGWO和MOPSO三种著名的多目标优化方法来确定混合系统中部件的合适尺寸。根据第一种方案的计算，燃料和柴油发电机的成本占拟议系统NPC的80%以上。通过将LPSP值从0更改为10%，NPC减少了近30%。在第二种情况下，燃料和柴油发电机的成本占系统NPC的60%以上。此外，通过将LPSP值从0改变为10%，二氧化碳总排放量减少了近35%。一个完整的敏感性分析揭示了利率和燃料价格对全国人大的影响。利用MATLAB软件，将MOGWO方法得到的数值模拟结果与MOHS和MOPSO方法得到的相似结果进行了比较。

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引用次数: 0

Unveiling carbon coking in hydrocarbon-fueled systems via normalized in situ gas chromatography 通过标准化原位气相色谱法揭示碳氢燃料系统中的碳结焦

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101568

Gyeong Duk Nam , Hyesong An , Hee Jin Kim , Heeji Lee , Gahyeon Lee , Sungtae Park , Jong-Eun Hong , Jong-Ho Lee , Jong Hoon Joo

Coking significantly degrades hydrocarbon-fueled system performance, making its analysis a critical challenge. Real-time monitoring of coking is typically conducted using current–voltage (I–V) or impedance spectroscopy. In most studies, systems have been considered stable against coking if no electrochemical degradation is observed. This study proposes the use of gas chromatography (GC) to investigate in situ coking behavior. Although quantifying coking using GC is inherently challenging owing to error margins, a normalization methodology was developed by systematically varying steam-to-carbon (S/C) ratios, allowing for a reliable analysis of relative coking trends despite absolute quantification limitations. The normalized values were defined as Δcoking, which represents an indicator of relative carbon deposition trends rather than the absolute amount of deposited carbon. The errors associated with the analysis process were minimized by fixing all the variables except for the hydrocarbon flow rate. In methane-utilized solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), performance remains stable at an S/C ratio of 1.5 or higher, which indicates that coking may not occur. However, applying a normalization methodology reveals coking behaviors that cannot be detected through electrochemical analysis alone. The reproducibility of the in situ GC-based coking analysis technique was validated by comparing carbon coking behavior between bare and coke-resistant catalyst-infiltrated anodes. The cell decorated with catalysts exhibited significantly lower Δcoking values under varying S/C ratios, confirming the method’s reliability in evaluating coking resistance. This highlights the limitations of traditional approaches for detecting subtle coking phenomena and demonstrates the value of GC for precise coking analysis, thereby advancing the understanding and mitigation of coking in hydrocarbon-fueled systems.

焦化会显著降低烃类燃料系统的性能，因此对其进行分析是一项关键挑战。焦化的实时监测通常使用电流-电压（I-V）或阻抗谱进行。在大多数研究中，如果没有观察到电化学降解，系统被认为是稳定的。本研究提出使用气相色谱法（GC）来研究原位焦化行为。尽管由于存在误差范围，使用气相色谱定量焦化本身就具有挑战性，但通过系统地改变蒸汽与碳（S/C）比率，开发了一种标准化方法，可以在绝对量化限制的情况下对相对焦化趋势进行可靠的分析。归一化后的值定义为Δcoking，它代表了相对碳沉积趋势的指标，而不是沉积碳的绝对数量。通过固定除油气流速外的所有变量，与分析过程相关的误差被最小化。在使用甲烷的固体氧化物燃料电池（sofc）中，性能在S/C比为1.5或更高时保持稳定，这表明可能不会发生结焦。然而，应用标准化方法揭示了仅通过电化学分析无法检测到的焦化行为。通过比较裸阳极和抗焦化催化剂渗透阳极的碳结焦行为，验证了原位气相色谱分析技术的可重复性。在不同的S/C比下，经过催化剂修饰的电池的Δcoking值显著降低，证实了该方法在评估抗焦化性能方面的可靠性。这突出了传统方法检测细微焦化现象的局限性，并证明了GC在精确焦化分析中的价值，从而促进了对碳氢化合物燃料系统中焦化的理解和缓解。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal long-term planning of a green hydrogen production system under alternative technological options 替代技术方案下绿色制氢系统的最佳长期规划

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101549

Dana Alghool , Mohamed Haouari , Paolo Trucco

Green hydrogen (H

_{2}

) is a key pillar of sustainable energy strategies but remains more expensive than fossil alternatives. This study develops a mixed integer linear programming model to optimize long-term green H

_{2}

production, maximizing economic returns under varying technologies, water sources, and demand scenarios. The system integrates electrolyzers, photovoltaic (PV) panels, PV-thermal (PV-T) collectors, and two water sources: treated sewage effluent (TSE) and industrial produced (IP) water. Revenues from oxygen by-products and surplus electricity are included. A key novelty is comparing PV-T collectors with PV panels. Using Qatar as the reference context for 2025–2050, results show that 99% of H

_{2}

is produced using PV-T collectors due to higher efficiency, while PV panels mainly supply electricity to the grid. TSE is the preferred water source, and oxygen sales are the largest revenue stream. The Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) falls by 2.8% under medium demand but rises by 18.3% under high demand. A carbon tax shifts water use from TSE to IP, with little change in system configuration. Sensitivity analysis identifies oxygen prices and PV-T fixed costs as key LCOH drivers. Scenario analysis incorporates demand growth, carbon taxation, and technology improvements. Three combined scenarios are evaluated with assigned probabilities. The medium-demand scenario yields the lowest expected LCOH, offering a resilient pathway that balances scalability and cost efficiency for large-scale green H

_{2}

deployment in Qatar.

绿色氢（H2）是可持续能源战略的关键支柱，但仍然比化石替代品更昂贵。本研究开发了一个混合整数线性规划模型，以优化长期绿色H2生产，在不同技术，水资源和需求情景下最大化经济回报。该系统集成了电解槽、光伏（PV）板、PV-热（PV- t）集热器和两个水源：处理过的污水（TSE）和工业生产（IP）水。氧气副产品和剩余电力的收入也包括在内。一个关键的新奇之处在于将PV- t集热器与PV板进行比较。以卡塔尔作为2025-2050年的参考背景，结果表明，由于效率更高，99%的H2是使用PV- t集热器生产的，而光伏电池板主要向电网供电。TSE是首选水源，氧气销售是最大的收入来源。氢的平准化成本（LCOH）在中等需求下下降2.8%，但在高需求下上升18.3%。碳税将用水从TSE转移到IP，而系统配置几乎没有变化。敏感性分析发现氧气价格和PV-T固定成本是LCOH的主要驱动因素。情景分析包括需求增长、碳税和技术改进。用指定的概率对三种组合情景进行评估。中等需求情景产生最低的预期LCOH，为卡塔尔大规模绿色H2部署提供了平衡可扩展性和成本效率的弹性途径。

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引用次数: 0

Robust optimization of fully coupled geothermal reservoir and power plant system based on deep learning 基于深度学习的地热储电厂全耦合系统鲁棒优化

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101556

Ziyou Liu, Manojkumar Gudala, Klemens Katterbauer, Bicheng Yan

In geothermal recovery, the reservoir production temperature decline can affect the power plant’s efficiency and electricity output. Therefore, the coupling between the reservoir and the power plant is crucial for accurate estimation of the power plant’s performance. Current studies couple the numerical simulation models of the reservoir and the power plant developed based on physics. However, such simulations are usually computationally inefficient when performing predictions, thus becoming bottleneck in both forward and inverse modeling tasks. Therefore, we aim to accelerate the forward and inverse modeling of the coupled model by replacing the numerical simulation models with deep learning-based surrogate models. In this study, we first develop surrogate models of the geothermal reservoir and power plant, and further couple them into as an integrated forward model through heat source conditions. Further, a multi-objective optimizer combining the forward model is applied to optimize the coupled system. Surrogate models of the reservoir and power plant can predict the wellhead production temperature and electricity with mean relative errors of 0.49% and 1.67% while achieving CPU speedup at

6.92 \times 1 0^{4}

and

1.77 \times 1 0^{5}

times compared to physics simulators, respectively. Besides, the surrogate-based optimization is

6.05 \times 1 0^{5}

times faster than the simulation-based one. The results demonstrate much higher computational efficiency of our coupled model in both the forward and inverse modeling with negligible trade-off in accuracy, as compared to the current physics-based coupled simulation models. This workflow significantly accelerates the procedures of feasibility assessments of geothermal projects as well as the decision making of the geothermal reservoir and the power plant.

在地热开采中，储层采油温度的下降会影响电厂的效率和发电量。因此，水库与电站之间的耦合是准确估计电站性能的关键。目前的研究将水库和电厂的数值模拟模型结合起来，建立在物理学的基础上。然而，这种模拟通常在执行预测时计算效率低下，从而成为正向和逆建模任务的瓶颈。因此，我们的目标是通过用基于深度学习的代理模型取代数值模拟模型来加速耦合模型的正演和逆建模。在本研究中，我们首先建立了地热储层和发电厂的代理模型，并通过热源条件将它们耦合成一个综合正演模型。进一步，结合正演模型，采用多目标优化器对耦合系统进行优化。油藏和发电厂的代理模型可以预测井口生产温度和电力，平均相对误差为0.49%和1.67%，同时与物理模拟器相比，CPU加速分别提高6.92×104和1.77×105倍。此外，基于代理的优化速度比基于模拟的优化速度快6.05×105倍。结果表明，与当前基于物理的耦合模拟模型相比，我们的耦合模型在正演和逆演建模方面的计算效率要高得多，而精度上的折衷可以忽略不计。该工作流程大大加快了地热项目可行性评估以及地热储层和电厂的决策过程。

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引用次数: 0

An experimental investigation of the effects of absorber plate cooling methods on the efficiency of a solar cogeneration system 吸收板冷却方式对太阳能热电联产系统效率影响的实验研究

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101547

Ali Balal , Mohsen Ghorbian

The increasing global population and escalating clean and renewable energy sources must be widely used in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, photovoltaic (PV) systems have gained significant prominence worldwide. Modern PV panels are increasingly utilized in both industrial and residential applications as a sustainable and cost-effective method for generating electricity and heat. This study investigates the impact of absorber plate cooling methods on the electrical and thermal performance of a solar photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) co-generation system. A novel hybrid cooling approach, employing simultaneous water and air cooling, was implemented in the present system. The performance of this hybrid-cooled system was then compared against a system without cooling. Experiments were conducted during the summer season (June-July-August 2025) at the University of Kashan’s Energy Research Institute. The implementation of the novel hybrid cooling method resulted in approximate increases of 40%, 53%, and 93% in electrical, thermal, and overall efficiencies, respectively. The findings indicate that water cooling significantly improved electrical and thermal efficiencies by up to 50% and 130%, respectively, compared to air cooling. Furthermore, the electrical efficiency of the water-cooled system exhibited a relative improvement of up to 100% compared to the uncooled reference case, particularly under high operating temperature conditions. Notably, the highest overall electrical and thermal efficiency, approximately 93%, was achieved with the novel hybrid cooling method (simultaneous Air cooling in the interior channel and water cooling of the panel’s front and back surfaces at the same time). Additionally, the hybrid’s thermal efficiency cooling method demonstrated rises of approximately 200% and 75% when compared to air and water cooling, respectively.

为了减少温室气体排放，必须广泛使用日益增长的全球人口和不断升级的清洁和可再生能源。在这种背景下，光伏（PV）系统在世界范围内获得了显著的突出。现代光伏板越来越多地用于工业和住宅应用，作为一种可持续的和具有成本效益的发电和供热方法。本研究探讨了吸收板冷却方式对太阳能光伏-热（PV/T）热电联产系统的电学和热学性能的影响。该系统采用了一种新型的混合冷却方式，即水冷和风冷同时进行。然后将这种混合冷却系统的性能与没有冷却的系统进行比较。实验于夏季（2025年6月至7月至8月）在卡尚大学能源研究所进行。采用这种新型混合冷却方法后，电气、热力和整体效率分别提高了约40%、53%和93%。研究结果表明，与空气冷却相比，水冷却显著提高了电气和热效率，分别提高了50%和130%。此外，与非冷却的参考情况相比，水冷系统的电效率相对提高了100%，特别是在高工作温度条件下。值得注意的是，采用新型混合冷却方法（同时在内部通道进行空气冷却，同时对面板的前后表面进行水冷却），实现了最高的整体电气和热效率，约为93%。此外，与风冷和水冷相比，混合动力的热效率冷却方法分别提高了约200%和75%。

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引用次数: 0

Solar-integrated blue hydrogen production with optimized post-combustion carbon capture: A techno-economic and exergoeconomic assessment 优化燃烧后碳捕获的太阳能集成蓝色制氢：技术经济和努力经济评估

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101528

Farzin Hosseinifard , Mohsen Salimi , Milad Hosseinpour , Majid Amidpour

Hydrogen production plays a key role in the energy transition. However, conventional methods of hydrogen produc’tion, such as steam methane reforming (SMR), are associated with high emissions. To address this issue, carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) can be used to convert grey hydrogen into blue hydrogen. However, this process is often inefficient due to its high energy consumption and challenges related to post-combustion carbon capture in conventional configurations, as well as its dependence on fossil fuels. In this research, to enhance the sustainability of blue hydrogen, renewable energy sources, such as solar energy (including photovoltaic system and parabolic trough), are used to power optimized carbon capture plants. Aspen HYSYS v11 and Thermoflex are employed to simulate the production of low-carbon blue hydrogen. By optimizing a standard post-combustion carbon capture configuration and integrating it with a solar plant, a 79% reduction in energy penalties is achieved. This optimization leads to an estimated reduction of approximately 310 tonnes of CO₂ per day for the blue hydrogen plant, which has a total production capacity of 214.2 tonnes per day. Feasibility, exergy, and exergoeconomic analyses reveal the following efficiency metrics: exergy efficiency for SMR, PCC (Post-combustion Carbon Capture), and the solar plant is 95.5%, 82.3%, and 15%, respectively, while exergoeconomic efficiency is 30%, 20.8%, and 28.45%. The levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) was compared across different technologies, showing that grey hydrogen costs approximately $1.53 per kg. Incorporating carbon capture technology increases the cost to $2.01 per kg while enhancing sustainability. However, optimizing the carbon capture process and integrating solar energy can reduce the cost to $1.74 per kg.

氢气生产在能源转型中起着关键作用。然而，传统的制氢方法，如蒸汽甲烷重整（SMR），与高排放有关。为了解决这一问题，可以使用碳捕集利用和封存（CCUS）将灰氢转化为蓝氢。然而，由于其高能耗和传统配置中与燃烧后碳捕获相关的挑战以及对化石燃料的依赖，该过程往往效率低下。在本研究中，为了增强蓝氢的可持续性，利用太阳能（包括光伏系统和抛物线槽）等可再生能源为优化后的碳捕集厂供电。采用Aspen HYSYS v11和Thermoflex模拟低碳蓝氢的生产。通过优化标准的燃烧后碳捕获配置并将其与太阳能发电厂集成，可以减少79%的能源损失。这一优化预计将使蓝色氢气工厂每天减少约310吨二氧化碳，该工厂的总生产能力为每天214.2吨。可行性、火用和火用经济分析揭示了以下效率指标：SMR、PCC（燃烧后碳捕获）和太阳能发电厂的火用效率分别为95.5%、82.3%和15%，而火用经济效率分别为30%、20.8%和28.45%。通过对不同技术的氢平准化成本（LCOH）进行比较，发现灰氢的成本约为每公斤1.53美元，而采用碳捕获技术将成本提高到每公斤2.01美元，同时提高了可持续性。然而，优化碳捕获过程和整合太阳能可以将成本降低到每公斤1.74美元。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation and performance prediction of a hybrid solar-based cycle based on trough collector and PCM storage using artificial intelligence 基于人工智能的槽式集热器与PCM储能混合太阳能循环评价与性能预测

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101532

Sara Borhani, Peyman Pourmoghadam, Nastaran Zirak, Alibakhsh Kasaeian

It is essential to develop a trustworthy and meticulous output power forecasting method to certify solar multigeneration systems stability, credibility, and power dispatchability. Therefore, this study focuses on improving the conventional forecasting tools using an evolutionary algorithm PSO. At first, a dataset is provided by simulating the proposed hybrid system in TRNSYS software. Then, intelligent forecasting approaches like adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks, are modeled using MATLAB software. The MLP and ANFIS networks are optimized via the PSO algorithm during the training process with specific inputs and targets. The evaluated input parameters consist of solar radiation, dry ambient temperature, and wet bulb. The total efficiency of the proposed system is determined as the target variable of all intelligent networks. Sensitivity analysis estimated the optimal dataset division as 60 % for ANN and 70 % for ANFIS. PSO optimization reduced prediction errors by 99.9 %. The ANN-PSO model had the best accuracy (MSE: 0.026 train, 0.025 test), while ANN achieved the highest correlation (R = 0.893 train, 0.873 test). The results demonstrate that the PSO algorithm works as intended for optimizing the forecasting tools and the comparison results indicate that the ANN-PSO method outperforms the other developed methods.

为了保证太阳能多电系统的稳定性、可靠性和电力可调度性，有必要开发一种可靠、细致的输出功率预测方法。因此，本研究的重点是利用进化算法粒子群改进传统的预测工具。首先，在TRNSYS软件中对所提出的混合系统进行了仿真，并提供了数据集。然后，利用MATLAB软件对自适应神经模糊推理系统（ANFIS）和多层感知器（MLP）神经网络等智能预测方法进行建模。在给定输入和目标的训练过程中，通过粒子群算法对MLP和ANFIS网络进行优化。评估的输入参数包括太阳辐射、干燥环境温度和湿球温度。系统的总效率被确定为所有智能网络的目标变量。灵敏度分析估计神经网络的最佳数据集分割率为60%，神经网络的最佳数据集分割率为70%。粒子群优化使预测误差降低了99.9%。ANN- pso模型的准确率最高（MSE: 0.026列，0.025检验），ANN模型的相关性最高（R = 0.893列，0.873检验）。结果表明，粒子群算法在优化预测工具方面达到了预期的效果，对比结果表明，ANN-PSO方法优于其他已开发的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Fuel cells in aviation: challenges to power the future of flight 航空燃料电池：未来飞行动力的挑战

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101426

Paolo Aliberti , Christian Simone , Paolo Addesso , Giorgia De Piano , Francesco Donsì , Alice Galdi , Luigi Maritato , Roberto Pantani , Cesare Pianese , Pierpaolo Polverino , Fabio Postiglione , Marco Sorrentino

The aviation sector is currently transitioning towards hybrid electric aircraft, driven by sustainability imperatives and technological progress. This article examines fuel cells’ potential to meet aeronautical power demands, analyzing the state of the art to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) and research challenges in advancing hydrogen-based aviation. Several technologies, including proton exchange membrane and solid oxide fuel cells, are evaluated as candidates for on-board installation. Then, the following research areas are identified and discussed: design, control, thermal management, and degradation. These interconnected tasks are essential for advancing the state of the art, a goal achievable through effective modeling approaches at the individual component and system levels. One of the KPIs requiring substantial improvement is the system’s mass-to-power ratio. This metric largely relies on the integration of advanced materials and manufacturing techniques at the stack level, aimed at reducing the bipolar plates mass and optimizing membrane electrode assembly performance to increase the operating temperature, thus leading to lighter and more compact thermal management systems. At system level, enhancing the hydrogen storage tank’s gravimetric capacity is a priority in keeping the aircraft’s maximal take-off mass (MTOM) within acceptable limits. Moreover, the integrated sizing of the fuel cell system alongside energy storage (e.g., batteries) and the development of multi-level control strategies can help mitigate MTOM increase, optimize performance, and enhance the durability of hydrogen-based devices. Finally, the original equipment manufacturers of fuel cell systems for the transportation sector, particularly aviation, are identified to offer insights into ongoing efforts towards achieving net-zero aviation.

在可持续发展要求和技术进步的推动下，航空业目前正在向混合动力飞机过渡。本文探讨了燃料电池在满足航空动力需求方面的潜力，分析了目前的技术状况，以确定推进氢基航空的关键性能指标（kpi）和研究挑战。包括质子交换膜和固体氧化物燃料电池在内的几种技术被评估为车载安装的候选技术。然后，确定并讨论了以下研究领域：设计、控制、热管理和降解。这些相互关联的任务对于提高技术水平是必不可少的，这是通过在单个组件和系统级别上有效的建模方法实现的目标。需要大幅改进的kpi之一是系统的质量功率比。这一指标在很大程度上依赖于先进材料和制造技术的集成，旨在减少双极板质量，优化膜电极组件性能，以提高工作温度，从而实现更轻、更紧凑的热管理系统。在系统层面，提高储氢罐的重力容量是将飞机的最大起飞质量（MTOM）保持在可接受范围内的优先事项。此外，燃料电池系统的集成尺寸与能量存储（例如电池）和多级控制策略的发展可以帮助减少MTOM的增加，优化性能并提高氢基设备的耐用性。最后，运输部门，特别是航空部门燃料电池系统的原始设备制造商被确定为实现净零航空的持续努力提供见解。

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引用次数: 0

Harnessing high-density pulsed plasma for sustained oxygen supply on Mars 利用高密度脉冲等离子体在火星上持续供氧

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101495

Adrian Scurtu , Dorina Ticoș , Constantin Diplașu , Nicoleta Udrea , Maria Luiza Mitu , Beatrice Paraschiv , Cătalin M. Ticoș

A pulsed, non-equilibrium, high-density arc (magnetoplasma-dynamic type) exploits a bimodal electron energy distribution function (EEDF) to dissociate CO₂ under Martian pressures (1–5 Torr). The discharge sustains two distinct electron populations: a primary high-energy tail (T_e ≈ 13 eV, n_e ≈ 10²¹ m⁻³) driving direct dissociation (∼74 % of O₂ yield via Franck–Condon splitting), and a secondary cooler population (T_e ≈ 5 eV) enabling vibrational excitation (∼26 % via ladder climbing to auto-dissociative states). Within the studied voltage range (1–2 kV), the coaxial gun achieves maximum oxygen yield per input energy at 2 kV (0.03 g per 10 pulses, 3.0 × 10⁻⁵ g/J) and peak energy efficiency at 1 kV (49 ± 7.35 Wh/g). In a repetitive, high-intensity regime with rapid capacitor charging, a production rate of 137 ± 13.7 g/hour is projected. This dual-channel physics enables efficient, low-temperature CO₂ splitting, making it highly suitable for scalable ISRU oxygen production on Mars.

脉冲、非平衡、高密度电弧（磁等离子体动力型）利用双峰电子能量分布函数（EEDF）在火星压力（1-5托）下解离二氧化碳。放电维持两个不同的电子群：一个初级高能尾（Te≈13 eV, ne≈1021 m−3）驱动直接解离（通过frank - condon分裂产生~ 74%的O2），和一个次级冷电子群（Te≈5 eV）实现振动激发（通过阶梯攀登到自动解离状态产生~ 26%）。在所研究的电压范围内（1 - 2 kV），同轴枪在2 kV （0.03 g/ 10脉冲，3.0 × 10−5 g/J）时获得最大的每输入能量产氧量，在1 kV（49±7.35 Wh/g）时达到峰值能量效率。在重复、高强度、电容器快速充电的情况下，预计生产速率为137±13.7 g/小时。这种双通道物理实现了高效、低温的二氧化碳分解，使其非常适合在火星上可扩展的ISRU氧气生产。

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引用次数: 0