Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献_第2页

Synergistic effects of ZnO in Cu-based catalysts for CO2 reduction: mechanistic insights into enhanced C2 product formation 氧化锌在cu基催化剂中对CO2还原的协同作用：增强C2产物形成的机理

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101647

Masoud Safari Yazd , Mohammadreza Omidkhah , Mahmoud Moharrami , Farshid Sobhani Bazghaleh , Hamidreza Rahmani , Azam Akbari

The electrochemical reduction of CO₂ (CO₂RR) to multi-carbon products such as ethanol (C₂H₅OH) and ethylene (C₂H₄) is a promising strategy for mitigating CO₂ emissions and producing valuable chemicals. In this study, we investigate the role of ZnO in enhancing the performance of Cu-based catalysts for CO₂RR. Using both experimental and theoretical approaches, we demonstrate that ZnO incorporation significantly improves the catalytic efficiency of Cu by modifying its electronic structure, stabilizing key intermediates, and facilitating C–C coupling. DFT calculations show that ZnO stabilizes intermediates such as *CO and *HCOH, promoting their hydrogenation and enhancing C₂ product formation. The presence of oxygen vacancies (OVs) on the Cu-ZnO interface is found to facilitate proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and H-spillover, leading to improved catalytic performance. XPS and UV–Vis DRS analyses confirm that ZnO modifies the Cu surface, increasing the Cu⁰/Cu⁺ species and narrowing the band gap, which enhances charge transfer and intermediate stabilization. The CZ catalyst exhibits significantly higher Faradaic efficiency for C₂ products compared to the Cu catalyst, as confirmed by experimental data. These findings highlight the importance of defect engineering in the design of more efficient catalysts for CO₂ reduction. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing Cu-based catalysts for sustainable CO₂ utilization and C₂ product formation.

电化学还原CO2 （CO2RR）为乙醇（C2H5OH）和乙烯（C2H4）等多碳产品是一种很有前途的减少CO2排放和生产有价值化学品的策略。在本研究中，我们研究了ZnO在提高cu基CO2RR催化剂性能中的作用。通过实验和理论方法，我们证明了ZnO的掺入通过改变Cu的电子结构、稳定关键中间体和促进C-C耦合显著提高了Cu的催化效率。DFT计算表明，ZnO稳定了*CO和*HCOH等中间体，促进了它们的加氢，促进了C2产物的生成。发现Cu-ZnO界面上氧空位（OVs）的存在促进了质子耦合电子转移（PCET）和h溢出，从而提高了催化性能。XPS和UV-Vis DRS分析证实，ZnO修饰了Cu表面，增加了Cu0/Cu+的种类，缩小了带隙，增强了电荷转移和中间稳定性。实验数据证实，CZ催化剂对C2产物的法拉第效率明显高于Cu催化剂。这些发现强调了缺陷工程在设计更有效的二氧化碳还原催化剂中的重要性。该研究为优化铜基催化剂以实现二氧化碳的可持续利用和C2产物的形成提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Smart hybrid microgrid for island electrification: integrated techno-economic optimization, dynamic stability, and demand response 岛屿电气化智能混合微电网：综合技术经济优化、动态稳定性和需求响应

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101656

Md. Esmay Azam , Md. Feroz Ali , Md Abdur Razzak

Remote island regions in Bangladesh continue to experience unreliable and costly electricity supply due to geographical isolation, weak grid infrastructure, and dependence on fossil fuels. This study addresses this challenge by developing a smart hybrid microgrid for Hatiya Island that integrates solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines (PV), battery energy storage system (BESS), and grid support to achieve cost-effective, stable, and low-carbon electrification. The proposed system is optimized using HOMER Pro (v3.14.2) through offline techno-economic optimization to determine the least-cost component sizing and system configuration based on Net Present Cost (NPC) and Cost of Energy (COE). The optimal configuration obtained from HOMER Pro is subsequently evaluated using MATLAB-based simulations to assess dynamic voltage and frequency stability under renewable intermittency and load variations. In addition, a demand response strategy is analysed to enhance load flexibility, and a multi-parameter sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the influence of key meteorological, economic, and grid reliability parameters on system performance. The optimal configuration achieves a low cost of energy (COE) of 0.0214 $/kWh and a net present cost (NPC) of 30,808 $, with a capital investment of 29,303 $ and annual operating cost of 112.24 $. The system attains a 56.3% reduction in CO₂ emissions, lowering annual emissions to 16,583 kg, while demand response implementation results in annual energy savings of 3,338.36 kWh. Dynamic simulations confirm stable voltage and frequency performance under varying operating conditions. These results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid microgrid offers a reliable, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable electrification solution for remote island communities, providing a scalable framework for renewable-based power systems in coastal regions of Bangladesh.

由于地理隔离、电网基础设施薄弱以及对化石燃料的依赖，孟加拉国偏远岛屿地区的电力供应仍然不可靠且成本高昂。本研究通过为Hatiya岛开发一个智能混合微电网来解决这一挑战，该微电网集成了太阳能光伏（PV）、风力涡轮机（PV）、电池储能系统（BESS）和电网支持，以实现经济高效、稳定和低碳的电气化。采用HOMER Pro （v3.14.2）进行离线技术经济优化，根据净当前成本（NPC）和能源成本（COE）确定成本最低的组件尺寸和系统配置。随后使用基于matlab的仿真来评估可再生间歇性和负载变化下的动态电压和频率稳定性。此外，分析了需求响应策略以提高负荷灵活性，并进行了多参数敏感性分析，以检验关键气象、经济和电网可靠性参数对系统性能的影响。最佳配置实现了0.0214美元/千瓦时的低能源成本（COE）和30808美元的净现值成本（NPC），资本投资为29303美元，年运营成本为112.24美元。该系统减少了56.3%的二氧化碳排放量，将年排放量降低到16583公斤，而需求响应的实施每年可节省3338.36千瓦时的能源。动态仿真验证了在不同工作条件下稳定的电压和频率性能。这些结果表明，拟议的混合微电网为偏远岛屿社区提供了可靠、经济可行、环境可持续的电气化解决方案，为孟加拉国沿海地区的可再生能源电力系统提供了可扩展的框架。

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引用次数: 0

Floating offshore wind in the Nordic synchronous area: Resource potential, geographical smoothing, and storage integration 北欧同步区海上浮式风电：资源潜力、地理平滑和存储整合

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101657

Izabella Simonsson, Erik Jonasson, Irina Temiz, Hans Bernhoff

The Nordic synchronous area strives to achieve a fossil-free energy system, requiring significant expansion of renewable electricity generation. While onshore wind power is technologically mature, offshore wind, particularly floating installations, offers access to stronger and more consistent wind resources in deeper waters. In this study, the potential of floating offshore wind power in the Nordic synchronous area is evaluated through a 21-year (2004–2024) wind resource analysis using ERA5 reanalysis data for 11 geographically distributed sites across several seas. A MATLAB-based model was developed to simulate the wind power generation. Simulating local compressed air energy storage at each site and centralized hydropower storage, the total losses and curtailments of the proposed system are determined. A system with both local and centralized storage demonstrates greater reliability in providing a baseload to the grid than a system with only local storage. Additionally, the geographical smoothing significantly reduces variability, with correlation between sites decaying exponentially with distance. The system has the potential to provide 187.3 TWh annually. Furthermore, the seasonal variation in the Nordic synchronous area was integrated into the model. It showed higher demand during the winter and lower demand during the summer, and demonstrated reliability in providing a baseload to the grid, with an annual output of 189.5 TWh. Floating offshore wind, combined with local storage and existing hydropower flexibility, can contribute to the Nordic synchronous area for baseload supply and enhance system reliability while expanding generation and supporting the region’s decarbonization goals.

北欧同步区努力实现无化石能源系统，这需要显著扩大可再生能源发电。虽然陆上风力发电在技术上已经成熟，但海上风力发电，特别是浮动装置，可以在更深的水域提供更强大、更稳定的风力资源。在这项研究中，通过使用ERA5再分析数据对几个海域的11个地理分布站点进行21年（2004-2024）的风资源分析，评估了北欧同步地区浮式海上风电的潜力。建立了基于matlab的风力发电仿真模型。模拟各场址局部压缩空气蓄能和集中水电蓄能，确定了系统的总损耗和总缩减量。具有本地存储和集中式存储的系统在向电网提供基本负载方面比仅具有本地存储的系统表现出更高的可靠性。此外，地理平滑显著降低了变异，站点之间的相关性随距离呈指数衰减。该系统每年可提供187.3太瓦时的电力。此外，将北欧同步区的季节变化纳入模型。它显示出冬季需求较高，夏季需求较低，并证明了为电网提供基本负荷的可靠性，年发电量为189.5太瓦时。浮动海上风电与当地储能和现有水电的灵活性相结合，可以为北欧同步地区的基本负荷供应做出贡献，提高系统可靠性，同时扩大发电量并支持该地区的脱碳目标。

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引用次数: 0

Drying kinetics and energy-exergy performance of a hybrid solar-biomass dryer 混合太阳能-生物质干燥机的干燥动力学和能量-火用性能

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101644

Sifat Abdul Bari , Mohtasim Fuad , Md. Shahed Mahamud , Arafat Ahmed Bhuiyan , Md. Ahiduzzaman

Reliable food preservation remains difficult in developing regions with limited electricity and high ambient humidity, where traditional open solar drying often performs poorly. Hybrid solar-biomass dryers offer a promising alternative, yet their energy and exergy behavior for high-moisture vegetables under tropical conditions has not been documented. This study evaluates the drying performance, energy efficiency, and exergy efficiency of a hybrid solar-biomass dryer for cabbage and compares it with standalone sunlight and biomass heating. Experiments were conducted with 4 kg, 8 kg, and 12 kg cabbage loads under three heating modes. Temperatures, solar radiation, relative humidity, and moisture content were measured periodically, and thermodynamic performance was assessed using a validated energy-exergy model implemented in Engineering Equation Solver. Drying durations were 13 h, 8 h, and 7 h for the 4 kg sunlight, biomass, and hybrid modes; 19 h, 13 h, and 12 h for the 8 kg batch; and 20 h, 17 h, and 12 h for the 12 kg batch. The hybrid 12 kg test achieved the highest moisture evaporation rate (766.15 g/h). For the 8 kg trials, energy efficiencies were 38%, 33%, and 50%, and exergy efficiencies were 37%, 33%, and 45% for sunlight, biomass, and hybrid modes, with corresponding exergy destruction of 33.91, 167.54, and 107.42 MJ. By combining stable heat supply with reduced humidity, the hybrid system markedly improved drying rate and thermodynamic performance, demonstrating strong potential for scalable, low-cost food drying in off-grid tropical environments.

在电力有限和环境湿度高的发展中地区，可靠的食品保存仍然很困难，在这些地区，传统的开放式太阳能干燥往往表现不佳。混合太阳能-生物质干燥机提供了一个有前途的选择，但他们的能量和火用行为高水分蔬菜在热带条件下还没有记录。本研究评估了一种混合太阳能-生物质干燥机的干燥性能、能源效率和火用效率，并将其与独立的阳光和生物质加热进行了比较。以4公斤、8公斤和12公斤白菜为负荷，在3种加热方式下进行试验。定期测量温度、太阳辐射、相对湿度和水分含量，并使用工程方程求解器中实现的经过验证的能量-用能模型评估热力学性能。4 kg光照、生物量和杂交模式的干燥时间分别为13 h、8 h和7 h；8公斤批次19小时、13小时和12小时；12kg批次为20h， 17h和12h。杂交12 kg试验水分蒸发速率最高（766.15 g/h）。在8 kg试验中，阳光、生物质和混合模式的能效分别为38%、33%和50%，火用效率分别为37%、33%和45%，相应的火用破坏分别为33.91、167.54和107.42 MJ。通过将稳定的热量供应与降低的湿度相结合，混合系统显着提高了干燥速度和热力学性能，显示出在离网热带环境中可扩展的低成本食品干燥的强大潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Energy analysis of large cruise ships case study of thermal and electric demands and supply during different scenarios 大型邮轮能源分析以不同情景下的热电需求与供给为例进行了研究

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101651

Marouane Barbri , Max Zimmermann , Felix Dahms , Karsten Müller

Cruise ships, with their intricate energy infrastructure, exhibit a level of complexity comparable to that of urban energy systems. In context, large cruise vessels rank among the most energy-intensive mobile infrastructures. During sea operation, conventional cruise ships typically consume on the order of 140–150 t fuel per day, with the largest vessels reaching approximately 250 t per day. Even when alongside, they maintain substantial auxiliary loads, often requiring electrical power in the megawatt range. Against the backdrop of international shipping emissions of roughly 1,076 Mt CO₂e in 2018 which counts to around 3% of global anthropogenic emissions, improving cruise-ship energy efficiency is therefore relevant both to meeting sector-wide decarbonisation objectives and to mitigating local air-emission burdens in port cities [1].

This study presents a detailed assessment of the energy demands of a 300-metre-long cruise ship with a capacity of approximately 4,300 passengers during a seven-day voyage. The analysis considers three distinct operational modes: sailing at sea, manoeuvring (e.g., harbour entry), and port stays. Fuel input is systematically traced and divided into thermal and electrical energy pathways, enabling a mode-specific evaluation of energy flows and system efficiency. The results reveal that up to 57% of thermal energy is rejected during sea operations, with overall system efficiency ranging from 52% (sea mode) to 67% (harbour mode). The feasibility of utilising surplus steam for battery charging is demonstrated, offering approximately 9 MWh of electrical storage over the course of one week to support zero-emission port operations.

Furthermore, the integration of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) was investigated. While technically feasible, its relatively low efficiency (approx. 7%) and system complexity present challenges for retrofitting existing ships. In contrast, slow steaming was found to reduce fuel consumption by 9% and thermal dumping by 15–17%, representing a practical and readily deployable strategy for improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions.

These findings provide new insights into the operational energy performance of cruise vessels and offer a robust foundation for data-informed optimisation strategies to support the maritime sector’s transition towards low-emission and energy-efficient operation.

游轮拥有复杂的能源基础设施，其复杂性可与城市能源系统相媲美。在此背景下，大型游轮是能源最密集的移动基础设施之一。在海上作业期间，传统游轮通常每天消耗140-150吨燃料，最大的船只每天消耗约250吨燃料。即使在旁边，它们也会保持大量的辅助负载，通常需要兆瓦级的电力。2018年，国际航运业的二氧化碳排放量约为10.76亿吨，占全球人为排放的3%左右，因此，提高游轮的能源效率与实现全行业的脱碳目标和减轻港口城市当地的空气排放负担息息相关。这项研究详细评估了一艘300米长的游轮在7天的航行中对能源的需求，该游轮的容量约为4300名乘客。该分析考虑了三种不同的操作模式：海上航行、操纵（例如，港口进入）和港口停留。系统跟踪燃料输入，并将其划分为热能和电能路径，从而能够对能量流和系统效率进行特定模式的评估。结果显示，在海上操作期间，高达57%的热能被拒绝，整体系统效率从52%（海上模式）到67%（港口模式）不等。演示了利用剩余蒸汽为电池充电的可行性，在一周内提供约9兆瓦时的电力存储，以支持零排放港口运营。此外，还对有机朗肯循环（ORC）的整合进行了研究。虽然技术上可行，但其效率相对较低(约为。（7%）和系统复杂性对现有船舶的改造提出了挑战。相比之下，研究人员发现，慢速蒸汽可以减少9%的燃料消耗，减少15-17%的热排放，这是一种实用且易于部署的提高能源效率和减少排放的策略。这些发现为邮轮的运营能源性能提供了新的见解，并为数据为基础的优化策略提供了坚实的基础，以支持海事部门向低排放和节能运营的过渡。

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引用次数: 0

Development of geothermal power generation system using geothermal fluids under harsh conditions 恶劣条件下地热流体地热发电系统的研制

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101654

Norihiro Fukuda , Yasuhiro Fujimitsu

High-enthalpy geothermal fluids contain significant amounts of impurities, corrosive gases, and non-condensable gases (NCGs). In addition, steam is superheated and contains no liquid water, which can cause problems such as corrosion and scaling if introduced directly into power generation facilities. This study builds upon the proven conventional method of introducing scrubbed steam into a turbine, while also proposing the recovery of heat from the scrubber drain as flash steam. Three types of power generation cycles are analyzed quantitatively: a direct expansion system, a stand-alone Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), and a hybrid system combining the two. The analysis includes calculations of power output and heat recovery for each configuration to better evaluate the quality of the recovered energy, based on exergy analysis.

Results show that, in addition to the conventional approach, recovering flash steam from the scrubber drain can regain approximately half of the desuperheating losses caused by steam scrubbing. Under geothermal fluid conditions of 13.8 MPa, 450 °C, and 100 t/h of superheated steam, this corresponds to a gross power output of 24.1 MW, compared with 21.2 MW when the drain heat is not recovered.

Furthermore, while an ORC alone is not well suited to high-enthalpy geothermal sources due to the small latent heat of low-boiling-point working fluids and the high exhaust temperature of the ORC turbine, combining a direct expansion turbine with an ORC enables efficient cascading use of heat. This hybrid approach eliminates the need for dedicated gas extraction systems, making it particularly advantageous under high-NCG conditions and robust against variations in gas concentration, achieving a gross power output of 22.1 MW for the hybrid configuration under the considered geothermal fluid conditions.

高焓地热流体含有大量的杂质、腐蚀性气体和不可冷凝气体（NCGs）。此外，蒸汽是过热的，不含液态水，如果直接引入发电设施，可能会导致腐蚀和结垢等问题。本研究建立在经过验证的将洗涤蒸汽引入涡轮机的传统方法的基础上，同时也提出了从洗涤器排放物中回收热量作为闪蒸的建议。定量分析了三种类型的发电循环：直接膨胀系统、独立有机朗肯循环（ORC）和将两者结合的混合系统。分析包括计算每个配置的功率输出和热回收，以更好地评估基于火用分析的回收能量的质量。结果表明，除了传统的方法外，从洗涤器排水口回收闪蒸可以回收蒸汽洗涤造成的约一半的减温损失。在地热流体温度为13.8 MPa，温度为450℃，过热蒸汽为100 t/h的条件下，总输出功率为24.1 MW，而在不回收排热的情况下，总输出功率为21.2 MW。此外，由于低沸点工质的潜热小，ORC涡轮的排气温度高，因此单独的ORC并不适合于高焓地热资源，将直接膨胀涡轮与ORC相结合可以有效地级联利用热量。这种混合方法消除了对专用气体提取系统的需求，使其在高ncg条件下具有特别优势，并且对气体浓度的变化具有很强的抗压能力，在地热流体条件下，混合配置的总输出功率达到22.1 MW。

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引用次数: 0

Direct recycling of heavy cycle oil, light cycle oil and heavy naphtha to the RFCC reactor feed: Study on product yield distribution 重循环油、轻循环油和重石脑油直接回收至RFCC反应器进料：产品收率分布研究

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101652

S. Masoud Hosseini , A. Afshar Ebrahimi

This study examines the recycling of heavy cycle oil (HCO), light cycle oil (LCO), and heavy naphtha (HN) into the feed of a residue fluid catalytic cracking (RFCC) reactor to evaluate their effects on product yield distribution. The objective is to develop strategies for steering RFCC operations toward higher-value products. The recycled streams, rich in aromatic compounds, were tested in a fixed fluidized bed microreactor (ACE test) using a commercial RFCC equilibrium catalyst. The NOFs (neat oil fractions), namely HCO, LCO and HN, and blended feeds with atmospheric residue (ATR) were cracked at 520 °C under varying catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratios. Conversion of the NOFs followed the order HN (99 wt%) > LCO (87.5 wt%) > HCO (42 wt%), with corresponding gasoline yields of 69, 51, and 14 wt%. For blended feeds, ATR + HN achieved the highest conversion (79.1 wt%) and gasoline yield (51 wt%), while ATR + LCO generated the most olefins. Results demonstrate that mono-aromatics act as gasoline precursors, whereas di-aromatics favor LCO formation. Increasing C/O ratio enhanced gasoline and olefin yields while reducing LCO and main cycle oil. These findings highlight the potential of recycling side streams to optimize RFCC performance and improve refinery fuel flexibility.

本研究考察了重循环油（HCO）、轻循环油（LCO）和重石脑油（HN）再循环到渣油催化裂化（RFCC）反应器的进料中，以评估它们对产品收率分布的影响。目标是制定战略，指导RFCC业务向更高价值的产品发展。利用商业RFCC平衡催化剂，在固定流化床微反应器（ACE）中对富含芳香族化合物的回收废水进行了测试。在不同的催化油比（C/O）条件下，在520℃下裂解NOFs（纯油馏分），即HCO、LCO和HN，以及带常压渣油（ATR）的混合进料。NOFs的转化率依次为HN (99% wt%) > LCO (87.5% wt%) > HCO (42% wt%)，相应的汽油收率分别为69、51和14 wt%。对于混合饲料，ATR + HN的转化率最高（79.1% wt%），汽油收率最高（51% wt%），而ATR + LCO的烯烃产量最高。结果表明，单芳烃是汽油前驱体，而二芳烃有利于LCO的形成。提高碳氧比可提高汽油和烯烃收率，同时降低LCO和主循环油收率。这些发现强调了回收侧流在优化RFCC性能和提高炼油厂燃料灵活性方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Design and utilisation of a multi-criteria decision support tool to analyse power-to-heat technologies for advancing industrial electrification 设计和利用多标准决策支持工具来分析推进工业电气化的动力到热技术

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101631

Arman Ashabi , Mohamed Mostafa , Andriy Hryshchenko , Ken Bruton , Dominic T.J. O’sullivan

Transitioning industrial processes towards sustainability necessitates robust decision-support solutions. This paper introduces FlexiHeat-DST, a cutting-edge web-based tool dedicated to power-to-heat applications. The platform comprises three core functionalities: technology selection, multi-criteria decision analysis, and scenario exploration, offering an integrated approach to identifying optimal electrification pathways. It incorporates eight techno-economic and environmental parameters within a normalization framework to ensure fair comparisons, while an intuitive dashboard allows stakeholders to readily customize applications, adjust parameters, and dynamically visualize outcomes. A practical validation in the steel industry compared four electric-based alternatives for replacing fossil-fuel-intensive furnaces. The results indicated Induction and Resistance furnaces as top performers, scoring 0.669 and 0.578, followed by Plasma and Electric Arc furnaces, which scored 0.500 and 0.367, respectively. Scenario analyses revealed that while Induction and Resistance furnaces excelled under criteria such as technology maturity and installation simplicity, Electric Arc and Plasma furnaces were superior in scenarios prioritising efficiency and decarbonisation. In addition, sensitivity analyses recognised strong correlations between electrification stages, installation complexity, and overall technology rankings. Also, technologies superior in efficiency and carbon reduction typically incurred higher expenditures, adversely affecting their overall scores due to lower ratings in other critical areas such as Technology Readiness Level and lifespan. Finally, the analysis of energy costs and carbon emissions indicated that, despite significant environmental advantages, electrification remains economically challenging under prevailing electricity pricing structures. This underscores the necessity for strategic policy shifts and comprehensive decarbonisation plans within industrial sectors to achieve economically viable and efficient heat decarbonisation.

将工业过程向可持续性转变需要强大的决策支持解决方案。本文介绍了FlexiHeat-DST，这是一种致力于电到热应用的基于网络的尖端工具。该平台包括三个核心功能：技术选择、多标准决策分析和场景探索，提供了一种确定最佳电气化路径的综合方法。它将八个技术经济和环境参数纳入标准化框架，以确保公平比较，而直观的仪表板允许利益相关者随时定制应用程序，调整参数并动态可视化结果。钢铁行业的一项实际验证比较了四种替代化石燃料密集型熔炉的电力替代方案。结果显示，感应炉和电阻炉表现最好，得分分别为0.669和0.578，其次是等离子炉和电弧炉，得分分别为0.500和0.367。情景分析显示，虽然感应炉和电阻炉在技术成熟度和安装简单性等标准方面表现出色，但电弧炉和等离子炉在优先考虑效率和脱碳的情景中表现优异。此外，敏感性分析发现，电气化阶段、安装复杂性和整体技术排名之间存在很强的相关性。此外，在效率和碳减排方面的技术优势通常会招致更高的支出，由于在其他关键领域（如技术就绪水平和寿命）的评分较低，这对他们的总体得分产生了不利影响。最后，对能源成本和碳排放的分析表明，尽管电气化具有显著的环境优势，但在现行的电价结构下，电气化在经济上仍然具有挑战性。这强调了战略政策转变和工业部门全面脱碳计划的必要性，以实现经济上可行和高效的热脱碳。

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引用次数: 0

How increased cycling costs due to PV and wind integration impact the merit order: Learning from an application to France 由于光伏和风能集成而增加的循环成本如何影响绩效顺序：从法国的应用中学习

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101641

Samouro Dansokho , Alexis Tantet , Philippe Drobinski , Anna Creti

The large-scale integration of variable renewable energy (VRE), particularly wind and solar, requires greater operational flexibility from conventional generators. Yet, the associated cycling costs such as start-ups, shutdowns, and ramping remain insufficiently accounted for in long-term planning models. This paper develops a tractable methodology to quantify cycling costs with minimal data and computational needs by extending the e4clim investment–dispatch framework. Dispatchable producers are represented through a synthetic merit order mix, allowing cycling costs to be diagnosed ex post as additional variable costs proportional to start-up frequency and capacity. The approach is applied to mainland France under different levels of VRE penetration. Results show that while VRE integration reduces total system costs overall, start-up costs increase non-linearly with penetration and can reach up to 90% of VRE system value in extreme cases. Costs are unevenly distributed, with base load producers increasingly assuming flexibility needs at high VRE levels, while peaking units are less affected. Solar PV tends to induce roughly twice as many start-ups as onshore wind due to its diurnal profile. The analysis relies on simplifying assumptions and limited data, reflecting the interdisciplinary challenge of linking climate variability, electricity markets, and plant operation. As such, the method is best viewed as a qualitative tool to explore merit order disruptions and investment signals rather than a precise forecast for the French system.

可变可再生能源（VRE）的大规模整合，特别是风能和太阳能，需要传统发电机具有更大的操作灵活性。然而，在长期规划模型中，相关的自行车成本，如启动、关闭和坡道，仍然没有充分考虑到。本文通过扩展e4clim投资调度框架，开发了一种易于处理的方法，以最小的数据和计算需求来量化循环成本。可调度的生产者通过综合价值订单组合表示，允许循环成本事后诊断为与启动频率和容量成比例的额外可变成本。该方法适用于法国大陆不同水平的VRE渗透率。结果表明，虽然VRE集成总体上降低了系统总成本，但启动成本随着渗透呈非线性增加，在极端情况下可达到VRE系统价值的90%。成本分布不均匀，基本负荷生产商越来越多地承担高VRE水平的灵活性需求，而峰值机组受影响较小。由于太阳能光伏的昼夜分布，它往往会吸引大约两倍于陆上风能的初创企业。该分析依赖于简化的假设和有限的数据，反映了将气候变化、电力市场和电厂运行联系起来的跨学科挑战。因此，该方法最好被视为一种探索价值订单中断和投资信号的定性工具，而不是对法国体系的精确预测。

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引用次数: 0

Stochastic scheduling of a sector-coupled virtual power plant integrating wind generation and thermal energy storage 风力发电与蓄热相结合的扇区耦合虚拟电厂的随机调度

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101638

Đorđe Lazović, Željko Đurišić

The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) requires flexible solutions for balancing power systems and sector coupling. This paper proposes the integration of a wind power plant (WPP) and a thermal energy storage (TES) system into a virtual power plant (VPP) for coordinated participation in the day-ahead, reserve, and real–time balancing markets. The TES system consists of two levels: a pit thermal energy storage (PTES) for seasonal heat accumulation and a buffer thermal energy storage (BTES) for supplying district heating (DH) demand. Charging and discharging are carried out using heat pump (HP) and electrical boiler (EB) units, which form the main coupling interface between the electrical and thermal sectors and serve as a new source of power system flexibility. A two-stage stochastic optimization approach is introduced to capture multiple uncertainties, including electricity prices and wind generation. Several case studies are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and computational efficiency of the proposed model under different VPP trading strategies. The results show that the proposed framework enhances operational flexibility, reduces energy imbalance, and provides reserve capacity to the power system, increasing the expected total VPP income by 1,693.8 € compared to a baseline configuration. In addition, the two-stage stochastic formulation yields an additional 507.1 € relative to a deterministic benchmark with identical market participation. Using a reduced 16 × 16 scenario set, the resulting mixed-integer linear programming problem is solved within 10 min, demonstrating compatibility with the day-ahead market (DAM) clearing timeline.

可再生能源（RES）的日益普及需要灵活的解决方案来平衡电力系统和部门耦合。本文提出将风力发电厂（WPP）和热储能（TES）系统整合为虚拟发电厂（VPP），以协调参与日前、储备和实时平衡市场。TES系统由两层组成：用于季节性蓄热的坑式储热（PTES）和用于供应区域供热（DH）需求的缓冲式储热（BTES）。使用热泵（HP）和电锅炉（EB）装置进行充放电，它们构成了电气和热力部门之间的主要耦合接口，是电力系统灵活性的新来源。引入了一种两阶段随机优化方法来捕获包括电价和风力发电在内的多重不确定性。通过几个案例研究，评估了该模型在不同VPP交易策略下的有效性和计算效率。结果表明，该框架提高了运行灵活性，减少了能源不平衡，并为电力系统提供了备用容量，与基线配置相比，预期VPP总收益增加了1,693.8欧元。此外，两阶段随机公式相对于具有相同市场参与的确定性基准产生额外的507.1欧元。使用缩减的16 × 16场景集，由此产生的混合整数线性规划问题在10分钟内得到解决，证明了与前一天市场（DAM）清算时间表的兼容性。

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引用次数: 0