Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献_第2页

Optimization of material properties and performance of flexible thermoelectric generators with/without graphene 优化含/不含石墨烯柔性热电发电机的材料特性和性能

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100741

Wei-Hsin Chen , Wei-Cheng Bai , Ding Luo , Argel A. Bandala , Xiao-Dong Wang , Anh Tuan Hoang

With the advancement of energy harvesting methods, the power level consumed by electronic circuits and sensors has been reduced so that self-sufficiency in power can be achieved, and the use of flexible thermoelectric generators to supply electrical energy is one of these methods. In this study, the manufacture of flexible thermoelectric generators is successfully developed and verified using a numerical method. The process follows the sandwich method of the conventional thermoelectric module and utilizes two different elastomers (polydimethylsiloxane and Eco-Flex) and thin copper sheets. Among the nine cases designed by the Taguchi method, the maximum tensile strength of the elastomer is 0.967 MPa, stemming from the operation conditions of 6 min stirring time, 85 °C heating temperature, and 3 h heating time. This strength is substantially higher than those of the other eight cases. The open-circuit voltage of the manufactured flexible thermoelectric generator with an internal resistance of 1.5 Ω is 0.011 V. The output power under a temperature difference of 75 °C is 11 μW. After blending graphene into polydimethylsiloxane, the elastomer’s thermal conductivity at 370 K rises by 9.6 folds. This results in the output power being lifted to 0.0515 W (75 °C temperature difference), accounting for an amplification of 4,681 times. Numerical simulations are also performed to aid in figuring out the detailed performance of the flexible thermoelectric generator. The errors between numerical simulations and experiments are between 4.6 % and 5.2 %, showing the reliability of the numerical predictions. The fabricated flexible thermoelectric generators can be practically used for green power generation by harvesting industrial low-temperature waste heat and biothermal energy, potentially driving sensors on industrial devices, the human body, and animals.

随着能量收集方法的发展，电子电路和传感器消耗的功率水平已经降低，从而可以实现电力自给自足，而使用柔性热电发电机提供电能就是其中的一种方法。本研究采用数值方法成功开发并验证了柔性热电发电机的制造。该工艺沿用了传统热电模块的夹层法，并使用了两种不同的弹性体（聚二甲基硅氧烷和 Eco-Flex）和薄铜片。在田口方法设计的九种情况中，在搅拌时间为 6 分钟、加热温度为 85 ℃、加热时间为 3 小时的操作条件下，弹性体的最大拉伸强度为 0.967 兆帕。这一强度大大高于其他八种情况。内阻为 1.5 Ω 的柔性热电发生器的开路电压为 0.011 V，在 75 °C 温差下的输出功率为 11 μW。将石墨烯混入聚二甲基硅氧烷后，弹性体在 370 K 时的热导率提高了 9.6 倍。这使得输出功率提高到 0.0515 W（75 °C 温差），相当于放大了 4,681 倍。我们还进行了数值模拟，以帮助确定柔性热电发生器的详细性能。数值模拟和实验之间的误差介于 4.6 % 和 5.2 % 之间，显示了数值预测的可靠性。制造出的柔性热电发生器可通过收集工业低温废热和生物热能实际用于绿色发电，并有可能驱动工业设备、人体和动物上的传感器。

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引用次数: 0

Identification and control of hydrothermal carbonisation process with energy consumption assessment

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100808

Riku-Pekka Nikula , Sajad Ahmadi , Velma Beri Kimbi Yaah , Hafiz Haq , Ville Tuomi , Mika Ruusunen

The sustainable and cost-effective production of hydrochar requires energy efficient processing. In this study, data collected from laboratory-scale hydrothermal carbonisation experiments were used to identify dynamic models to predict reactor temperature based on estimated heating power. The performance was then analysed through process simulations with model predictive control. The optimal control model exhibited root mean squared error (

RMSE

) in the range of 3.19–11.47 °C in model validation with data sets of 31 experiments, whereas for process models it was 1.49–4.79 °C using their training data. In simulations with the optimal control model at the target temperatures of 180–200 °C for 4–6 h, the optimal mean values of mean absolute percentage error (

MAPE

), overshoot, and specific energy consumption were 0.56%, 2.50 °C, and 40.86 kWh/kg, respectively. Simulations indicated also that strict temperature control settings (average standard deviation

s

= 1.24 °C at target temperature) increased specific energy consumption slightly (

\bar{x}

= 4.4%) when compared with control settings that allowed higher variance around a setpoint (

s

= 5.11 °C). However, the energy consumption was generally more dependent on the target temperature and processing time, which was also validated based on the measurements of 23 additional experiments. The presented dynamic modelling approach enables accurate real-time process control and predictive energy consumption optimisations for hydrothermal carbonisation.

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引用次数: 0

Technical evaluation of a novel combined cooling-heating-power-water system based on PEM fuel cells

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100803

Kai Kang , Yunlong Zhang , Chuansheng Cao , Xinyu Lu

The low temperature of the recovered waste heat is the main constraint on the performance of the cogeneration system based on PEM fuel cell (PEMFC). Therefore, this study proposes a novel PEMFC combined cooling-heating-power-water system. The proposed system consists of a PEMFC, a solar thermal collector (STC), a LiBr adsorption chiller (AC), a multi-effect desalination (MED) process, etc. The STC secondary heating stack cooling water allows the system to use a Libr AC with a higher COP for cooling output, realizing that the cooling/heating outputs of the system are independent of each other. The cooling output only affects the output power, and the heating output only affects the fresh water production. The energy and exergy analysis demonstrate the proposed system can follow the variation of typical electrical/heating/cooling loads in time. In 24 h of operation, the proposed system consumes 19.53 kg of hydrogen and produces 4,355 kg of fresh water. The energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the system are 78.5 % and 53.8 %, respectively. Furthermore, if the application scenario has higher solar radiation, the cooling output time of the LiBr AC can be extended, to reduce the hydrogen consumption.

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引用次数: 0

The economywide impact of bioethanol production in South Africa 南非生物乙醇生产对整个经济的影响

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100729

Lungani Mvelase, Stuart Ferrer

Bioethanol production as a substitute for petroleum in road transport fuels has been identified as a potential partial solution to environmental and socioeconomic challenges facing developing countries, including South Africa. Biofuels in motor vehicles emit fewer GHGs relative to conventional fuels, and their production can lead to economic growth and associated socioeconomic outcomes, including increased labour employment and improved household welfare. The objective of this paper was to quantify the socioeconomic impact of bioethanol production in South Africa using sugarcane as a feedstock and to assess the effects of increasing the size of the bioethanol plant. The study is based on the 2018 KwaZulu-Natal and South African Social Accounting Matrices (SAM), and two assumed scenarios are considered, namely a scenario where only export destined sugarcane is used to produce bioethanol (scenario I) and a scenario when all sugarcane is used to produce bioethanol (Scenario II). The SAMs modified from the SAMs initially compiled by Conningarth Economists were used to develop an input–output multipliers economic impact model. The production of bioethanol from sugarcane was anticipated to have positive socioeconomic impacts namely, an increase in the country’s GDP, employment growth, gross-capital formation, positive contribution to fiscus, improvement in household welfare and positive contribution to the balance of payment (BOP). Expanding the size of the bioethanol plant is expected to magnify the impacts. The study, therefore, recommends a removal of bottlenecks in bioethanol expansion, including high feedstock cost, limited investment, and absence of mandatory blending policy, amongst others.

作为道路运输燃料中的石油替代品，生物乙醇的生产被认为是解决包括南非在内的发展中国家所面临的环境和社会经济挑战的潜在部分方案。与传统燃料相比，机动车使用的生物燃料排放的温室气体较少，而且其生产可带来经济增长和相关的社会经济成果，包括增加劳动力就业和改善家庭福利。本文旨在量化南非以甘蔗为原料生产生物乙醇的社会经济影响，并评估扩大生物乙醇工厂规模的影响。研究以 2018 年夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省和南非社会核算矩阵（SAM）为基础，考虑了两种假定情景，即仅使用出口甘蔗生产生物乙醇的情景（情景 I）和使用所有甘蔗生产生物乙醇的情景（情景 II）。根据康宁纳斯经济学家最初编制的 SAMs 修订的 SAMs 被用于开发投入产出乘数经济影响模型。利用甘蔗生产生物乙醇预计将产生积极的社会经济影响，即增加国家的国内生产总值、就业增长、资本形成总额、对财政的积极贡献、改善家庭福利以及对国际收支（BOP）的积极贡献。扩大生物乙醇工厂的规模预计会扩大影响。因此，研究建议消除生物乙醇扩张的瓶颈，包括原料成本高、投资有限、缺乏强制性混合政策等。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of the ignition dynamics in a premixed annular combustor using a pre-chamber ignition system 使用前室点火系统的预混合环形燃烧器点火动力学实验研究

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100754

Haroun Hassan , Hui Wang , Elsayed Barakat , Chenghao Qian , Haiwen Ge , Zhixin Zhu , Gaofeng Wang

In this paper, the ignition characteristics in a MICCA-type annular combustor are studied for the first time using a pre-chamber combustion (PCC) system. The PCC is proposed to replace the traditional spark electrode ignitor in the annular combustor, aiming to shorten ignition time and prevent misfiring. The PCC system is commonly utilized to initiate the ignition process in internal combustion (IC) engines by generating high-temperature turbulent jets that ignite the fuel/air mixture in the main combustion chamber (MCC). The PCC is integrated into a premixed annular combustor consists of sixteen swirling burners. The ignition characteristics and flame propagation patterns are investigated using a high-speed camera under varying conditions of equivalence ratios, bulk velocities, and thermal power levels. Experimental results demonstrate that the PCC exhibits a high ignition response without misfire. The induced turbulent jet from the PCC is observed to propagate into both sides of the annular combustor with high energy, creating a significant initial flame area along the jet trajectory. This enhances the ignition probability compared to traditional spark electrode ignition systems. Due to the higher burning rate resulting from the jet ignition, the light-round time is reduced by 41 % compared to traditional spark electrode ignition systems operating at the same equivalence ratio of 0.81 and the same bulk velocity of 3.22 m/s. This improvement is particularly advantageous for high-altitude re-ignition scenarios.

本文首次使用预室燃烧（PCC）系统研究了 MICCA 型环形燃烧器的点火特性。PCC 被提出来取代环形燃烧器中的传统火花电极点火器，旨在缩短点火时间并防止误点火。PCC 系统通常用于启动内燃 (IC) 发动机的点火过程，通过产生高温湍流射流来点燃主燃烧室 (MCC) 中的燃料/空气混合物。PCC 集成在一个由十六个漩涡燃烧器组成的预混环形燃烧器中。在不同的等效比、体积速度和热功率水平条件下，使用高速摄像机对点火特性和火焰传播模式进行了研究。实验结果表明，PCC 具有很高的点火响应速度，不会出现失火现象。据观察，来自 PCC 的诱导湍流射流以高能量传播到环形燃烧器的两侧，沿射流轨迹形成了很大的初始火焰面积。与传统的火花电极点火系统相比，这提高了点火概率。由于喷射点火产生了更高的燃烧率，与传统的火花电极点火系统相比，在相同的当量比（0.81）和相同的体积速度（3.22 米/秒）下，光轮时间缩短了 41%。这一改进对于高空再点火情况尤为有利。

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引用次数: 0

Circulation of self-supplied water for significant energy recovery through heat integration 自来水循环，通过热集成实现大量能源回收

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100740

Minyong Lee, Donggun Kim, Yongbeom Shin, Jeongwoo Lee, Jae W. Lee

This study introduces an overhead heat-integrated distillation column (OHIDiC), a novel approach that maximizes heat recovery by multiple heat exchanges and product circulation. By utilizing the overhead vapor as a direct heat source, low-temperature feed and product water were used as cooling agents, thereby significantly reducing the condenser duty and reliance on cooling utilities. Additionally, the heated feed transfers heat to the column, leading to a substantial reduction of reboiler heat duty. Some of the heated product water is recycled back to the decanter for product cycling, while the rest is released as the final product. This circulation process ensures a continuous coolant supply, which contributes the reduction of condenser duty. Two processes were considered in this study, utilizing the water product from a non-reactive, and from a reactive separation within the system. When applied to the separation of a water-dodecanol mixture, OHIDiC reduced the condenser duty by 69.21% compared to a traditional distillation column, with a 31.46% reduction in the total utility consumption. When reactive distillation was incorporated into the OHIDiC, the higher overhead vapor temperature facilitated high heat transfer in the multiple heat exchange sections, thereby significantly reducing the total thermal load. This resulted in a reduction of up to 46.96% in total heat duty and a 36.06% decrease in CO₂ emissions. These findings confirm that the OHIDiC achieves significant energy savings through the utilization of process-derived substances, with pronounced benefits when the temperature of the overhead vapor becomes higher.

本研究介绍了高架热集成蒸馏塔（OHIDiC），这是一种通过多重热交换和产品循环实现热回收最大化的新方法。通过利用高架蒸汽作为直接热源，低温进料水和产品水被用作冷却剂，从而大大降低了冷凝器的工作负荷和对冷却设施的依赖。此外，加热后的进料将热量传递给塔，从而大大减少了再沸器的热负荷。部分加热后的产品水被循环回滗水器，用于产品循环，而其余部分则作为最终产品释放。这种循环过程可确保持续的冷却剂供应，从而降低冷凝器的工作负荷。本研究考虑了两种工艺，即利用系统内非反应分离和反应分离产生的水产品。当应用于水-十二醇混合物的分离时，OHIDiC 比传统蒸馏塔减少了 69.21% 的冷凝器负荷，总功耗减少了 31.46%。在 OHIDiC 中加入反应蒸馏后，较高的顶蒸温度促进了多个热交换段的高热传导，从而显著降低了总热负荷。这使得总热负荷降低了 46.96%，二氧化碳排放量减少了 36.06%。这些研究结果证实，OHIDiC 通过利用工艺衍生物质实现了显著的节能效果，当顶层蒸汽温度升高时，节能效果更加明显。

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引用次数: 0

A novel algorithm for optimizing genset operations to minimize fuel consumption in remote diesel-RES microgrids 优化发电机组运行以尽量减少远程柴油-可再生能源微电网燃料消耗的新型算法

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100728

Issam Matragi , Alain Maiboom , Xavier Tauzia , Bruno Moricet , Yoann Thevenoux

This paper addresses the challenge of reducing fuel consumption in Diesel-RES (Renewable Energy Sources) isolated microgrids, particularly focusing on Diesel Genset’s (DG) operation. The study introduces a basic rule based energy management system that serves as a platform to test out various DG operational strategies with a novel approach. Two optimization strategies—load dispatch optimization and unit commitment optimization—are explored to unequally distribute loads among different grid-connected DGs and sequence their start/stop based on predictive demand profiles respectively. Additionally, the integration of a spinning reserve-providing battery is investigated to alleviate DGs from their spinning reserve constraint, resulting in higher operational loads and consequently higher efficiency. The proposed model is applied on a case study of the Tahitian power system, demonstrating reductions in fuel consumption. The combined application of the proposed DG load dispatch and unit commitment optimizations, along with the integration a spinning-reserve-providing battery, yielded a 2.6 % reduction in fuel consumption and 6kt decrease in CO2 emissions over a year compared to a basic DG operation without a battery.

本文探讨了在柴油-可再生能源（RES）隔离微电网中降低燃料消耗的挑战，尤其关注柴油发电机组（DG）的运行。该研究引入了一个基于基本规则的能源管理系统，作为一个平台，以一种新颖的方法测试各种 DG 运行策略。研究探讨了两种优化策略--负载调度优化和机组承诺优化--以在不同的并网 DG 之间不公平地分配负载，并分别根据预测的需求曲线安排其启动/停止顺序。此外，还研究了提供旋转储备的电池的集成，以减轻 DG 的旋转储备约束，从而提高运行负荷，进而提高效率。在塔希提电力系统的案例研究中应用了所提出的模型，结果表明燃料消耗有所减少。与没有电池的基本 DG 运行相比，综合应用所提出的 DG 负荷调度和机组承诺优化以及集成旋转储备电池，一年内可减少 2.6% 的燃料消耗和 6 千吨的二氧化碳排放量。

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引用次数: 0

The cost of green: Analyzing the economic feasibility of hydrogen production from offshore wind power 绿色成本：分析利用海上风能制氢的经济可行性

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100770

Jun-Wei Ding , Yuan-Shin Fu , I-Yun Lisa Hsieh

Wind energy is a cornerstone for enhancing grid stability and augmenting energy storage solutions, especially through its synergy with green hydrogen production. While substantial research has analyzed the economic dynamics of offshore wind and green hydrogen, the impact of offshore distances on hydrogen production costs remains underexplored. This study introduces a novel, globally applicable modeling framework for the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH), illustrated using the strategically significant Taiwan Strait as a case study. By employing net present value analysis, we compare centralized, distributed, and onshore hydrogen production scenarios, documenting the lowest current LCOH values at $10.27, $10.31, and $11.32 per kg of hydrogen respectively. These findings highlight the cost-effectiveness of the centralized configuration and emphasize the significant costs linked to transmission infrastructure in onshore setups. Looking ahead to 2035, our framework predicts substantial reductions in LCOH, with low-cost scenarios forecasting profitability at just $9 per kilogram of hydrogen. Powered by the universally accessible ERA5 reanalysis dataset, our approach supports analogous assessments worldwide, thereby aiding strategic planning and the deployment of renewable technologies. In-depth sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses further enhance our understanding of the impacts of offshore distance and other key factors, bolstering the economic evaluation of green hydrogen production. This comprehensive methodology not only assesses present capabilities but also facilitates broad application, fostering the strategic development of renewable technologies globally.

风能是提高电网稳定性和增强储能解决方案的基石，特别是通过其与绿色制氢的协同作用。虽然已有大量研究分析了海上风能和绿色制氢的经济动态，但离岸距离对制氢成本的影响仍未得到充分探索。本研究介绍了一种新颖的、全球适用的氢气平准化成本（LCOH）建模框架，并以具有重要战略意义的台湾海峡为案例进行了说明。通过采用净现值分析，我们对集中式、分布式和陆上制氢方案进行了比较，结果表明目前的最低 LCOH 值分别为每公斤氢 10.27 美元、10.31 美元和 11.32 美元。这些发现凸显了集中式配置的成本效益，并强调了陆上配置中与传输基础设施相关的巨大成本。展望 2035 年，我们的框架预测 LCOH 将大幅降低，低成本方案预测每公斤氢气的盈利能力仅为 9 美元。我们的方法以普遍可用的ERA5再分析数据集为基础，支持全球范围内的类似评估，从而有助于战略规划和可再生技术的部署。深入的敏感性和蒙特卡洛分析进一步加深了我们对离岸距离和其他关键因素影响的理解，加强了绿色制氢的经济评估。这种全面的方法不仅能评估目前的能力，还能促进广泛应用，推动全球可再生技术的战略发展。

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引用次数: 0

Water desalination using waste heat recovery of thermal power plant in tropical climate; optimization by AI 利用热带气候下热电厂的余热回收进行海水淡化；通过人工智能进行优化

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100731

Ehsanolah Assareh , Mohammad Firoozzadeh , Mohammad Zoghi , Ali Zare , Yasaman Ghazi , Ali Shahin-Banna

The primary objective of the current research is to address the pressing issue of water scarcity in Khuzestan Province, Iran, specifically targeting the Khorramshahr gas power plant. The proposed redesign incorporates a Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) unit with Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC) and dual-pressure heat recovery steam generators. This innovative system aims to optimize cost reduction, minimize CO₂ emissions, and maximize both net output power & energy efficiency, simultaneously. The optimization process is facilitated by artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms, utilizing EES and MATLAB software. Optimized system is projected to gain more average cost of 1,912.1 $/h, reflecting the investment required for the redesign and upgrades. Water production is expected to reach 64 kg/s, and the energy efficiency is anticipated to increase by more than 10 %. CO₂ emissions are forecasted to decrease by approximately 23 %. From exergy point of view, the exergy efficiency of the system has been enhanced from 31.1 % for the conventional state to 41.7 % as the best optimized case (10.6 % improvement). In the suggested system, outlet gas exergy, with an amount of 136.9 MW, is recovered. Finally, the net power output is set to rise by around 32 %, further enhancing the overall performance of the power plant.

当前研究的主要目标是解决伊朗胡齐斯坦省水资源短缺的紧迫问题，特别是针对霍拉姆沙赫尔天然气发电厂。拟议的重新设计将多效蒸馏（MED）装置与热蒸汽压缩（TVC）和双压热回收蒸汽发生器结合在一起。这一创新系统旨在优化成本降低，最大限度地减少二氧化碳排放，同时最大限度地提高净输出功率和能效。人工神经网络和遗传算法利用 EES 和 MATLAB 软件促进了优化过程。优化后的系统预计平均成本为 1,912.1 美元/小时，反映了重新设计和升级所需的投资。产水量预计将达到 64 千克/秒，能效预计将提高 10%以上。二氧化碳排放量预计将减少约 23%。从放能角度来看，系统的放能效率已从传统状态下的 31.1% 提高到最佳优化状态下的 41.7%（提高了 10.6%）。在建议的系统中，回收了 136.9 兆瓦的出口气体放能。最后，净输出功率将增加约 32%，进一步提高了发电厂的整体性能。

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引用次数: 0

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and cost of energy transport from Saudi Arabia with conventional fuels and liquefied natural gas 使用传统燃料和液化天然气从沙特阿拉伯运输能源的生命周期温室气体排放量和成本

IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100747

Shashwat Tripathi , Christopher P. Kolodziej , Zifeng Lu , Daniel De Castro Gomez , Xin He , Jessey Bouchard , Farhad Masum , Troy Hawkins , Michael Wang

The International Maritime Organization has recently developed several regulations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To meet these targets, ship builders and operators must either replace or upgrade the existing fleet with new decarbonized vessel technologies and/or switch to alternative fuels. The latter has been of interest, especially using liquefied natural gas (LNG), among other alternative fuels, which can have lower emissions than conventional fuels. In Saudi Arabia in 2023, LNG was priced about 10 times lower than in Europe. In this study, Well-to-Wake life cycle GHG emissions and cost are calculated for a SUEZMAX tanker operating with three fuel options: high sulfur fuel oil, very low sulfur fuel oil and LNG. This is done for two different trips, for Saudi Arabia to Japan and Saudi Arabia to the Netherlands. Results show 11% and 12% life cycle GHG emissions reduction with LNG for trips to the Netherlands and Japan, respectively. From a sensitivity analysis of methane slip, LNG cost and anchoring time, the cost of GHG abatement for the LNG vessel varied from 171 United States dollars (USD) to –255 USD, and from 206 USD to –191 USD per ton of GHG, for the trip to the Netherlands and Japan, respectively.

国际海事组织最近制定了多项减少温室气体排放的法规。为了达到这些目标，船舶建造商和运营商必须采用新的脱碳船舶技术和/或改用替代燃料来替换或升级现有船队。后者一直备受关注，尤其是使用液化天然气（LNG）和其他替代燃料，因为后者的排放量低于传统燃料。2023 年，沙特阿拉伯的液化天然气价格比欧洲低约 10 倍。在本研究中，计算了一艘使用三种燃料的 SUEZMAX 油轮的 Well-to-Wake 生命周期温室气体排放量和成本：高硫燃油、极低硫燃油和液化天然气。计算分别针对沙特阿拉伯至日本和沙特阿拉伯至荷兰的两个不同航程。结果显示，在前往荷兰和日本的行程中，液化天然气的生命周期温室气体排放量分别减少了 11% 和 12%。通过对甲烷滑移、液化天然气成本和锚泊时间的敏感性分析，在前往荷兰和日本的航程中，液化天然气船每吨温室气体的减排成本分别从 171 美元到-255 美元不等，以及从 206 美元到-191 美元不等。

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引用次数: 0