Energy Conversion and Management-X最新文献_第9页

Innovative fin designs for enhanced thermal performance in PCM-based thermal energy storage: a review 基于pcm的热能存储中提高热性能的创新散热片设计：综述

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101508

Gebeyehu Tebabal Desalegn, Aragaw Tadie Alamnia, Matebu Limeneh Belew

The global transition to renewable energy necessitates advanced thermal energy storage (TES) to balance intermittent supply with constant demand. Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) using phase change materials (PCMs) offers high energy density and isothermal operation but is hindered by low thermal conductivity. Fin integration is a key passive method to overcome this. While traditional fins provide foundational improvements, a paradigm shift is underway toward innovative, geometry-optimized designs. This review critically examines the evolution of fin configurations, from conventional longitudinal and annular fins to advanced non-uniform, fractal, vortex-generating, porous, morphing, and hybrid structures. We introduce and apply the Performance–Complexity–Manufacturability Trinity Framework (PCMTF), a novel holistic lens for evaluating these diverse designs, providing a systematic decision-support mechanism for selecting optimal fin configurations based on application-specific priorities. Our analysis reveals that strategic fin architectures synergistically enhance conduction and preserve natural convection, achieving melting/solidification time reductions of 40–98%. Cross-study synthesis supports a key design principle: future high-performance LHTES configurations should emphasize hybrid conduction networks that strategically distribute thermal conductivity, rather than relying on uniform fin arrays. The review identifies that future breakthroughs lie at the intersection of topology optimization, artificial intelligence, and additive manufacturing, enabling intelligent, application-specific thermal architectures. Finally, we outline persistent challenges, including standardization, long-term reliability, and techno-economic viability, and present a roadmap for research focused on multi-objective optimization to accelerate next-generation LHTES deployment.

全球向可再生能源的过渡需要先进的热能储存（TES）来平衡间歇性供应和持续需求。使用相变材料（PCMs）的潜热储能（LHTES）具有高能量密度和等温操作，但由于低导热性而受到阻碍。翅片集成是克服这一问题的关键被动方法。虽然传统的翅片提供了基本的改进，但一种范式的转变正在向创新的、几何优化的设计方向发展。这篇综述严格审查了鳍结构的演变，从传统的纵向和环形鳍到先进的非均匀、分形、涡生、多孔、变形和混合结构。我们介绍并应用了性能-复杂性-可制造性三位一体框架（PCMTF），这是一种新的整体视角，用于评估这些不同的设计，为基于特定应用优先级选择最佳鳍配置提供了系统的决策支持机制。我们的分析表明，战略性翅片结构协同增强传导并保持自然对流，实现熔化/凝固时间减少40-98%。交叉研究综合支持一个关键的设计原则：未来高性能LHTES配置应该强调混合传导网络，这种网络可以战略性地分布导热系数，而不是依赖于均匀的鳍片阵列。该综述认为，未来的突破在于拓扑优化、人工智能和增材制造的交叉，从而实现智能、特定应用的热架构。最后，我们概述了持续存在的挑战，包括标准化、长期可靠性和技术经济可行性，并提出了多目标优化研究路线图，以加速下一代LHTES的部署。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the impact of synergistic oxygen and waste heat utilization from electrolysis in supporting a climate-neutral energy infrastructure in Germany 探索电解产生的氧气和废热协同利用对支持德国气候中性能源基础设施的影响

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101504

Luka Bornemann, Wolfram Tuschewitzki, Martin Kaltschmitt

Hydrogen is considered a key energy carrier for comprehensive defossilization of energy systems, yet large-scale deployment of electrolyzer-based production faces significant cost barriers. The utilization of electrolyzer by-products – oxygen and waste heat – offers a promising approach to reduce production costs. This study addresses whether joint oxygen and waste heat utilization generates synergistic economic benefits within a spatially optimized energy infrastructure – a question unaddressed in prior literature that examined these by-products exclusively in isolation – and provides novel insights into how market mechanisms, electrolyzer siting decisions, and conventional supply infrastructure are affected. These effects are assessed in a cost-optimal cross-sectoral German energy system at high spatial resolution. The analysis reveals that joint by-product utilization achieves near-perfect additive cost savings: 1.9% reduction in total annual system costs and 13% reduction in levelized cost of hydrogen, combining waste heat benefits (1.1% system costs, 9.6% hydrogen costs) and oxygen benefits (0.9% system costs, 4.2% hydrogen costs). These reductions are achieved through partial substitution of conventional supply infrastructure, while enabling novel economically viable production processes (e.g., oxy-fuel processes). However, oxygen utilization’s substantial system-level benefits do not adequately translate into electrolyzer operator revenues, limiting private investment incentives. By-product utilization fundamentally alters electrolyzer siting through distinct spatial patterns – short-distance redistribution for waste heat and supraregional shifts for oxygen – while creating synergy hotspots where joint utilization enables novel economically viable production sites. The study demonstrates considerable potential of joint by-product utilization for reducing hydrogen production costs, but realizing this potential requires significant changes in energy supply infrastructure and coordinated cross-sectoral planning to align private decision-making with system-optimal outcomes.

氢被认为是能源系统全面脱碳的关键能源载体，但基于电解槽生产的大规模部署面临着巨大的成本障碍。利用电解槽副产物——氧气和余热——为降低生产成本提供了一条很有前途的途径。本研究探讨了氧气和废热联合利用是否在空间优化的能源基础设施中产生协同经济效益——这是先前文献中未解决的问题，这些文献只单独研究了这些副产品——并为市场机制、电解槽选址决策和传统供应基础设施如何受到影响提供了新的见解。这些影响在高空间分辨率的成本最优的跨部门德国能源系统中进行了评估。分析表明，联合副产品利用实现了近乎完美的添加剂成本节约：结合废热效益（1.1%的系统成本，9.6%的氢气成本）和氧气效益（0.9%的系统成本，4.2%的氢气成本），每年系统总成本降低1.9%，氢气平准化成本降低13%。这些减少是通过部分替代传统的供应基础设施，同时启用新的经济上可行的生产工艺（例如，氧燃料工艺）来实现的。然而，氧气利用的巨大系统级效益并没有充分转化为电解槽运营商的收入，这限制了私人投资的积极性。副产品利用通过不同的空间模式从根本上改变了电解槽的选址——废热的短距离再分配和氧气的跨区域转移——同时创造了协同热点，联合利用可以实现新的经济上可行的生产基地。该研究表明，联合利用副产品降低氢气生产成本的巨大潜力，但要实现这一潜力，需要对能源供应基础设施进行重大改变，并协调跨部门规划，使私人决策与系统最优结果保持一致。

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引用次数: 0

Techno-economic assessment of energy savings and CO2 emission reductions from replacing conventional HVAC systems with ground source heat pumps in Iran 伊朗用地源热泵取代传统暖通空调系统节能减排的技术经济评估

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101530

Younes Noorollahi , Mohammadreza Moshtaghi , Mohammad Golkar , Hamzeh Tahsinpour , Mahshid Noorollahi

Energy policymakers must develop strategies to promote the adoption of newer and more sustainable systems. It has been demonstrated that ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are significantly more environmentally friendly than conventional HVAC systems, which remain prevalent in many buildings. Since construction projects are time-consuming, it is essential to consider replacing conventional HVAC systems with GSHP systems in existing buildings. Therefore, supporting a transition toward more sustainable practices to replace outdated systems is crucial. This study aims to explore alternative approaches and appropriate frameworks for replacing traditional fossil-fueled heating and cooling systems with GSHP systems. The current state of the Iranian building sector, a country with substantial oil reserves, is well documented. A techno-economic comparison was conducted between the most common conventional HVAC systems and suitable GSHP systems across Iran’s different climatic regions. The results indicate that purchasing surplus energy at a reasonable price can yield an attractive return on investment when GSHP systems replace conventional HVAC systems. This approach helps offset the additional capital costs, improves system efficiency, and, in some cases, even generates profits, thereby enhancing economic viability and stakeholder acceptance. Furthermore, energy savings and CO₂ emission reductions were evaluated under different scenarios. In the best-case scenario, energy savings of 230.4 MWh and CO₂ emission reductions of 131.5 tons were achieved over the system’s 30-year lifetime. Finally, this study presents a practical procedure for researchers and policymakers to assess the techno-economic feasibility of replacing conventional HVAC systems with GSHP systems under favorable conditions.

能源政策制定者必须制定战略，促进采用更新、更可持续的系统。已经证明，地源热泵（GSHP）系统明显比传统的暖通空调系统更环保，传统的暖通空调系统在许多建筑物中仍然普遍存在。由于建筑项目耗时长，因此必须考虑在现有建筑物中用地源热泵系统取代传统的暖通空调系统。因此，支持向更可持续的实践过渡以取代过时的系统是至关重要的。本研究旨在探索用地源热泵系统取代传统化石燃料加热和冷却系统的替代方法和适当的框架。伊朗是一个拥有大量石油储备的国家，其建筑部门的现状有充分的记录。对伊朗不同气候地区最常见的传统暖通空调系统和合适的地源热泵系统进行了技术经济比较。结果表明，当地源热泵系统取代传统的暖通空调系统时，以合理的价格购买剩余能源可以产生有吸引力的投资回报。这种方法有助于抵消额外的资本成本，提高系统效率，并且，在某些情况下，甚至产生利润，从而提高经济可行性和涉众接受度。此外，还对不同情景下的节能减排进行了评估。在最好的情况下，在系统30年的使用寿命中，节能230.4兆瓦时，减少二氧化碳排放131.5吨。最后，本研究为研究人员和政策制定者提供了一个实用的程序，以评估在有利条件下用地源热泵系统取代传统暖通空调系统的技术经济可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable greenhouse climate management using solar-assisted adsorption air-conditioning system in hot-humid climates 湿热气候下太阳能辅助吸附式空调系统的可持续温室气候管理

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101507

T.M. Abir Ahsan , Amrit Kumar Thakur , Tahmid Hasan Rupam , Bidyut Barun Saha , Md Shamim Ahamed

Increasing global food demand drives greenhouse expansion in the tropical and subtropical regions, where high solar radiation and elevated temperatures present substantial cooling challenges. Traditional systems like evaporative fan pads struggle with high ambient wet bulb temperatures, while vapor-compression systems incur high energy costs and carbon emissions. This study, the first of its kind to comprehensively evaluate adsorption-based cooling for greenhouse climate control in hot-humid US regions, explores system performance in Miami (ASHRAE 1A) and Houston (ASHRAE 2A). The Findings show that the air-side enthalpy economizing strategy can reduce cooling demands in hot-humid climates. Comparatively smaller buffer tank of 40

{L/m}^{2}

turned out to be optimal for the case study greenhouse (330

m^{2}

) in Miami, whereas about 80

{L/m}^{2}

in Houston. Under the baseline solar collector configuration (sized to achieve a solar fraction of 0.5 during the peak cooling month of July), the levelized annual cooling costs were $99.7 /m² for Miami and $83.6 /m² for Houston, with corresponding emission footprints of 103 kgCO₂e/m² and 74 kgCO₂e/m², respectively. Increasing the collector area beyond the baseline configuration led to emission reductions of up to 24% in Miami and 23% in Houston, highlighting the environmental benefit of higher solar integration despite associated capital cost increases. While the results demonstrate the potential for solar thermal adsorption systems to sustainably cool high-tech greenhouses in hot-humid climates, the high capital investment required for adsorption chillers remains a significant barrier to widespread adoption.

全球粮食需求的增加推动了热带和亚热带地区温室的扩张，在这些地区，太阳辐射高和气温升高带来了巨大的制冷挑战。像蒸发式风扇垫这样的传统系统在高环境湿球温度下挣扎，而蒸汽压缩系统则会产生高昂的能源成本和碳排放。该研究首次全面评估了美国湿热地区温室气候控制中基于吸附的冷却方法，并探讨了迈阿密（ASHRAE 1A）和休斯顿（ASHRAE 2A）的系统性能。研究结果表明，空气侧焓节约策略可以降低湿热气候条件下的制冷需求。相对较小的缓冲罐40 L/m2被证明是迈阿密案例研究温室（330 m2）的最佳选择，而休斯顿的缓冲罐约为80 L/m2。在基线太阳能集热器配置（尺寸为在7月的高峰冷却月实现太阳能分数为0.5）下，迈阿密的年平均冷却成本为99.7美元/平方米，休斯顿为83.6美元/平方米，相应的排放足迹分别为103 kgCO2e/m2和74 kgCO2e/m2。将集热器面积增加到基线配置之外，迈阿密和休斯顿的排放量分别减少了24%和23%，尽管相关的资本成本增加，但仍突出了太阳能集成度更高的环境效益。虽然研究结果表明，太阳能热吸附系统有潜力在湿热气候下持续冷却高科技温室，但吸附式冷却器所需的高资本投资仍然是广泛采用的重大障碍。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative performance of photovoltaic technologies and grid-connected system optimization across Afghanistan’s climatic zones 光伏技术和并网系统优化在阿富汗气候带的比较性能

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101481

Zainullah Serat , Abdul Ghani Noori , Sayed Ahmad Zamir Fatemi , Samiullah Popal

The efficient utilization of solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies is crucial for sustainable energy development and reducing environmental pollution. Since solar PV performance varies significantly by location, conducting detailed evaluations under different climatic conditions is essential. This study offers a comprehensive comparative evaluation of three major PV technologies across six distinct climate regions in Afghanistan. The results indicate that mono-crystalline silicon (m-Si) consistently outperformed both poly-crystalline silicon (p-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) in key performance metrics. Specifically, m-Si demonstrated superior array yield, final yield, capacity factor, and performance ratio, ranging from 81.8% to 88.9% across the studied regions. The optimization of the hybrid system revealed that the PV/grid/converter configuration was the most economically and environmentally advantageous across all analyzed areas. This configuration yielded a net present cost (NPC) between USD 197,905.25 and USD 226,336.51, with a cost of energy (COE) ranging from USD 0.0465/kWh to USD 0.0598/kWh and renewable energy penetration varying from 62.4 % to 68.6 %. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis demonstrated that higher solar irradiance correlated with lower COE and total NPC, while increased temperatures resulted in higher costs, underscoring the critical importance of solar radiation in system economics.

太阳能光伏技术的有效利用是实现能源可持续发展和减少环境污染的关键。由于太阳能光伏发电性能因地点而异，因此在不同气候条件下进行详细评估至关重要。本研究对阿富汗六个不同气候区域的三种主要光伏技术进行了全面的比较评估。结果表明，单晶硅（m-Si）在关键性能指标上始终优于多晶硅（p-Si）和非晶硅（a-Si）。具体而言，m-Si表现出优越的阵列产率、最终产率、容量因子和性能比，在研究区域的范围从81.8%到88.9%不等。混合系统的优化表明，在所有分析区域中，光伏/电网/转换器配置是最经济和最环保的。该配置的净现值成本（NPC）在197,905.25美元至226,336.51美元之间，能源成本（COE）在0.0465美元/千瓦时至0.0598美元/千瓦时之间，可再生能源渗透率在62.4%至68.6%之间。此外，敏感性分析表明，较高的太阳辐照度与较低的COE和总NPC相关，而温度升高导致较高的成本，强调了太阳辐射在系统经济学中的关键重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Decarbonizing Saudi Arabia’s energy and industrial sectors: An integrated techno-economic assessment of CCS 沙特阿拉伯能源和工业部门的脱碳：CCS的综合技术经济评估

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101536

Feras Rowaihy , Ali Hamieh , Naser Odeh , Mohamad Hejazi , Mohammed Al-Juaied , Abdulkader M Afifi , Hussein Hoteit

This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic assessment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) tailored to Saudi Arabia’s unique energy and industrial landscape. By constructing a detailed Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) that integrates capture, transportation, and storage costs, the analysis offers a perspective on the Kingdom’s potential to decarbonize its economy under the Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) framework. Leveraging spatial evaluations of the stationary emission sources and geological sinks, this study develops an optimized source-sink matching workflow specific to Saudi Arabia’s infrastructure and geology. Findings reveal that the current CCS costs (2024 USD) average approximately $81.4 per metric ton CO₂ (tCO₂), with capture costs dominating ($69/tCO₂), while transportation and storage costs remain relatively low ($6.7/tCO₂ and $5.7/tCO₂, respectively). These results reflect the advantages of short distances between emitters and storage sites and the country’s extensive saline aquifer storage capacity. The study further shows that achieving the 2035 target of 44 MTPA of captured CO₂ is feasible at a volume-weighted average cost of $52/tCO₂ by prioritizing low-cost, high-concentration emission projects. The analysis also underscores the critical need for technological advancements in CO₂ capture and targeted investments in CCS hubs and clusters to unlock the potential for large-scale decarbonization. This assessment provides actionable insights for policymakers and investors, laying the groundwork for CCS to play a transformative role in Saudi Arabia’s transition toward a sustainable and low-carbon economy.

本研究针对沙特阿拉伯独特的能源和工业环境，对碳捕集与封存（CCS）进行了全面的技术经济评估。通过构建详细的边际减排成本曲线（MACC），整合了捕集、运输和储存成本，该分析提供了沙特在循环碳经济（CCE）框架下实现经济脱碳的潜力的视角。利用固定排放源和地质汇的空间评估，本研究开发了针对沙特阿拉伯基础设施和地质的优化源-汇匹配工作流程。研究结果显示，目前的CCS成本（2024美元）平均约为每公吨二氧化碳81.4美元，其中捕集成本占主导地位（69美元/吨二氧化碳），而运输和储存成本仍然相对较低（分别为6.7美元/吨二氧化碳和5.7美元/吨二氧化碳）。这些结果反映了排放者和储存地点之间距离近的优势以及该国广泛的咸水含水层储存能力。研究进一步表明，通过优先考虑低成本、高浓度排放项目，以52美元/吨二氧化碳的体积加权平均成本，实现2035年4400万吨/年的二氧化碳捕集目标是可行的。该分析还强调，迫切需要在二氧化碳捕集方面取得技术进步，并有针对性地投资于CCS中心和集群，以释放大规模脱碳的潜力。该评估为政策制定者和投资者提供了可行的见解，为CCS在沙特阿拉伯向可持续低碳经济转型中发挥变革性作用奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing biomass CHP sustainability through two-stage waste heat recovery: An exergy, exergoeconomic, and life cycle assessment approach 通过两阶段余热回收提高生物质热电联产的可持续性：一种能源、能源经济和生命周期评估方法

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101543

Simin Anvari , Alejandro Medina , Shahram Khalilarya

The global pursuit of sustainable and low-carbon energy solutions necessitates innovative strategies to enhance the efficiency and environmental performance of biomass-based combined heat and power (CHP) systems. In this study, an advanced biomass gasification CHP concept is introduced, incorporating a two-stage thermal recovery strategy designed to exploit high- and low-grade heat sources through complementary thermodynamic processes, thereby extending overall system efficiency and sustainability. A comprehensive 4E framework, encompassing energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental analyses through life cycle assessment (LCA), is applied to evaluate the proposed system and benchmark its performance against a conventional biomass CHP reference. The results reveal that the new configuration achieves energy and exergy efficiencies of 80.5% and 24.9%, respectively, compared to overall efficiencies of 62% and 22% in the reference system, while delivering 100 kW of net power and 268 kW of useful heat. Exergoeconomic analysis identifies the engine and gasifier subsystems as the most cost-intensive components, responsible for over 70% of total exergy destruction costs. Despite a slight increase in investment cost (from $5.6/h to $6.65/h), the proposed system provides more cost-effective energy recovery with a 6.6% reduction in CO₂ emissions. Furthermore, comparative LCA results confirm notable sustainability gains, including reductions of 20.6% in global warming potential and 20.3% in human health impacts relative to the baseline system. Overall, the proposed two-stage thermal recovery concept within a 4E–LCA framework demonstrates a technically efficient, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable pathway for advancing decentralized biomass-based energy conversion systems.

全球对可持续和低碳能源解决方案的追求需要创新的战略来提高生物质热电联产系统的效率和环境性能。在本研究中，引入了一种先进的生物质气化热电联产概念，结合了两阶段热回收策略，旨在通过互补的热力学过程开发高品位和低品位的热源，从而扩展整个系统的效率和可持续性。一个全面的4E框架，包括通过生命周期评估（LCA）的能源，能源，工作经济和环境分析，用于评估拟议的系统，并将其性能与传统生物质热电联产参考进行基准测试。结果表明，与参考系统的总效率62%和22%相比，新配置的能源和火用效率分别达到80.5%和24.9%，同时提供100千瓦的净功率和268千瓦的有用热量。火用经济分析表明，发动机和气化炉子系统是成本最密集的部件，占总火用破坏成本的70%以上。尽管投资成本略有增加（从5.6美元/小时增加到6.65美元/小时），但该系统提供了更具成本效益的能源回收，二氧化碳排放量减少了6.6%。此外，比较LCA结果证实了显著的可持续性收益，包括相对于基线系统减少了20.6%的全球变暖潜势和20.3%的人类健康影响。总的来说，在4E-LCA框架内提出的两阶段热回收概念展示了一种技术上有效、经济上可行、环境上可持续的途径，可以推进分散式生物质能源转换系统。

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引用次数: 0

Operating frequency and stable limit cycle regulation in active free-piston Stirling oscillators 主动自由活塞斯特林振荡器的工作频率和稳定极限环调节

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101483

H. Jokar , Shahryar Zare

This paper introduces a novel strategy for regulating the operating frequency and stable limit cycle behavior in an active free-piston Stirling oscillator (AFPSO) utilizing an integral backstepping-based control scheme. The research develops a comprehensive dynamic model for active free-piston Stirling oscillators that effectively captures the complex interactions among the displacer piston, driven by a DC motor through a slider-crank mechanism, the power piston, and the working fluid pressure dynamics. The proposed control law is designed not only to precisely regulate the displacer piston’s reciprocating frequency, but also to ensure robustness against external disturbances or system parameter uncertainties, enabling reliable control of the AFPSO’s operating frequency and enforcing stable oscillatory behavior (limit cycles) in the power piston. The asymptotic stability of the tracking error for operating frequency is rigorously proven using the direct Lyapunov stability theorem. Simulations assuming system parameters akin to a B10-B free-piston Stirling oscillator confirm the effectiveness of this control strategy in regulating operating frequency and achieving stable limit cycle behavior in power piston motion. Frequency response analysis reveals distinct amplitude characteristics across different operating frequencies, with a resonant peak at 81.5 rad/s, which closely aligns with the analytically estimated natural frequency of the power piston. This finding provides valuable insight for optimizing system performance through frequency tuning.

本文介绍了一种利用基于积分反步的控制方案来调节主动自由活塞斯特林振荡器（AFPSO）的工作频率和稳定极限环行为的新策略。该研究建立了主动自由活塞斯特林振荡器的综合动力学模型，该模型有效地捕获了由直流电机通过滑块曲柄机构驱动的排量活塞、动力活塞和工作流体压力动力学之间的复杂相互作用。所提出的控制律不仅可以精确调节位移活塞的往复频率，还可以确保对外部干扰或系统参数不确定性的鲁棒性，从而实现对AFPSO工作频率的可靠控制，并在动力活塞中实现稳定的振荡行为（极限环）。利用直接李雅普诺夫稳定性定理严格证明了跟踪误差对工作频率的渐近稳定性。假设系统参数类似于B10-B自由活塞斯特林振荡器的仿真验证了该控制策略在调节工作频率和实现动力活塞运动稳定的极限环行为方面的有效性。频率响应分析显示，不同工作频率下的幅值特征明显，谐振峰值为81.5 rad/s，与分析估计的动力活塞固有频率密切相关。这一发现为通过频率调谐优化系统性能提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Techno-economic assessment of hydrogen-based energy carriers for renewable fuel applications 用于可再生燃料的氢基能源载体的技术经济评价

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101523

Sergi Vinardell , César Valderrama

The production of hydrogen-based energy carriers using renewable sources is crucial to promote the energy transition and reduce the dependency on traditional fossil fuels. This study evaluates the techno-economic performance of hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and biomethane production using electricity-based processes. Five scenarios integrating water electrolysis with chemical and biological processes were analysed using established literature data, while accounting for key technical and economic factors. Biomethane and hydrogen were the most economically competitive energy carriers with levelized costs of 122 and 160 €/MWh, respectively. However, biomethane production is constrained by space limitations and the availability of suitable substrates for the anaerobic digester. Ammonia and methanol feature high levelized production costs of 213 and 231–245 €/MWh, respectively. Water electrolysis accounted for over 60% of total costs, with the electrolyser load factor identified as the most sensitive technical parameter, mainly due to its high electricity consumption and capital cost. Electricity price played a major role in the economic balance, since the levelized cost increased from 24–64 to 183–395 €/MWh as the electricity price increased from 0.02 to 0.20 €/kWh, respectively. Finally, an economic assessment of the supply chain, including both energy carrier production and distribution, revealed that hydrogen levelized cost was largely influenced by the distribution distance, due to its less favourable physicochemical properties compared to ammonia, methanol and biomethane. Overall, this study highlights the economic potential of these energy carriers and underscores the importance of optimising key techno-economic factors to enhance their economic performance.

利用可再生能源生产氢基能源载体对于促进能源转型和减少对传统化石燃料的依赖至关重要。本研究评估了利用电力生产氢、氨、甲醇和生物甲烷的技术经济性能。在考虑关键技术和经济因素的情况下，利用现有文献数据分析了将水电解与化学和生物过程相结合的五种方案。生物甲烷和氢气是最具经济竞争力的能源载体，平均成本分别为122欧元和160欧元/兆瓦时。然而，生物甲烷的生产受到空间限制和厌氧消化器合适底物的可用性的限制。氨和甲醇的平均生产成本较高，分别为213欧元和231-245欧元/兆瓦时。水电解占总成本的60%以上，其中电解器负载系数被认为是最敏感的技术参数，主要是由于其高用电量和资金成本。电价在经济平衡中发挥了主要作用，当电价从0.02欧元/千瓦时上升到0.20欧元/千瓦时，平准化成本分别从24-64欧元/千瓦时上升到183-395欧元/千瓦时。最后，对包括能源载体生产和分配在内的供应链进行的经济评估显示，由于氢气的物理化学性质不如氨、甲醇和生物甲烷有利，因此氢气的平化成本在很大程度上受配送距离的影响。总体而言，本研究强调了这些能源载体的经济潜力，并强调了优化关键技术经济因素以提高其经济绩效的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

LFC strategies for future power grids: A survey on intelligent, data-driven, and resilient techniques 未来电网的LFC策略：智能、数据驱动和弹性技术的调查

IF 7.6 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy Conversion and Management-X

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101461

Affan Abbasi , S.M. Suhail Hussain , Muhammad Majid Gulzar , Muhammad Khalid

Modern power systems face intensified frequency regulation challenges due to high renewable penetration, converter dominance, low inertia, cyber–physical vulnerabilities, and communication delays. Existing surveys seldom normalize hardware-in-the-loop practices or consistently report which practical nonlinearities — generation rate constraint, governor dead band, boiler/reheat dynamics, low-inertia converter effects, and communication delay — are included, limiting fair comparison and reproducibility. This review addresses these gaps by (i) introducing a reproducibility-oriented HIL protocol that specifies controller-in-the-loop and power-HIL usage, real-time constraints, and a concise reporting checklist; (ii) adopting a nonlinearity-first comparison that tags modeled nonidealities and separates computational burden into offline tuning or training and online runtime; and (iii) synthesizing cybersecurity for LFC under attack detection and identification, resilient control and mitigation, and secure communication and architecture. The result is a practice-oriented, comparable evidence base that clarifies method capabilities and limitations and guides the design of robust, efficient, and scalable frequency regulation for next-generation grids.

由于可再生能源的高渗透率、转换器的优势、低惯性、网络物理漏洞和通信延迟，现代电力系统面临着日益严峻的频率调节挑战。现有的调查很少规范硬件在环实践或一致地报告实际的非线性（发电速率约束、调速器死区、锅炉/再热动力学、低惯性转换器效应和通信延迟），限制了公平的比较和可重复性。本综述通过以下方式解决了这些差距：(i)引入了面向可重复性的HIL协议，该协议规定了控制器在环和功率HIL的使用、实时约束和简明的报告清单；（ii）采用非线性优先比较，标记建模的非理想性，并将计算负担分为离线调优或训练和在线运行；（三）综合LFC在攻击检测和识别、弹性控制和缓解以及安全通信和架构下的网络安全。结果是一个以实践为导向的、可比较的证据基础，澄清了方法的能力和局限性，并指导了下一代电网的鲁棒、高效和可扩展频率调节的设计。

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引用次数: 0