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Electromagnetic vibrational harvester based on U-shaped ferromagnetic cantilever: A novel two-magnet configuration 基于 U 型铁磁悬臂的电磁振动采集器:新型双磁体配置
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100705
David Gandia , Eneko Garaio , J.J. Beato-López , Isaac Royo-Silvestre , Carlos A. de la Cruz Blas , Santiago Tainta , Cristina Gómez-Polo

Electromagnetic vibrational harvesters are low-cost devices featuring high-power densities and robust structures, often used for capturing the energy of environmental vibrations (civil infrastructures, transportation, human motion, etc.,). Based on Faraday’s law, energy generation relies on the modification of the magnetic field distribution within a magnetic element caused by mechanical vibrations inducing an electromotive force (EMF) in a pick-up coil. However, the practical implementation of this type of vibrational harvester is currently limited due to the reduced generated power under low-frequency vibrations. In this work, an electromagnetic vibrational harvester is experimentally characterized and analyzed employing magnetic circuit analysis. The harvester consists of a ferromagnetic U-shaped cantilever, a NdFeB magnet and a ferrite magnet used as “magnetic tip mass” to enhance the magnetic flux changes under vibrations of frequency < 100 Hz. For this configuration, an experimental voltage of ∼ 1.2 V peak-to-peak (open circuit) was obtained at a resonant frequency of 77 Hz, enabling the subsequent electronic rectification stage. Additionally, Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to explore different design possibilities including the modeling of complex geometries, mechanical properties and non-linear magnetic materials, enabling the tuning of the resonance frequency from 51 to 77 Hz, keeping constant the induced voltage.

电磁振动采集器是一种低成本设备,具有高功率密度和坚固的结构,通常用于采集环境振动(民用基础设施、交通、人体运动等)的能量。根据法拉第定律,能量的产生依赖于磁性元件内磁场分布的改变,这种改变是由机械振动在拾波线圈中产生的电动势(EMF)引起的。然而,由于在低频振动下产生的功率较小,目前这种振动采集器的实际应用受到限制。在这项工作中,对电磁振动采集器进行了实验表征,并采用磁路分析法对其进行了分析。收割机由一个铁磁性 U 形悬臂、一块钕铁硼磁铁和一块铁氧体磁铁组成,铁氧体磁铁用作 "磁头质量",以增强频率为 100 Hz 的振动下的磁通量变化。在这种配置下,共振频率为 77 Hz 时可获得峰峰值为 1.2 V(开路)的实验电压,从而使随后的电子整流阶段成为可能。此外,有限元法(FEM)还用于探索不同的设计可能性,包括复杂几何形状、机械性能和非线性磁性材料的建模,从而能够在保持感应电压不变的情况下,将共振频率从 51 赫兹调整到 77 赫兹。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of wind farm layout to maximize the energy yield 优化风电场布局,实现能源产出最大化
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100700
Bukurije Hoxha , Igor K. Shesho , Risto V. Filkoski

Over time, the use of wind turbines has evolved in terms of the size and number of the turbines. The change in wind turbines comes as a result of major structural changes and then an increase in their production capacity. In the framework of the most stable operation for the surface of the terrain used in this study, a series of configurations have been proposed that are directly related to technical and economic sustainability. The complete scenarios will be realized in Koznica, where one-year measurements are done. In the framework of the realized scenarios, it can be seen that there is variability in terms of energy output from these configurations, which maximally comes from wake losses caused by the terrain. In cases where the scenarios with the addition of small turbines are studied, they, in the technical aspect, affect the increase in energy production, which, if those turbines were not installed, would not be applied. As an important part, the economic aspect of the realization of the previous optimization scenarios is analyzed by using Monte-Carlo simulation for LCOE analysis. Thus, it can be concluded that the analyzed scenarios with the addition of small turbines in the optimization process are more suitable and feasible for implementation.

随着时间的推移,风力涡轮机的使用在规模和数量上都发生了变化。风力涡轮机的变化是由于其结构发生了重大变化,进而提高了生产能力。在本研究使用的地形表面最稳定运行的框架内,提出了一系列与技术和经济可持续性直接相关的配置。完整的方案将在科兹尼察实现,在那里进行了为期一年的测量。在已实现方案的框架内,可以看到这些配置的能量输出存在差异,最大的差异来自地形造成的唤醒损失。在研究加装小型涡轮机的方案时,在技术方面,它们会影响能源产量的增加,而如果不安装这些涡轮机,能源产量就不会增加。作为一个重要部分,通过使用 Monte-Carlo 模拟进行 LCOE 分析,对实现之前优化方案的经济性进行了分析。因此,可以得出结论,在优化过程中增加小型涡轮机的分析方案更适合实施,也更可行。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization conversion of willow biomass derived from phytoremediation into value-added hydrochars: Effects of temperature and medium on Cd/Zn distribution and application potentials 将植物修复产生的柳树生物质优化转化为高附加值的水合碳:温度和介质对镉/锌分布和应用潜力的影响
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100698
Zhao Bo , Li Haihua , Yang Xiaoli , Zhao Weibin , Chen Yan , Di Dongliu , Xiao Jiang , Chen Guangcai

Effective treatment of plant biomass with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is crucial for phytoremediation. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) offers an economical and eco-friendly solution by converting biomass into high-value hydrochar. However, the effects of reaction temperature and medium on the characteristics and metals distribution in hydrochars from PTEs-containing biomass remain unclear. This study explores the effects of different hydrothermal temperature (180–240 °C) and reaction media (H2O, HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4) on the hydrothermal properties of willow biomass containing PTEs, and the distribution and transfer rules of PTEs (Cd and Zn) and the application potential of hydrochar. The results indicated that hydrothermal temperature and acid medium significantly influenced WB conversion, affecting hydrochar properties such as carbonization degree and surface functional groups. Higher hydrothermal temperatures enhanced Cd and Zn fixation in the solid phase, while acid facilitated their migration to the liquid phase. More than 91.08 % of Cd and 88.41 % of Zn in the acid-added system are migrated into the liquid phase at hydrothermal temperature of 180 °C Hydrochar prepared under 180 °C and H3PO4 exhibited excellent adsorption performance for Cd2+ and Cu2+ (2.17 mg/g and 34.38 mg/g, respectively) in aqueous solution. Additionally, hydrochars exhibit high calorific values (20.52–28.01 MJ/kg), suggesting their potential as biofuel. This study provides technical foundation to support the resource processing and safe utilization of forest biomass containing PTEs.

有效处理含有潜在有毒元素 (PTE) 的植物生物质对植物修复至关重要。水热碳化(HTC)将生物质转化为高价值的水炭,提供了一种经济环保的解决方案。然而,反应温度和介质对来自含 PTEs 生物质的水炭的特性和金属分布的影响仍不清楚。本研究探讨了不同水热温度(180-240 °C)和反应介质(H2O、HCl、H2SO4、H3PO4)对含 PTEs 的柳树生物质水热特性的影响,以及 PTEs(Cd 和 Zn)的分布和转移规律和水炭的应用潜力。结果表明,水热温度和酸性介质对 WB 转化有显著影响,并影响碳化程度和表面官能团等水炭特性。较高的水热温度会促进镉和锌在固相中的固定,而酸则会促进它们向液相的迁移。在水热温度为 180 ℃ 和 H3PO4 的条件下制备的水合炭对水溶液中的 Cd2+ 和 Cu2+ 具有优异的吸附性能(分别为 2.17 mg/g 和 34.38 mg/g)。此外,水合碳还表现出较高的热值(20.52-28.01 MJ/kg),表明其具有作为生物燃料的潜力。这项研究为支持含有 PTEs 的森林生物质的资源加工和安全利用提供了技术基础。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of emission reduction strategies for the use of alternative fuels and natural carbon sinks in international bulk shipping 国际散货航运中使用替代燃料和天然碳汇的减排战略分析
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100702
Ching-Chih Chang , Ming-Lin Huang , Chien-Hsing Li

This research examines four categories of international bulk carriers and forecasts their ability, from 2025 to 2050, to meet the IMO targets for emission reduction: a 20% reduction by 2030 and a 70% reduction by 2040 compared to 2008 levels, with the ultimate aim of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050, utilizing a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. It evaluates various scenarios involving different rates of ship demolition and alternative fuel adoption to achieve these targets. Additionally, it investigates the potential costs associated with carbon credits and natural carbon sinks (such as seagrass) in cases where emissions targets are not met. The findings suggest that, under the baseline scenario and Scenario 1, despite increased usage of alternative fuels and declining emission factors, none of the four ship types meet the IMO targets in terms of life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, in Scenario 2, where the ship demolition rate steadily increases until the usage of traditional fuel ships reaches zero, and with concurrent reductions in emission factors, emissions decrease substantially and approach the desired targets, though they still fall short. Furthermore, the study analyzes the financial implications of employing carbon credits versus natural carbon sinks to offset emission shortfalls, indicating that Scenario 2 is comparatively less costly. It also demonstrates that leveraging natural carbon sinks is more cost-effective in reducing emission expenses compared to relying solely on carbon credits. Consequently, the research recommends prompt adoption of alternative fuels, acceleration of ship demolition rates, and utilization of natural carbon sinks not only to meet international shipping emission reduction objectives but also to rejuvenate marine ecosystems, thereby fortifying marine environments.

本研究采用生命周期评估 (LCA) 方法,对四类国际散装货轮进行了研究,并预测了它们从 2025 年到 2050 年实现国际海事组织减排目标的能力:与 2008 年的水平相比,到 2030 年减排 20%,到 2040 年减排 70%,最终目标是到 2050 年实现净零排放。为实现这些目标,本报告评估了涉及不同拆船率和采用替代燃料的各种方案。此外,它还调查了在无法实现排放目标的情况下,与碳信用额度和自然碳汇(如海草)相关的潜在成本。研究结果表明,在基准情景和情景 1 下,尽管替代燃料的使用量增加,排放系数下降,但四种类型的船舶在生命周期温室气体(GHG)排放方面均未达到国际海事组织(IMO)的目标。然而,在情景 2 中,船舶拆解率稳步上升,直至传统燃料船舶的使用率为零,同时排放系数下降,排放量大幅减少,尽管仍未达到预期目标。此外,研究还分析了利用碳信用额和自然碳汇抵消排放缺口的财务影响,表明方案 2 的成本相对较低。研究还表明,与单纯依靠碳信用额相比,利用自然碳汇减少排放支出更具成本效益。因此,研究建议尽快采用替代燃料,加快船舶拆解速度,并利用自然碳汇,这不仅能实现国际航运减排目标,还能振兴海洋生态系统,从而保护海洋环境。
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引用次数: 0
A critical review of sustianable refuse-derived fuel production in waste processing facility 垃圾处理设施中可持续垃圾衍生燃料生产的重要回顾
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100687
Junaid Tahir , Rafiq Ahmad , Pablo Martinez

Transformation of municipal solid waste into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) offers a promising solution for waste-to-energy conversion. In this context, a systematic literature review and scientometric analysis is conducted showing refinements in RDF application for energy-from-waste (EfW) initiatives, forging a comprehensive approach to sustainable waste management. Key aspects of EfW projects using RDF are examined, focusing on methodologies for calorific value estimation, waste characterization, quality assessment, and public–private partnerships (PPPs). Emphasis is placed on the necessity of accurate energy potential measurement and advanced characterization techniques, including computer vision, for effective waste sorting and analysis. Quality assessments of RDF are highlighted for their impact on decisions within the biomass fuel supply chain, emphasizing the importance of optimizing energy recovery. PPP’s are identified as key to successful execution of EfW projects, with their roles, trends, and risk modeling crucial for fostering effective collaboration between public and private sectors. The study concludes by identifying research gaps, such as the deficiency of new frameworks to support technical assessments of waste processing facilities for strategic, tactical, and operational improvements. Additionally, RDF applications in EfW are limited because of inconsistent waste sorting, deviation from specifications and environmental regulations. This approach aims to enhance sustainable waste management and energy recovery, guiding future research and implementation in the field.

将城市固体废弃物转化为垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)为废物转化为能源提供了一个前景广阔的解决方案。在此背景下,我们进行了系统的文献综述和科学计量学分析,展示了垃圾衍生燃料在垃圾发电(EfW)项目中的应用,为可持续废物管理提供了一种全面的方法。对使用 RDF 的垃圾焚烧发电项目的关键方面进行了研究,重点是热值估算方法、废物特征描述、质量评估和公私合作伙伴关系(PPPs)。重点强调了准确测量能源潜力和先进表征技术(包括计算机视觉)对有效进行废物分类和分析的必要性。RDF 的质量评估因其对生物质燃料供应链决策的影响而受到重视,强调了优化能源回收的重要性。公私伙伴关系被认为是成功实施垃圾焚烧发电项目的关键,其作用、趋势和风险模型对于促进公共和私营部门之间的有效合作至关重要。研究报告最后指出了研究方面的不足,例如缺乏新的框架来支持对废物处理设施进行技术评估,以改进战略、战术和运营。此外,由于垃圾分类不一致、偏离规格和环境法规,垃圾焚烧发电厂中的 RDF 应用受到限制。这种方法旨在加强可持续废物管理和能源回收,指导该领域未来的研究和实施。
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引用次数: 0
Design of metamaterial thermoelectric generators for efficient energy harvesting 设计超材料热电发电机,实现高效能量采集
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100699
Ya Tang, Huan Zhao, Xiangbei Liu, Jace Henry, Yan Li

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are widely recognized as clean energy solutions that can convert low-grade waste heat into electricity through a temperature gradient. Despite their significant potential, challenges such as low conversion efficiency and high costs have limited their practical applications. In this paper, we present an innovative metamaterial design concept for TEGs with significantly improved efficiency. A Finite Element Model is validated using Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 bulk samples fabricated via the drop-cast method. This model can predict open-circuit voltage and output power as a function of an arbitrary metamaterial design using the commercial software ANSYS®. Four different metastructure designs, including 2D Triangular Honeycomb, Re-entrant, body-centered cubic (BCC), and triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures, are systematically investigated. Through experiments and numerical analysis, the effects of annealing temperature, porosity, and unit cell numbers (UCNs) on the performance of TE legs are explored. It is found that 2D Triangular Honeycomb and BCC structures outperform other configurations due to their capacity to maintain a higher thermal gradient. Optimizing their porosity and UCNs can further enhance the output power. Compared to the traditional designs with bulk TE legs, implementing a 2D metastructure design with 30 % porosity and UCNs of 4 × 4 × 4 can lead to approximately a 100 % increase in power output.

热电发电机(TEG)是公认的清洁能源解决方案,可通过温度梯度将低品位废热转化为电能。尽管其潜力巨大,但低转换效率和高成本等挑战限制了其实际应用。在本文中,我们提出了一种创新的超材料设计理念,用于大幅提高效率的 TEG。我们使用通过滴铸方法制造的 Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 块状样品验证了有限元模型。利用商业软件 ANSYS®,该模型可以预测开路电压和输出功率与任意超材料设计的函数关系。该模型系统地研究了四种不同的超材料设计,包括二维三角蜂窝结构、再入射结构、体心立方(BCC)结构和三周期最小面(TPMS)结构。通过实验和数值分析,探讨了退火温度、孔隙率和单元数(UCN)对 TE 支脚性能的影响。研究发现,二维三角蜂窝结构和 BCC 结构由于能够保持较高的热梯度而优于其他结构。优化其孔隙率和 UCN 可进一步提高输出功率。与采用散装 TE 支脚的传统设计相比,采用孔隙率为 30% 和 UCN 为 4 × 4 × 4 的二维元结构设计可使输出功率提高约 100%。
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引用次数: 0
Ai-driven innovations in greenhouse agriculture: Reanalysis of sustainability and energy efficiency impacts 温室农业的人工智能创新:对可持续性和能源效率影响的再分析
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100701
Siamak Hoseinzadeh, Davide Astiaso Garcia

In the context of greenhouse agriculture, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is evaluated for its potential to enhance sustainability and crop production efficiency. This study reanalyzes publicly available datasets, using advanced time series analysis and noise reduction techniques through seasonality detection and removal. This novel approach reveals trends more clearly, providing a detailed comparison between AI-driven methods and traditional agricultural practices. An extensive review of literature on AI applications in agriculture is conducted to establish a broad understanding of its current state and future prospects. The core focus is the Autonomous Greenhouses Challenge, an initiative where research teams apply AI technologies in real-world greenhouse settings. This challenge offers crucial data for a thorough assessment of AI’s practical impact. The analysis reveals that AI significantly reduces heating energy consumption, indicating a notable improvement in energy efficiency. However, reductions in CO2 emissions, along with improvements in electricity and water usage, are only marginal when compared to traditional farming methods. Similarly, enhancements in crop quality and profitability achieved through AI are found to be on par with conventional techniques. These findings highlight the dual nature of AI’s impact in greenhouse agriculture: it shows significant promise in some areas, while its effectiveness in other key sustainability aspects remains limited. The study emphasizes the need for further research and investment in technological advancements, as well as the importance of a robust data infrastructure. It also highlights the necessity of education and training in AI technologies for effective implementation in the agricultural sector. The results of this research aim to inform policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders about the mixed impacts of AI on sustainable greenhouse farming. By offering a comprehensive evaluation of the benefits and challenges of AI integration, this study contributes to the ongoing discussion on sustainable agricultural practices and provides insights into the future direction of AI in this field.

在温室农业方面,对人工智能(AI)的整合进行了评估,以了解其在提高可持续性和作物生产效率方面的潜力。这项研究利用先进的时间序列分析和降噪技术,通过季节性检测和去除,对公开可用的数据集进行了重新分析。这种新方法能更清晰地揭示趋势,对人工智能驱动的方法和传统农业实践进行详细比较。我们对人工智能在农业中的应用进行了广泛的文献综述,以建立对其现状和未来前景的广泛了解。核心重点是 "自主温室挑战赛",这是一项研究团队将人工智能技术应用于实际温室环境的倡议。这项挑战为全面评估人工智能的实际影响提供了重要数据。分析显示,人工智能大大降低了供暖能耗,表明能源效率显著提高。然而,与传统耕作方法相比,二氧化碳排放量的减少以及用电量和用水量的改善只是微不足道。同样,通过人工智能提高作物质量和收益率的效果也与传统技术相当。这些发现凸显了人工智能对温室农业影响的双重性:它在某些领域显示出巨大的前景,而在其他关键的可持续发展方面的效果仍然有限。该研究强调了进一步研究和投资技术进步的必要性,以及强大的数据基础设施的重要性。研究还强调了在农业部门有效实施人工智能技术的教育和培训的必要性。本研究的成果旨在让政策制定者、研究人员和行业利益相关者了解人工智能对可持续温室农业的混合影响。通过对人工智能集成的益处和挑战进行全面评估,本研究为正在进行的有关可持续农业实践的讨论做出了贡献,并为人工智能在该领域的未来发展方向提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Integration of photovoltaic panels and biomass-fuelled CHP in an Italian renewable energy community 意大利可再生能源社区的光伏板和生物质热电联产一体化
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100696
Isabella Pizzuti, Alessandro Corsini, Giovanni Delibra, Erfan Tajalli-Ardekani

This study presents the first attempt to explore the technical and financial feasibility of combining incentives for Italian Renewable Energy Communities (REC) with those for high-efficiency cogeneration. The community has local wooden biomass availability and was assembled around two prosumers: an industrial laundry with biomass-fuelled CHP and a school with photovoltaic panels. Other members include residential users. Electric loads were derived from available quarter-hour meters and electric bills. Thermal demand for the laundry was reconstructed from an energy audit. First, the CHP optimal mode of operation was selected among the two suggested by the manufacturer (matching the electric or the thermal load), providing energy, financial and environmental performance in both scenarios. Then the photovoltaic system of the school was sized. Finally, an optimal number of users was selected using a genetic algorithm, with financial performance of the REC as objective functions. Energy, economic and environmental impact performance of prosumers and REC are discussed, finding that the optimal configuration reduces CO2 emissions by 722 tons/year, with further 1360 tons/year coming from biomass combustion. In an optimal REC configuration members cut 250 €/year of electric bills, with an overall performance of 21 % in valorization of shared energy, while a social-focused REC can increase its NPV from 233 to 769 k€. The scenario can be applied to other prosumers with similar thermal demand and can be replicated or adjusted to local requirements.

本研究首次尝试探索将意大利可再生能源社区(REC)激励措施与高效热电联产激励措施相结合的技术和财政可行性。该社区拥有当地的木质生物质能源,并围绕两家专业用户组建:一家使用生物质能源热电联产的工业洗衣店和一家使用光伏电池板的学校。其他成员包括住宅用户。电力负荷来自现有的季度电表和电费账单。洗衣房的热需求是通过能源审计重建的。首先,从制造商建议的两种运行模式(与电力负荷或热负荷匹配)中选择热电联产的最佳运行模式,在两种情况下都能提供能源、财务和环境绩效。然后,确定学校光伏系统的规模。最后,使用遗传算法选择最佳用户数量,并将 REC 的财务绩效作为目标函数。通过对用户和可再生能源中心的能源、经济和环境影响性能进行讨论,发现最佳配置每年可减少 722 吨二氧化碳排放,生物质燃烧每年可减少 1360 吨。在最佳的 REC 配置中,成员每年可减少 250 欧元的电费,共享能源的总体增值率为 21%,而以社会为重点的 REC 可将其净现值从 233 欧元提高到 769 千欧元。该方案可应用于其他具有类似热需求的用户,并可根据当地要求进行复制或调整。
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引用次数: 0
Exergetic efficiency and CO2 intensity of hydrogen supply chain including underground storage 包括地下储存在内的氢气供应链的能效和二氧化碳强度
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100695
Boyukagha Baghirov , Denis Voskov , Rouhi Farajzadeh

Hydrogen plays a crucial role in the transition to low-carbon energy systems, especially when integrated into energy storage applications. In this study, the concept of exergy-return on exergy-investment (ERoEI) is applied to investigate the exergetic efficiency (defined as the ratio of useful exergy output to invested exergy input) and CO2 equivalent intensity of the hydrogen supply chain, with a specific focus on the underground hydrogen storage process. Our findings reveal that the overall exergetic efficiency of the electricity-to-hydrogen-to-electricity conversion process can reach up to 25 %. Among the hydrogen production methods, green hydrogen, produced via electrolysis powered by renewable energy, exhibits the lowest CO2 equivalent intensity. Blue hydrogen, produced from natural gas with carbon capture, can significantly reduce the carbon footprint of electricity generation, though this advantage comes at the expense of decreased exergetic efficiency. Analysis further indicates that the exergetic efficiency of underground storage components ranges from 72 % to 92 %. A substantial fraction of the exergy is lost during compression and injection of the stored hydrogen. Nevertheless, the subsurface operations contribute a minimal CO2 emission, between 1.46–4.56 grams of equivalent CO2 per megajoule (gr-CO2eq/MJ) when powered by low-carbon energy sources. Furthermore, it is found that hydrogen loss in the reservoir, along with methane and hydrogen leak during surface operations, notably affects the overall efficiency of the storage process.

氢气在向低碳能源系统过渡的过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,尤其是在集成到储能应用中时。在这项研究中,我们采用了 "放能投资回报率"(ERoEI)的概念来研究氢气供应链的放能效率(定义为有用放能输出与投资放能输入之比)和二氧化碳当量强度,并特别关注地下储氢过程。我们的研究结果表明,电-氢-电转换过程的总体能效最高可达 25%。在各种制氢方法中,以可再生能源为动力的电解法生产的绿色氢气的二氧化碳当量强度最低。利用天然气生产的蓝色氢气通过碳捕集,可显著减少发电过程中的碳足迹,但这一优势是以降低能效为代价的。进一步的分析表明,地下储氢组件的发电效率在 72% 到 92% 之间。在压缩和注入储存的氢气过程中会损失很大一部分能量。尽管如此,在使用低碳能源的情况下,地下作业的二氧化碳排放量极低,为每兆焦耳 1.46-4.56 克二氧化碳当量(gr-CO2eq/MJ)。此外,研究还发现,储层中的氢损耗以及地表作业过程中的甲烷和氢泄漏,会显著影响封存过程的整体效率。
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing hybrid PV/Wind and grid systems for sustainable energy solutions at the university campus: Economic, environmental, and sensitivity analysis 优化光伏/风能和电网混合系统,为大学校园提供可持续能源解决方案:经济、环境和敏感性分析
IF 7.1 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100691
Zainullah Serat , Massoud Danishmal , Fida Mohammad Mohammadi

In response to the urgent need for sustainable and resilient energy solutions, Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) offer a promising alternative to single-source energy systems, providing safer and more cost-effective power generation. This study assesses the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of a hybrid renewable energy system without energy storage, concentrating on energy, economic, and environmental performance, in urban settings where surplus renewable electricity can be sold back to the utility grid. Four scenarios were evaluated using HOMER Pro software to determine the most efficient configuration. The analysis identified the optimal setup as a PV/wind/DG/grid system without energy storage. This configuration achieves a cost of energy (COE) of $0.0172/kWh, a return on investment (ROI) of 8.8 %, and a payback period of 7.64 years. The system includes 117 kW of solar PV, 6 kW of wind capacity, a 25-kW diesel generator for backup, and minimal grid reliance, resulting in 94.8 % renewable energy penetration and annual CO2 emissions of just 7,460 kg. Sensitivity analysis indicates that increased solar and wind resources reduce costs, while higher loads and temperatures drive costs up. This study demonstrates the feasibility of providing reliable, sustainable energy without battery storage for urban campuses, showcasing significant economic and environmental benefits.

为了满足对可持续和弹性能源解决方案的迫切需求,混合可再生能源系统(HRES)为单一能源系统提供了一种前景广阔的替代方案,可提供更安全、更具成本效益的发电。在城市环境中,多余的可再生能源电力可以回售给公用电网,本研究评估了无储能的混合可再生能源系统的效率和成本效益,重点关注能源、经济和环境性能。使用 HOMER Pro 软件对四种方案进行了评估,以确定最有效的配置。分析结果表明,最佳配置为不带储能装置的光伏/风能/DG/电网系统。该配置的能源成本(COE)为 0.0172 美元/千瓦时,投资回报率(ROI)为 8.8%,投资回收期为 7.64 年。该系统包括 117 千瓦的太阳能光伏发电、6 千瓦的风力发电、一台 25 千瓦的柴油发电机作为备用,并尽量减少对电网的依赖,可再生能源渗透率达到 94.8%,二氧化碳年排放量仅为 7,460 千克。敏感性分析表明,太阳能和风能资源的增加会降低成本,而负荷和温度的升高则会推高成本。这项研究证明了在没有电池存储的情况下为城市校园提供可靠、可持续能源的可行性,并展示了显著的经济和环境效益。
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Energy Conversion and Management-X
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