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(Re)Claiming gender: A case for feminist decolonial social reproduction theory (二)主张性别:女权主义非殖民化社会再生产理论的案例
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S2045381721000216
Aytak Dibavar
Abstract This article argues that the tokenistic appropriation of categories such as gender and race have deprived them of their radical and transformative political and practical roots while facilitating their commodification as a luxury product that is consumed by the depoliticized and privileged. Such (ab)use of gender, as an analytical tool, similar to race and class, has been on the rise within progressive circles. However, with the rise of alt-right populism claiming to know and fight ‘feminism’, as well as the commodification of feminism by progressives, now more than ever a decolonial social reproductive theory is needed to help understand and delineate how women are oppressed in a plethora of intersectional ways based on race, class and ability among other traits, while engaging the specific material historical-constitutive structures, judicial-political and socio-economic dimensions of the world order, as well as the emergence of right-wing populism as white heteronormative backlash. This article argues for a feminist decolonial social reproductive theory that sees gender and racial hierarchy as part of capital’s dynamism (a product), which transforms the natural, social and material world, restructuring and evolving for the ordered extraction of surplus. Although this process may differ temporally and geographically, it nonetheless results in a constellation of class exploitation, governance and struggle that facilitates right-wing backlash and undermines the left’s response, thus obviating the need for decolonial social reproductive theory.
摘要本文认为,对性别和种族等类别的象征性占有剥夺了它们激进和变革的政治和实践根源,同时促进了它们作为奢侈品的商品化,供非政治化和特权阶层消费。在进步的圈子里,把性别作为一种类似于种族和阶级的分析工具的做法越来越多。然而,随着声称了解和反对“女权主义”的另类右翼民粹主义的兴起,以及进步主义者对女权主义的商品化,现在比以往任何时候都更需要一种非殖民化的社会再生产理论,以帮助理解和描绘女性是如何基于种族、阶级和能力等特征,以多种交叉的方式受到压迫的,同时涉及具体的物质历史构成结构。世界秩序的司法政治和社会经济维度,以及右翼民粹主义作为白人异性恋规范的反弹的出现。本文主张一种女权主义的非殖民化社会再生产理论,将性别和种族等级视为资本动力(一种产品)的一部分,这种动力改变了自然、社会和物质世界,重构和进化以有序地提取剩余。尽管这一过程可能在时间上和地理上有所不同,但它仍然导致了阶级剥削、治理和斗争的集合,促进了右翼的反弹,破坏了左翼的反应,从而消除了对非殖民化社会再生产理论的需要。
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引用次数: 0
Manifestos as constituent power: Performing a feminist revolution 作为构成力量的宣言:进行一场女权主义革命
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-10-17 DOI: 10.1017/s2045381722000132
R. Houghton, Aoife O’Donoghue
Women use a multiplicity of forms and methods to articulate harms and claim political spaces. Among these are manifestos.1 Women’s manifestos are concomitant with both political convulsion and the enduring, mundane inequalities faced by women; they play a key role in feminist attempts to achieve political and legal ends.2 Manifestos are overtly political acts of legal/political performance; they are in dialogue with each other, with counter and anti-manifestos, and with the legal-political infrastructures they inhabit.3 Manifestos seek to fracture traditional understanding and practices of law, often in the guise of claiming constituent power and political space.
妇女使用多种形式和方法来阐明危害并要求政治空间。其中包括宣言妇女宣言伴随着政治动荡和妇女所面临的持久的、世俗的不平等;她们在女权主义者试图达到政治和法律目的的过程中发挥了关键作用宣言是公开的法律/政治表现的政治行为;他们彼此对话,与反对和反对宣言的人对话,与他们居住的法律-政治基础设施对话宣言试图打破传统的对法律的理解和实践,往往以要求选民权力和政治空间为幌子。
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引用次数: 1
Two concepts of constitutional legitimacy 宪法合法性的两个概念
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1017/S2045381722000156
Alon Harel, Adam Shinar
Abstract What legitimates constitutions? One standard answer is that constitutions are legitimate only if they represent the people they govern. This article identifies two different conceptions of representation. Representation can be grounded either in the consent or the will of the citizens or when the constitution reflects the ‘real’ identity of the members of the nation. Alternatively, it is sometimes stated that the constitution is legitimate because it promotes justice or, more generally, is grounded in reason. While constitutions are typically grounded both in claims to represent the people and in claims concerning the justness and wisdom of the constitutional provisions, we establish that there are two types of constitutions: constitutions that are primarily representational (e.g. the US Constitution) and constitutions that are primarily reason-based (e.g. the German Constitution). We also show that this distinction has important ramifications for how constitutions are drafted and ratified, and how they operate. One central implication is that the legitimacy of constitutions that make weak claims to representation – for example, constitutions that are imposed by foreign powers – can still be defended on reason-based grounds.
什么使宪法合法化?一个标准答案是,宪法只有代表其所统治的人民,才是合法的。本文提出了两个不同的表征概念。代表权可以基于公民的同意或意愿,也可以基于宪法反映国家成员的“真实”身份。或者,有时会说宪法是合法的,因为它促进了正义,或者更普遍地说,它是有理由的。虽然宪法通常既基于代表人民的主张,也基于关于宪法条款的公正性和智慧的主张,但我们确定有两种类型的宪法:主要具有代表性的宪法(例如美国宪法)和主要基于理性的宪法(如德国宪法)。我们还表明,这种区别对宪法的起草和批准方式以及宪法的运作方式具有重要影响。一个核心含义是,对代表性提出微弱要求的宪法的合法性——例如,外国势力强加的宪法——仍然可以基于理性的理由进行辩护。
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引用次数: 2
Aspirational and representative constitutional identity in Africa 非洲有抱负和代表性的宪法认同
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1017/S204538172200020X
J. Erk
Abstract This article addresses the problématique of giving voice to homegrown traditions of constitutionalism in individual African countries. The scholarly discussion is combined with an applied concern about whether this could instil a wider grassroots embrace of the country’s constitution, thereby consolidating constitutionalism and ensuring longevity. The investigation is carried through the lens of two sub-categories of the concept of constitutional identity: a representative one that reflects a country’s particular political, social and cultural makeup, and an aspirational one that sets goals and ideals. The challenge, in both scholarly and applied terms, is how to ensure that a constitution instils a sense of public ownership by becoming more representative of a country’s underlying makeup while also giving voice to modern aspirations to protect and promote individual human rights, and in doing so, also becoming self-sustaining as the foundational basic law guiding future generations. Attention is paid not only to the forms of constitutions but also to their function in both reaching ideals (in the positive sense of success) and staving off pitfalls (in the negative sense of success). The article also discusses whether these are best achieved through gradual terms over time or through the sudden big bang of mega reforms.
摘要本文探讨了非洲个别国家的本土宪政传统发声的问题。学术上的讨论结合了一种实际的担忧,即这是否能让更广泛的基层接受该国的宪法,从而巩固宪政并确保长寿。这项调查是通过宪法认同概念的两个子类别进行的:一个是反映一个国家特定政治、社会和文化构成的代表性类别,另一个是设定目标和理想的愿望性类别。从学术和应用的角度来看,挑战在于如何确保一部宪法通过更能代表一个国家的基本构成来灌输一种公有制意识,同时也能表达保护和促进个人人权的现代愿望,并在此过程中成为指导子孙后代的基础性基本法。人们不仅关注宪法的形式,而且关注它们在达到理想(积极意义上的成功)和避免陷阱(消极意义上的成功)方面的功能。文章还讨论了实现这些目标的最佳方式是循序渐进,还是突然进行大规模改革。
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引用次数: 1
Legal doctrine as human rights ‘practice’ 作为人权“实践”的法律学说
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-10-10 DOI: 10.1017/S2045381722000168
Michael Da Silva
Abstract ‘Practical’ approaches to human rights hold that analysis of legal human rights must attend to the practice(s) of international human rights law and that the nature and justification of international human rights is best determined by attending to their role(s) in international human rights law’s system of normative practices, not analogous moral rights outside it. These core tenets plausibly explain the apparent normativity of international human rights law despite controversies about the status of many ‘rights’ in the ‘International Bill of Rights’. Yet plausible practical approaches require clear and compelling accounts of which practices qualify as human rights practices. Most existing accounts view ‘responses’ to claims made in the name of the international legal community as key to the identification of human rights. Activities by domestic governments and non-governmental actors qualify as relevant practices. While understandable, these ‘responsive’ accounts of practice create more problems than they solve. This work accordingly promotes a largely unexplored account on which ‘human rights practices’ are strictly defined by international legal doctrine. This ‘doctrinal’ account of practice is most likely to maintain practical approaches to human rights’ potential benefits without generating an unduly expansive rights register or adopting strong theoretical commitments about the nature of law.
摘要人权的“实践”方法认为,对合法人权的分析必须关注国际人权法的实践,国际人权的性质和正当性最好通过关注其在国际人权法规范实践体系中的作用来确定,而不是关注其之外的类似道德权利。这些核心原则似乎解释了国际人权法的明显规范性,尽管《国际人权法案》中许多“权利”的地位存在争议。然而,看似可行的实际做法需要明确和令人信服地说明哪些做法符合人权做法。大多数现有账户将对以国际法律界名义提出的索赔的“回应”视为确认人权的关键。国内政府和非政府行为者的活动属于相关做法。虽然可以理解,但这些对实践的“回应性”描述造成的问题比解决的问题更多。因此,这项工作促进了一种基本上未经探索的解释,国际法律理论严格定义了“人权实践”。这种对实践的“理论性”描述最有可能保持对人权潜在利益的实际做法,而不会产生过于庞大的权利登记册或对法律性质作出强有力的理论承诺。
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引用次数: 1
Relational legal pluralism and Indigenous legal orders in Canada 关系法律多元化与加拿大本土法律秩序
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-10-07 DOI: 10.1017/S2045381722000193
Kelty McKerracher
Abstract The survival and resurgence of Indigenous legal orders and constitutional traditions in Canada, as elsewhere, disrupt the normative hegemony of the liberal state and articulate a constitutionalism that accounts for a plurality of laws. How can state and non-state legal orders interact across vastly different normative worlds? How can their interaction address the colonial power imbalance and what role should recognition play in this relationship? This article draws on the work of Ralf Michaels on relational legal pluralism and Aaron Mills on Anishinaabe constitutionalism to explore how a legally plural society must embrace Michaels’ challenge of constitutive external recognition: the idea that legal orders mutually constitute each other through recognition without interfering with each other’s factual status as law. External recognition is consistent with strong legal pluralism and is distinct from recognition within the multicultural liberal state, a form of weak legal pluralism and continued colonialism. Mills’ discussion of treaty, rather than contract, as a foundation for shared political community assists in imagining a constitutionalism with/in Canada in which distinct legal orders can mutually constitute each other without domination. Linkage norms may help to establish reciprocal relations among state law and Indigenous legal orders, and the enactment of such ‘tertiary rules of recognition’ from within Indigenous legal orders may itself shift the balance of power.
摘要加拿大土著法律秩序和宪法传统的生存和复兴,与其他地方一样,破坏了自由国家的规范霸权,并阐明了一种解释多种法律的宪政。国家和非国家法律秩序如何在截然不同的规范世界中相互作用?他们的互动如何解决殖民地权力失衡问题,承认在这种关系中应该发挥什么作用?本文借鉴了拉尔夫·迈克尔斯(Ralf Michaels)关于关系法律多元主义的著作和亚伦·米尔斯(Aaron Mills)关于阿尼希纳贝宪政的著作,探讨了一个法律多元化的社会必须如何接受迈克尔斯对构成性外部承认的挑战:即法律秩序通过承认相互构成,而不干涉彼此的法律事实地位。外部承认与强大的法律多元主义相一致,与多元文化自由国家内部的承认不同,后者是一种弱法律多元论和持续殖民主义的形式。米尔斯将条约而非合同作为共同政治共同体的基础,这有助于想象与加拿大的宪政,在这种宪政中,不同的法律秩序可以相互构成,而不受统治。联系规范可能有助于在州法律和土著法律秩序之间建立互惠关系,而从土著法律秩序内部颁布这种“三级承认规则”本身可能会改变权力平衡。
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引用次数: 1
The ugly truth behind transitional justice in the post-revolution phase: A constitutional law and economics analysis 革命后过渡时期司法背后的丑陋真相:宪法学和经济学分析
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.1017/S2045381722000119
E. Rashwan
Abstract This article explores the transitional justice (TJ) dilemmas after revolutions have overthrown autocratic regimes through developing a model that uses a law and economics methodology. The article seeks to answer two questions: Why do post-revolution regimes resort to or ignore TJ policies towards former autocratic regimes? And why is it difficult to adopt and apply welfare-enhancing TJ mechanisms in practice, including popular suggestions within the TJ literature to portray the civil society organizations as the key solution to TJ dilemmas? To answer these questions, the article provides a theoretical positive analysis of the scenarios and dilemmas of TJ. It argues that TJ should function both as an internalization mechanism of negative externalities of the violations of the past-regime, and a form of constitutional arrangements as an ex ante incentives structure to prevent the repetition of these violations. However, due to asymmetric information problems, behavioural biases and the constitutional nature of TJ, the ‘TJ momentum’ precludes most of the traditional solutions for this principal–agent problem.
摘要本文运用法学和经济学的方法论,构建了一个模型,探讨了革命推翻专制政权后的过渡正义困境。这篇文章试图回答两个问题:为什么革命后的政权对前独裁政权采取或忽视TJ政策?为什么在实践中难以采用和应用福利增强型TJ机制,包括TJ文献中流行的将民间社会组织描绘为TJ困境的关键解决方案的建议?为了回答这些问题,本文对TJ的情景和困境进行了理论实证分析。它认为,TJ既应作为违反过去制度的负面外部性的内部化机制,又应作为一种宪法安排的形式,作为防止这些违反行为再次发生的事前奖励结构。然而,由于信息不对称问题、行为偏差和TJ的宪制性质,“TJ动量”排除了这一委托代理问题的大多数传统解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
International crimes through the lens of global constitutionalism 全球宪政视野下的国际犯罪
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.1017/S2045381722000120
A. Zysset
Abstract Scholars of global constitutionalism have recently come to examine international criminal law (ICL) and its associated institutions, in particular the International Criminal Court (the ICC). This article prolongs these efforts by pointing to and remedying two deficits of that project with particular emphasis on the Rome Statute crimes. First, how does one account for the role of the international trial in global constitutionalist terms? Second, can global constitutionalism insightfully explain the content and scope of these crimes – that is, both their substantive definition and the predominant modes of liability developed by the ICC? This article answers both questions affirmatively and offers an account of their nexus. It first shows that the Rome Statute crimes are often perpetrated through a hierarchically organized apparatus of control, and interprets their global constitutional significance via the principle of constituent power. It then makes use of Antony Duff’s relational account of criminal liability to offer an account of the international trial. In the international context, one can conceive of the trial as allowing state or state-like authorities to call each other to account, which renders justice to the core function of enabling and limiting political authority on which global constitutionalism centres.
全球宪政学者最近开始研究国际刑法(ICL)及其相关机构,特别是国际刑事法院(ICC)。本条通过特别强调《罗马规约》的罪行,指出并纠正该项目的两个缺陷,延长了这些努力。首先,如何从全球宪政主义的角度来解释国际审判的作用?第二,全球宪政主义能否深刻地解释这些罪行的内容和范围——也就是说,它们的实质定义和国际刑事法院制定的主要责任模式?本文肯定地回答了这两个问题,并提供了它们之间联系的说明。本文首先揭示了罗马规约罪行通常是通过一个等级组织的控制机构实施的,并通过立宪权力原则解释了它们的全球宪法意义。然后,利用安东尼·达夫的刑事责任关系说,对国际审判进行了描述。在国际背景下,人们可以将审判设想为允许国家或类似国家的当局相互追究责任,这使正义具有了赋予和限制全球宪政中心的政治权威的核心功能。
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引用次数: 0
Public trust and the populist leader: A theoretical argument 公众信任与民粹主义领袖:一个理论论证
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-09-16 DOI: 10.1017/S2045381722000107
David Vitale, Raphaël Girard
Abstract This article adds nuance to current understandings of the relationship between the populist leader and the public by using the concept of trust. Merging the literature on populism with the growing scholarship on trust from philosophy, psychology and other social sciences, it argues that following on from the populist leader’s appeals to similarity, the populist–public relationship involves an intertwining of two forms of public trust: the public’s trust in the populist and the public’s trust in itself (what we term ‘public self-trust’). Contrary to what political and constitutional theorists have recognized as a tension between public self-trust and the public’s trust in its political representatives, we contend based on the scholarship on trust that in the populist–public relationship these two forms of trust can be mutually reinforcing. This mutual reinforcement, we suggest, has the potential to create a positive feedback loop of public trust that, given the value of public trust to political leaders, empowers the populist.
摘要本文通过使用信任的概念,为当前对民粹主义领导人与公众之间关系的理解增添了细微差别。它将民粹主义文献与哲学、心理学和其他社会科学日益增长的信任学术相结合,认为继民粹主义领导人对相似性的呼吁之后,民粹主义与公共关系涉及两种公共信任形式的交织:公众对民粹主义者的信任和公众对自身的信任(我们称之为“公众互信”)。与政治和宪法理论家所认识到的公众互信和公众对其政治代表的信任之间的紧张关系相反,我们基于信任的学术观点认为,在民粹主义-公共关系中,这两种形式的信任可以相辅相成。我们认为,这种相互强化有可能创造一个公众信任的正反馈循环,鉴于公众信任对政治领导人的价值,这种循环赋予民粹主义者权力。
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引用次数: 0
GCN volume 11 issue 2 Front matter GCN第11卷第2期主题
Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Pub Date : 2022-06-21 DOI: 10.1017/s2045381722000181
Jacob Eisler, Susan Kang, R. Forst, K. Kenkel, Helen Kinsella
Editorial Board Mathias Albert, University of Bielefeld, Germany Richard Bellamy, University College, London, UK Duncan Bell, University of Cambridge, UK Seyla Benhabib, Yale University, USA Armin v. Bogdandy, Max Planck Institute, Heidelberg, Germany Jutta Brunnée, University of Toronto, Canada Wen-Chen Chang, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Carlos Closa, Center for Public Goods and Policies, Madrid, Spain Jean L. Cohen, Columbia University, USA Yasmin Dawood, University of Toronto, Canada Gráinne de Búrca, New York University, USA Avigail Eisenberg, University of Victoria, Canada Karin Fierke, St Andrews University, UK Ezzedine Choukri Fishere, American University of Cairo, Egypt GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM
编辑委员会Mathias Albert,德国比勒费尔德大学Richard Bellamy,英国伦敦大学学院Duncan Bell,剑桥大学,英国Seyla Benhabib,耶鲁大学,美国Armin v.Bogdandy,Max Planck Institute,海德堡,德国Jutta Brunnée,加拿大多伦多大学Wen-Chen Chang,国立台湾大学,台湾Carlos Closa,公共产品与政策中心,西班牙马德里Jean L.Cohen,哥伦比亚大学,美国Yasmin Dawood,多伦多大学,加拿大Gráinne de Búrca,纽约大学,美国Avigail Eisenberg,维多利亚大学,加拿大Karin Fierke,圣安德鲁斯大学,英国Ezzedine Choukri Fishere,美国开罗大学,埃及全球宪法
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Global Constitutionalism
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