We analyzed the results of long-term studies (1983-2019) of breeding biology of the common redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) in the sub-taiga forest subzone of the south-eastern part of Western Siberia. Data were collected in the surroundings of Tomsk (56°28'N, 84°54'E, 90-100 m a.s.l.), the village Kireyevsk (Tomsk oblast, 56°22N, 84°05'E, 90 m a.s.l.) and the village Lomachevka (Kemerovo oblast, 56°08N, 86°50'E, 190 m a.s.l.). In total, we examined 516 nests. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Institute of Biology of Tomsk State University (protocol code № 23 of 21.03.2022). Nest-boxes were placed in deciduous (aspen-birch and birch), mixed (pine-birch-aspen) and coniferous (pine and Siberian pine) forests. The density of nest-boxes in all types of forests was 107/10 ha. Nest-box occupation average rate was 10.3 ± 1.4 % and population average density was 11.4 ± 1.6 pairs/10 ha. Nest-box occupation rate in deciduous forests was 4.4 ± 0.5%; in mixed - 15.3 ± 1.3%; in coniferous - 10.4 ± 2.2%, and population density was 4.9 ± 0.6, 17.0 ± 1.5 and 11.6 ± 2.4 pairs/10 ha, respectively. In spring, redstarts appear in last decade of April-first decade of May (21 April -7 May), on average, April 28. The mean long-term date of the earliest egg laying was May 19 (13 May - 27 May); the median laying date was May 29 (23 May - 3 June). No certain long-term trend in the timing of reproduction was detected. There were no cases of two breeding cycles in the study area confirmed by ringing. However, once we observed how 8 days after the departure of fledglings a new clutch was laid in the same nest-box from which fledglings flew out. The mean clutch size is 6.84 ± 0.04 eggs, the mean length of eggs -18.60 ± 0.02 mm, the breadth of eggs -13.83 ± 0.01 mm and the mean volume of eggs - 1818 ± 3 mm3 (n = 2734 eggs). The share (proportion) of successful nests where, at least, one young fledged is 55.0%. From 3081 eggs, 1875 chicks hatched and 1667 fledglings flew out. The success of incubation is 60.9% (hatched chicks / eggs in nests where, at least, one egg was laid), feeding (fledglings / hatched chicks) -88.9%, breeding (fledglings / eggs in nests where at least one egg was laid) - 54.1%, reproductive success in successful nests - 86.0%. Embryonic mortality is 8.3%, partial brood mortality - 5.6% of the total number of hatched nestlings. The mean number of fledglings per successful attempt and breeding attempt are 5.83 ± 0.07 and 3.21 ± 0.13, respectively. Predators ravaged 41.7% of nests, in which 28.3% of eggs in incomplete and completed clutches and 4.2% of nestlings were destroyed. In total, 3.3% of nests were abandoned, and losses amounted to 1.7% of eggs in incomplete and completed clutches and 1.3% of nestlings. Reproductive success, numbers of fledglings per breeding attempt in the group of deciduous and mixed forests are significantly h
{"title":"Breeding biology of the common redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus (L., 1758) in the south-east of Western Siberia","authors":"B. Kuranov, O. G. Nekhoroshev, Sergei V. Kilin","doi":"10.17223/19988591/57/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/57/4","url":null,"abstract":"We analyzed the results of long-term studies (1983-2019) of breeding biology of the common redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) in the sub-taiga forest subzone of the south-eastern part of Western Siberia. Data were collected in the surroundings of Tomsk (56°28'N, 84°54'E, 90-100 m a.s.l.), the village Kireyevsk (Tomsk oblast, 56°22N, 84°05'E, 90 m a.s.l.) and the village Lomachevka (Kemerovo oblast, 56°08N, 86°50'E, 190 m a.s.l.). In total, we examined 516 nests. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Institute of Biology of Tomsk State University (protocol code № 23 of 21.03.2022). Nest-boxes were placed in deciduous (aspen-birch and birch), mixed (pine-birch-aspen) and coniferous (pine and Siberian pine) forests. The density of nest-boxes in all types of forests was 107/10 ha. Nest-box occupation average rate was 10.3 ± 1.4 % and population average density was 11.4 ± 1.6 pairs/10 ha. Nest-box occupation rate in deciduous forests was 4.4 ± 0.5%; in mixed - 15.3 ± 1.3%; in coniferous - 10.4 ± 2.2%, and population density was 4.9 ± 0.6, 17.0 ± 1.5 and 11.6 ± 2.4 pairs/10 ha, respectively. In spring, redstarts appear in last decade of April-first decade of May (21 April -7 May), on average, April 28. The mean long-term date of the earliest egg laying was May 19 (13 May - 27 May); the median laying date was May 29 (23 May - 3 June). No certain long-term trend in the timing of reproduction was detected. There were no cases of two breeding cycles in the study area confirmed by ringing. However, once we observed how 8 days after the departure of fledglings a new clutch was laid in the same nest-box from which fledglings flew out. The mean clutch size is 6.84 ± 0.04 eggs, the mean length of eggs -18.60 ± 0.02 mm, the breadth of eggs -13.83 ± 0.01 mm and the mean volume of eggs - 1818 ± 3 mm3 (n = 2734 eggs). The share (proportion) of successful nests where, at least, one young fledged is 55.0%. From 3081 eggs, 1875 chicks hatched and 1667 fledglings flew out. The success of incubation is 60.9% (hatched chicks / eggs in nests where, at least, one egg was laid), feeding (fledglings / hatched chicks) -88.9%, breeding (fledglings / eggs in nests where at least one egg was laid) - 54.1%, reproductive success in successful nests - 86.0%. Embryonic mortality is 8.3%, partial brood mortality - 5.6% of the total number of hatched nestlings. The mean number of fledglings per successful attempt and breeding attempt are 5.83 ± 0.07 and 3.21 ± 0.13, respectively. Predators ravaged 41.7% of nests, in which 28.3% of eggs in incomplete and completed clutches and 4.2% of nestlings were destroyed. In total, 3.3% of nests were abandoned, and losses amounted to 1.7% of eggs in incomplete and completed clutches and 1.3% of nestlings. Reproductive success, numbers of fledglings per breeding attempt in the group of deciduous and mixed forests are significantly h","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73029969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Extreme environmental factors decrease seed setting and form unseeded or thinning panicles. Since meiosis underlies formation of gametes, it largely determines further processes associated with pollination, fertilization and development of a full-fledged seed. In this regard, studies meant to identify the peculiarities of male meiosis for plants cultivated in the severe natural and climatic conditions of Central Yakutia are relevant and of particular interest. The goal of this study was to identify the characteristics of male meiosis in oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties adapted to local conditions. We should emphasize that no studies of meiosis in common oats under the conditions of Central Yakutia have been performed earlier. We used four varieties of common oats (Pokrovsky, Vilensky, Pokrovsky 9, and Khibiny 2) as study material. All the varieties under analysis were hexaploids (2n = 6x = 42). The studies were conducted in 2020 at the Pokrovsky Department of Yakut Research Institute of Agriculture, in Khangalassky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) located in the middle taiga zone. The weather and climatic conditions during the growing season were characterized by an insufficient provision of soil with productive moisture at the early phases of grain and forage crop growth and development. To analyze meiosis, we used oat spikelets sampled when they were emerging into the tube. The spikelets were fixed on June 25-27, 2020 in duplicate using Carnoy’s solution. We analyzed microsporogenesis and pollen fertility on the temporary squashed preparations of meiocytes using the generally accepted method with 4% acetocarmine staining. The results were statistically processed using Statistica 7.0 (StatSoft. Inc., USA). The samples were compared through one-way ANOVA. The general cytological picture of meiosis in the oat varieties under study mostly corresponded to the conservative scenario typical of monocotyledonous plants. However, all the oat varieties showed some deviations from the general meiosis pattern. One of such deviations was cytomixis - chromatin migration as part of nuclei between microsporocytes through one or several cytomictic channels (Fig. 1, 2). As a rule, the phenomenon of cytomixis in microsporocytes was observed at middle prophase 1 at the pachytene stage (Fig. 1). Nuclei migration was also observed at late prophase 1, for example, at the diplotene stage. Chromatin movement between two adjacent microsporocytes clearly correlated with the formation of micronuclei and cytoplasts. Quite often, this process was also accompanied by nuclei pycnosis (Fig. 2). We should note that rarely we observed massive destructive cytomixis in microsporocytes and tapetum cells. When studying common oat cultivars, we also found microsporocytes with separately lying bivalents that were not included in the metaphase plate (Fig. 2), as well as chromosomal bridges (Fig. 2) at the anaphase-telophase 1 stage. The proportion of microsporocytes with meiotic d
{"title":"Male Meiosis Peculiarities of Four Oat (Avena sativa L.) Varieties Cultivated in Central Yakutia","authors":"Lidia V. Petrova, Y. Sidorchuk","doi":"10.17223/19988591/58/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/58/6","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme environmental factors decrease seed setting and form unseeded or thinning panicles. Since meiosis underlies formation of gametes, it largely determines further processes associated with pollination, fertilization and development of a full-fledged seed. In this regard, studies meant to identify the peculiarities of male meiosis for plants cultivated in the severe natural and climatic conditions of Central Yakutia are relevant and of particular interest. The goal of this study was to identify the characteristics of male meiosis in oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties adapted to local conditions. We should emphasize that no studies of meiosis in common oats under the conditions of Central Yakutia have been performed earlier. We used four varieties of common oats (Pokrovsky, Vilensky, Pokrovsky 9, and Khibiny 2) as study material. All the varieties under analysis were hexaploids (2n = 6x = 42). The studies were conducted in 2020 at the Pokrovsky Department of Yakut Research Institute of Agriculture, in Khangalassky ulus of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) located in the middle taiga zone. The weather and climatic conditions during the growing season were characterized by an insufficient provision of soil with productive moisture at the early phases of grain and forage crop growth and development. To analyze meiosis, we used oat spikelets sampled when they were emerging into the tube. The spikelets were fixed on June 25-27, 2020 in duplicate using Carnoy’s solution. We analyzed microsporogenesis and pollen fertility on the temporary squashed preparations of meiocytes using the generally accepted method with 4% acetocarmine staining. The results were statistically processed using Statistica 7.0 (StatSoft. Inc., USA). The samples were compared through one-way ANOVA. The general cytological picture of meiosis in the oat varieties under study mostly corresponded to the conservative scenario typical of monocotyledonous plants. However, all the oat varieties showed some deviations from the general meiosis pattern. One of such deviations was cytomixis - chromatin migration as part of nuclei between microsporocytes through one or several cytomictic channels (Fig. 1, 2). As a rule, the phenomenon of cytomixis in microsporocytes was observed at middle prophase 1 at the pachytene stage (Fig. 1). Nuclei migration was also observed at late prophase 1, for example, at the diplotene stage. Chromatin movement between two adjacent microsporocytes clearly correlated with the formation of micronuclei and cytoplasts. Quite often, this process was also accompanied by nuclei pycnosis (Fig. 2). We should note that rarely we observed massive destructive cytomixis in microsporocytes and tapetum cells. When studying common oat cultivars, we also found microsporocytes with separately lying bivalents that were not included in the metaphase plate (Fig. 2), as well as chromosomal bridges (Fig. 2) at the anaphase-telophase 1 stage. The proportion of microsporocytes with meiotic d","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78148804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Rezanov, L. Malovichko, Jury V. Litvinov, Andrew А. Rezanov
The Great Spotted Woodpecker (GSW), Dendrocopos major, has a huge range stretching from the Canary Islands and Northwest Africa east to Kamchatka and Sakhalin Island. The feeding behavior of the GSW is characterised by a high diversity and pronounced seasonality. Thus, in late spring and summer in the feeding repertoire of the GSW in the North and in the Central regions of the European part of Russia, there are exclusively methods of searching for and picking openly living invertebrates. The search for prey is carried out both on woody vegetation and on the ground surface. We have also repeatedly observed the hunting from perches in the manner of Flycatchers on flying dragonflies and butterflies. From late summer, GSWs begin to use chiseling tree trunks and branches in search of xylophages larvae. The GSW intensively uses anvils in winter (starting in November) and early spring. The relevance of this study is determined not only by the fragmentation and insufficient information on the GSW’s anvils, but also by the fact that there is no comparison of anvils from distant geographical regions where different subspecies of the GSW are common. For the first time in a comparative aspect, the features of the GSW’s anvils from different geographical populations are analyzed. The GSW’s use of the so-called “anvils” – the places of processing food-containing and food objects – is well known, which is reflected both in general articles on ecology and feeding behavior of this species and in some publications devoted to this particular issue (mainly fragmentary in nature). This well-known phenomenon is also reflected in monographs and faunal reports. Within the vast range of the GSW, various authors distinguish from 14 to 26 subspecies. In Russia and adjacent territories, there are 7 subspecies. In Arkhangelsk oblast (AO), the nominative subspecies D. m. major is distributed. In Stavropol oblast (SO), the subspecies D. m. tenuirostris is common, according to other sources, it is considered as D. m. pinetorum. Unlike the nominative subspecies, D. m. tenuitostris has a longer and narrower bill, well adapted for punching holes in the strong shells of stone fruits (apricot, plum), walnut, and almonds. In Ciscaucasia, there is a wide zone of intergradation of D. m. candidus and D. m. tenuirostris. It can be assumed that in some areas of SO, an intergradation zone of D. m. major and D. m. tenuitostris may also exist. A comparative analysis of the features of location and use of anvils by the GSW was carried out based on the materials collected in 1973-1974 in Plesetsk district of AO and in 2008-2022 in 6 districts of SO. The following parameters were analysed: the choice of tree species used for anvils, the altitude and orientation of anvils, the seasons of use of anvils, the dependence of location of anvils on the altitude and diameter of the tree, types of food-containing objects, etc. The period of use of anvils lasted for 5 months (from November to March) in AO
大斑点啄木鸟(GSW)，大斑啄木鸟，主要分布在从加那利群岛和非洲西北部向东延伸到堪察加半岛和库页岛的广大地区。大腹虫的取食行为具有高度的多样性和明显的季节性。因此，在春末和夏季，在俄罗斯欧洲部分的北部和中部地区，在GSW的摄食曲目中，有专门的方法来寻找和采摘活着的无脊椎动物。寻找猎物既在木本植物上也在地面上进行。我们也多次观察到捕蝇人以捕蝇人的方式在栖木上捕食蜻蜓和蝴蝶。从夏末开始，GSWs开始用凿凿树干和树枝来寻找木噬体幼虫。GSW在冬季(11月开始)和早春集中使用铁砧。这项研究的相关性不仅取决于GSW砧的碎片化和信息不足，而且还取决于没有比较来自GSW不同亚种常见的遥远地理区域的砧。本文首次从比较的角度分析了不同地理种群的GSW砧的特征。GSW使用所谓的“砧”——加工含食物和食物的地方——是众所周知的，这反映在关于该物种的生态学和摄食行为的一般文章和一些专门讨论这一问题的出版物中(主要是零散的)。这一众所周知的现象也反映在专著和动物报告中。在巨大的GSW范围内，不同的作者区分出14到26个亚种。在俄罗斯和邻近地区，有7个亚种。在阿尔汉格尔斯克州(AO)分布有主亚种d.m . major。在斯塔夫罗波尔州(SO)，亚种D. m. tenuirostris是常见的，根据其他来源，它被认为是D. m. pinetorum。与指定亚种不同，D. m. tenuitostris的喙长而窄，非常适合在核果(杏、李)、核桃和杏仁的坚硬外壳上打孔。在高加索地区，有一个广泛的区域整合d.m . candius和d.m . tenuirostris。可以假设，在SO的某些地区，也可能存在d.m . major和d.m . tenuitostris的融合区。根据敖州普列谢茨克地区1973-1974年和苏州6个地区2008-2022年收集的资料，对GSW采集的铁砧的位置和使用特征进行了比较分析。分析了砧材的树种选择、砧材的高度和朝向、砧材的使用季节、砧材的位置与树的高度和直径的关系、含食物的种类等参数。在AO中，铁砧的使用周期为5个月(11月至次年3月)，而在SO中，铁砧的使用周期几乎为全年。在AO中，砧(n = 43)位于乔木(67±14%)和树桩(33±14%)上。在树种选择上，白杨为首选树种(53±16%);其他选择是云杉和桦树。在SO中，发现了36个枪伤砧。榆树是首选的树种(12种)(33个砧中有9个位于树上)。在其余3例中，铁砧位于人为来源的物体中(木制电线杆、金属管孔和金属栅栏)。大多数枪伤的铁砧都是在花园里发现的。核桃树占主导地位，但啄木鸟更喜欢榆树来安排它们的铁砧，因为榆树的木材更柔软，树皮更不规则，适合它们的放置。总的来说，用于GSW砧的树种种类在SO中显著高于AO(分别为3和12)。不同砧木品种的相似系数在0.07 ~ 0.21之间。AO组平均顶髓高度为3.3±2.3 m (lim 0.2 ~ 25, SD = 5.21, n = 35, p = 0.01)，中位数为1 m, SO组低顶髓(包括2 m以下)分别占69±15%和50±16%。在SO中，砧所处树木(包括树桩)的平均高度为8.9±3.1 (lim 0.4 ~ 25.0, SD = 5.4, p = 0.001, n = 34)，中位数为9 m。顶砧平均位于2.6±1.1 m (lim 0.01 ~ 6.5, SD = 1.98, p = 0.001, n = 34)，中位数为2.3 m，“低”顶砧占50±16%。根据非参数Mann-Whitney标准，比较地区砧的高度差异在统计学上不显著(U = 523.0, p = 0.22)。两地区所定位砧的高度均随树木高度的增加而增加:AO (p < 0.01)， SO (p >0.05);没有统计学意义)。在AO中，铁砧主要指向东方(61±22%)，在SO中，铁砧指向南方(71±15%)。
{"title":"Comparative Ecological and Geographical Analysis of the Anvils of the Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major (Aves: Piciformes) in the North and South of the European Part of Russia","authors":"A. Rezanov, L. Malovichko, Jury V. Litvinov, Andrew А. Rezanov","doi":"10.17223/19988591/60/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/60/3","url":null,"abstract":"The Great Spotted Woodpecker (GSW), Dendrocopos major, has a huge range stretching from the Canary Islands and Northwest Africa east to Kamchatka and Sakhalin Island. The feeding behavior of the GSW is characterised by a high diversity and pronounced seasonality. Thus, in late spring and summer in the feeding repertoire of the GSW in the North and in the Central regions of the European part of Russia, there are exclusively methods of searching for and picking openly living invertebrates. The search for prey is carried out both on woody vegetation and on the ground surface. We have also repeatedly observed the hunting from perches in the manner of Flycatchers on flying dragonflies and butterflies. From late summer, GSWs begin to use chiseling tree trunks and branches in search of xylophages larvae. The GSW intensively uses anvils in winter (starting in November) and early spring. The relevance of this study is determined not only by the fragmentation and insufficient information on the GSW’s anvils, but also by the fact that there is no comparison of anvils from distant geographical regions where different subspecies of the GSW are common. For the first time in a comparative aspect, the features of the GSW’s anvils from different geographical populations are analyzed. The GSW’s use of the so-called “anvils” – the places of processing food-containing and food objects – is well known, which is reflected both in general articles on ecology and feeding behavior of this species and in some publications devoted to this particular issue (mainly fragmentary in nature). This well-known phenomenon is also reflected in monographs and faunal reports. Within the vast range of the GSW, various authors distinguish from 14 to 26 subspecies. In Russia and adjacent territories, there are 7 subspecies. In Arkhangelsk oblast (AO), the nominative subspecies D. m. major is distributed. In Stavropol oblast (SO), the subspecies D. m. tenuirostris is common, according to other sources, it is considered as D. m. pinetorum. Unlike the nominative subspecies, D. m. tenuitostris has a longer and narrower bill, well adapted for punching holes in the strong shells of stone fruits (apricot, plum), walnut, and almonds. In Ciscaucasia, there is a wide zone of intergradation of D. m. candidus and D. m. tenuirostris. It can be assumed that in some areas of SO, an intergradation zone of D. m. major and D. m. tenuitostris may also exist. A comparative analysis of the features of location and use of anvils by the GSW was carried out based on the materials collected in 1973-1974 in Plesetsk district of AO and in 2008-2022 in 6 districts of SO. The following parameters were analysed: the choice of tree species used for anvils, the altitude and orientation of anvils, the seasons of use of anvils, the dependence of location of anvils on the altitude and diameter of the tree, types of food-containing objects, etc. The period of use of anvils lasted for 5 months (from November to March) in AO","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74545053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dmitry A. Afanasev, I. Chernukha, V. Ganina, N. G. Mashentseva, L. Kovalev, Anna V. Kovrizhnykh, Mahboobeh Ahangaran, Mahmud Gharaviri
Of particular importance in the production of fermented meat products are starter cultures with a proteolytic system that promotes the proteolysis of the protein components of meat raw materials. Numerous compounds, which may have biological activity, were formed as a result of the proteolysis, for example, biologically active peptides or bacteriocins. Nevertheless, there are some technological difficulties in the use of bacteria that contribute to the formation of biologically active peptides in raw meat. The solution to this problem can be microencapsulation. In this study, industrially valuable strains of starter cultures were selected, and proteolytic activity genes were identified. Thus, the proteolytic genes of the PRTB10/PRTB20 and P15C/P06C families were found in the P. acidilactici 38 and P. pentosaceus 28 strains, while the genes of the Jp23/Jp25 and prti2/IP6Xba families were found in the L. acidophilus AT-45 strain. The prti2/IP6Xba genes were also found in the S. carnosus 111-2 strain. A technology is proposed for incorporating microorganisms into alginate capsules with an alginate gel concentration of 5%, which makes it possible to form strong capsules capable of maintaining the viability of starter cultures in the production of boiled sausage: when incubating heat-treated capsules to 72 °С on chalk agar, the survival rate of microorganisms from 30 to 90% was recorded. The protein profile of the samples of boiled sausages produced using microencapsulated starter cultures was studied. A significant interaction of some strains with proteins of the actomyosin complex was shown, and the enzymes of energy metabolism from muscle tissue were subjected to destructive changes - muscle creatine phosphate kinase, enolase, and adenylate kinase 1. The paper contains 4 Figures, 4 Tables, and 27 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
{"title":"The Effect of Microencapsulated Starter Cultures on the Formation of Biologically Active Peptides in Finished Meat Products","authors":"Dmitry A. Afanasev, I. Chernukha, V. Ganina, N. G. Mashentseva, L. Kovalev, Anna V. Kovrizhnykh, Mahboobeh Ahangaran, Mahmud Gharaviri","doi":"10.17223/19988591/59/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/59/2","url":null,"abstract":"Of particular importance in the production of fermented meat products are starter cultures with a proteolytic system that promotes the proteolysis of the protein components of meat raw materials. Numerous compounds, which may have biological activity, were formed as a result of the proteolysis, for example, biologically active peptides or bacteriocins. Nevertheless, there are some technological difficulties in the use of bacteria that contribute to the formation of biologically active peptides in raw meat. The solution to this problem can be microencapsulation. In this study, industrially valuable strains of starter cultures were selected, and proteolytic activity genes were identified. Thus, the proteolytic genes of the PRTB10/PRTB20 and P15C/P06C families were found in the P. acidilactici 38 and P. pentosaceus 28 strains, while the genes of the Jp23/Jp25 and prti2/IP6Xba families were found in the L. acidophilus AT-45 strain. The prti2/IP6Xba genes were also found in the S. carnosus 111-2 strain. A technology is proposed for incorporating microorganisms into alginate capsules with an alginate gel concentration of 5%, which makes it possible to form strong capsules capable of maintaining the viability of starter cultures in the production of boiled sausage: when incubating heat-treated capsules to 72 °С on chalk agar, the survival rate of microorganisms from 30 to 90% was recorded. The protein profile of the samples of boiled sausages produced using microencapsulated starter cultures was studied. A significant interaction of some strains with proteins of the actomyosin complex was shown, and the enzymes of energy metabolism from muscle tissue were subjected to destructive changes - muscle creatine phosphate kinase, enolase, and adenylate kinase 1. The paper contains 4 Figures, 4 Tables, and 27 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85186373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inom Juramurodov, V. Byalt, Dilafruz U. Mirzalieva, K. Tojibaev
The main aim of this research is to fill in the missing taxonomic information on Hedysarum L. for the new edition of “Flora of Uzbekistan”. Currently, one of the main scientific areas of botanical research in Uzbekistan is a fundamental project to prepare a new edition of the Flora of Uzbekistan. More than 50 years after the first edition of the national flora, new volumes of the second edition of the "Flora of Uzbekistan" were published, which continues the best traditions of the classical floras of Central Asia. The previous edition of the “Flora of Uzbekistan” was the first detailed summary of the vascular plant species of the Republic, which in many respects surpassed similar "Flora" of neighboring countries. This fundamental work, once awarded the prestigious scientific prize named after Abu Raykhan Beruni, included information on 4148 plant species of the flora of Uzbekistan (of which 3663 are native and 485 are introduced). Since 2016, the first three volumes of the new flora have been published, which marks the beginning of a new stage in the study of the plant diversity of Uzbekistan. A large international team, including a number of Russian botanists, is involved in the implementation of the fundamental project "Flora of Uzbekistan". At the moment, the revision of some polymorphic families, such as Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Caryophyl-laceae, Brassicaceae, is ongoing, modern abstracts of these families with additions have been compiled, critical processing of a number of genera has been performed, as well as maps of the distribution of individual groups have been compiled on the basis of GIS. Particular attention is paid to the selection of type samples and typification. In the family Fabaceae, along with the polymorphic genera Astragalus L. and Oxytropis DC., critical processing of species of the genus Hedysarum L. is carried out. In the first edition of the Flora of Uzbekistan, E.E. Korotkova listed 19 species of this genus. Subsequent field studies and study of the National Herbarium of Uzbekistan (TASH) collection made it possible to identify 4 species new to Uzbekistan. In 2021, one new species was described. The main collection of TASH contains more than 1080 specimens of the genus Hedysarum belonging to 51 Central Asian species. Their first herbarium samples were collected by Karelin and Kirilov in 1841. And also, most of the herbariums of the genus were collected by M.G. Popov, V.P. Drobov, A.Ya. Butkov, E.P. Korovin, E.E. Korotkova, V.V. Lepeshkin, M.P. Tishchenko, N.P. Gomolitsky, M.M. Arifkhanova, M.M. Nabiev and others from 1915 to 1965. The paper contains an annotated list of type specimens of the genus Hedysarum from the Fabaceae family from Central Asia kept in TASH. For each taxon, the following is given: Latin name with reference to the publication of its original description; category of the type specimen(s); citation of label; citation from protologue; required notes (if any). Additional information and corrections made to t
{"title":"Type specimens of names of taxa of genus Hedysarum L. (Fabaceae) from Central Asia kept in the National Herbarium of Uzbekistan (TASH)","authors":"Inom Juramurodov, V. Byalt, Dilafruz U. Mirzalieva, K. Tojibaev","doi":"10.17223/19988591/57/1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/57/1","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this research is to fill in the missing taxonomic information on Hedysarum L. for the new edition of “Flora of Uzbekistan”. Currently, one of the main scientific areas of botanical research in Uzbekistan is a fundamental project to prepare a new edition of the Flora of Uzbekistan. More than 50 years after the first edition of the national flora, new volumes of the second edition of the \"Flora of Uzbekistan\" were published, which continues the best traditions of the classical floras of Central Asia. The previous edition of the “Flora of Uzbekistan” was the first detailed summary of the vascular plant species of the Republic, which in many respects surpassed similar \"Flora\" of neighboring countries. This fundamental work, once awarded the prestigious scientific prize named after Abu Raykhan Beruni, included information on 4148 plant species of the flora of Uzbekistan (of which 3663 are native and 485 are introduced). Since 2016, the first three volumes of the new flora have been published, which marks the beginning of a new stage in the study of the plant diversity of Uzbekistan. A large international team, including a number of Russian botanists, is involved in the implementation of the fundamental project \"Flora of Uzbekistan\". At the moment, the revision of some polymorphic families, such as Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Caryophyl-laceae, Brassicaceae, is ongoing, modern abstracts of these families with additions have been compiled, critical processing of a number of genera has been performed, as well as maps of the distribution of individual groups have been compiled on the basis of GIS. Particular attention is paid to the selection of type samples and typification. In the family Fabaceae, along with the polymorphic genera Astragalus L. and Oxytropis DC., critical processing of species of the genus Hedysarum L. is carried out. In the first edition of the Flora of Uzbekistan, E.E. Korotkova listed 19 species of this genus. Subsequent field studies and study of the National Herbarium of Uzbekistan (TASH) collection made it possible to identify 4 species new to Uzbekistan. In 2021, one new species was described. The main collection of TASH contains more than 1080 specimens of the genus Hedysarum belonging to 51 Central Asian species. Their first herbarium samples were collected by Karelin and Kirilov in 1841. And also, most of the herbariums of the genus were collected by M.G. Popov, V.P. Drobov, A.Ya. Butkov, E.P. Korovin, E.E. Korotkova, V.V. Lepeshkin, M.P. Tishchenko, N.P. Gomolitsky, M.M. Arifkhanova, M.M. Nabiev and others from 1915 to 1965. The paper contains an annotated list of type specimens of the genus Hedysarum from the Fabaceae family from Central Asia kept in TASH. For each taxon, the following is given: Latin name with reference to the publication of its original description; category of the type specimen(s); citation of label; citation from protologue; required notes (if any). Additional information and corrections made to t","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82464901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When studying flora and vegetation of the northern forest-steppe of Armizon District, Tyumen Region, in the field season of 2017, herbarium material was collected. Determination of its species affiliation made it possible to identify it as Polygonum arenarium Waldst et Kit. - sand knotweed - of the subsection Arenaria Tzvel. of the typical section of Polygonum L. genus that was found in the south of Tyumen Region after more than a century break in a new habitat. Previously, this species had been collected here by Slovtsov I.Y. "in the vicinity of Perevalova Village..." in 1891 and by Gordyagin A.Y. "... the southern part of the Tobolsk Governorate..." in 1901 (labels of Tomsk State University). However, there are no Siberian specimens of this species in the Herbaria of ALTB, NS, NSK, TK. The research shows a new location of this very rare species in Western Siberia -“Tyumen Region, Armizon District, vicinity of Prokhorova Village, near Solonets Cemetry, 7 July, 2017", as well as a description of the halophilic plant community in which the species was found: 100 m2; cut by tracks of vehicles, the soil is wet; grass cover is uneven, the projective cover ranges from 60% to 80%; the grass stand height is 40-55 cm, the richness in species is 21: Artemisia nitrosa Weber ex Stechm. and Puccinellia tenuissima Litv. ex V. I. Krecz. (cop1) are dominant, Artemisia laciniata Willd., Chenopodium glaucum L., Limonium gmelinii Kuntze, Juncus gerardii Loisel., J. compressus Kunth, Veronica spicata L., Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir., Elymrous mutabilis (Drob.) Tzvel., Rumex pseudonatronatus (Borbas) Murb. Myosurus minimus L., Polygonum neglectum Besser., Lepidium ruderale L., Psammophil-iella muralis (L.) Ikonn grow in lower abundance (sp); Inula britannica L., Allium an-gulosum All., Agrostis tenuis Bastard ex Roem et Schult., Potentilla argentea L., Tri-pleurospermum perforatum (Merat) M. Lainz are also present (sol). Individual P. are-nariums are crowded in this plant community, in the form of one spot in abundance sp, they are in a budding phase. The knotweed population can be classified as generative and full-bodied. The nomenclative and morphological characteristics of the species are given, the species is compared to a closely related species of the same subsection P. pseudoarenarium Klokov, and to species of the close subsection Patula Tzvel. In the Siberian enclave, the species dwells in its characteristic alkaline community which convinces of the aboriginal nature of the species, however given the place of growth (near the cemetery) and the anthropogenic disturbance of the community (vehicle tracks) it cannot be ruled out that it was introduced here. It is not possible to make a final conclusion due to insufficient study of the issue.
{"title":"Finding Polygonum arenarium Waldst et Kit. in the West Siberia","authors":"N. Tupitsyna, Natalia V. Khozyainova","doi":"10.17223/19988591/57/8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/57/8","url":null,"abstract":"When studying flora and vegetation of the northern forest-steppe of Armizon District, Tyumen Region, in the field season of 2017, herbarium material was collected. Determination of its species affiliation made it possible to identify it as Polygonum arenarium Waldst et Kit. - sand knotweed - of the subsection Arenaria Tzvel. of the typical section of Polygonum L. genus that was found in the south of Tyumen Region after more than a century break in a new habitat. Previously, this species had been collected here by Slovtsov I.Y. \"in the vicinity of Perevalova Village...\" in 1891 and by Gordyagin A.Y. \"... the southern part of the Tobolsk Governorate...\" in 1901 (labels of Tomsk State University). However, there are no Siberian specimens of this species in the Herbaria of ALTB, NS, NSK, TK. The research shows a new location of this very rare species in Western Siberia -“Tyumen Region, Armizon District, vicinity of Prokhorova Village, near Solonets Cemetry, 7 July, 2017\", as well as a description of the halophilic plant community in which the species was found: 100 m2; cut by tracks of vehicles, the soil is wet; grass cover is uneven, the projective cover ranges from 60% to 80%; the grass stand height is 40-55 cm, the richness in species is 21: Artemisia nitrosa Weber ex Stechm. and Puccinellia tenuissima Litv. ex V. I. Krecz. (cop1) are dominant, Artemisia laciniata Willd., Chenopodium glaucum L., Limonium gmelinii Kuntze, Juncus gerardii Loisel., J. compressus Kunth, Veronica spicata L., Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir., Elymrous mutabilis (Drob.) Tzvel., Rumex pseudonatronatus (Borbas) Murb. Myosurus minimus L., Polygonum neglectum Besser., Lepidium ruderale L., Psammophil-iella muralis (L.) Ikonn grow in lower abundance (sp); Inula britannica L., Allium an-gulosum All., Agrostis tenuis Bastard ex Roem et Schult., Potentilla argentea L., Tri-pleurospermum perforatum (Merat) M. Lainz are also present (sol). Individual P. are-nariums are crowded in this plant community, in the form of one spot in abundance sp, they are in a budding phase. The knotweed population can be classified as generative and full-bodied. The nomenclative and morphological characteristics of the species are given, the species is compared to a closely related species of the same subsection P. pseudoarenarium Klokov, and to species of the close subsection Patula Tzvel. In the Siberian enclave, the species dwells in its characteristic alkaline community which convinces of the aboriginal nature of the species, however given the place of growth (near the cemetery) and the anthropogenic disturbance of the community (vehicle tracks) it cannot be ruled out that it was introduced here. It is not possible to make a final conclusion due to insufficient study of the issue.","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"08 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86119449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. A. Babiy, S. Y. Kniazev, Anna S. Abramenko, E. V. Golovanova
We have performed laboratory experiments to determine the impact of earthworms (exotic Eisenia ventripapillata and peregrine Aporrectodea caliginosa) on the water-soluble forms of ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium in Calcic Chernozem, Greyic Phaeozem, and Haplic Chernozem, which are widespread in the south of Western Siberia. The differences between the impacts made by the two above-mentioned species have been estimated according to the changes they make in the initial cation concentrations in soil. For E. ventripapillata, the obtained evidence regarding the influence of this species on soil characteristics is first-ever data. We found that E. ventripapillata and A. caliginosa changed the content of all cations in the soils under this study, but the nature of these changes varied from one soil type to another. In contrast to A. caliginosa, E. ventripapillata reliably increased the content of potassium and calcium ions in Calcic Chernozem. In comparison with the A. caliginosa influence, the E. ventripapillata variants reliably differed in the content of ammonium, potassium, and sodium ions in Greyic Phaeozem. In Haplic Chernozem, the ammonium, magnesium, and sodium ions content in the E. ventripapillata variants was reliably lower than in the A. caliginosa variants. Thus, the observed difference between native and exotic species in the effects on the content of available cations can trigger changes in the mineral nutrition of plants growing in the examined soils. The article contains 2 Figures, 1 Table and 49 References
{"title":"The first data regarding the effect of the exotic Eisenia ventripapillata (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) on the cation composition of soils in Western Siberia","authors":"K. A. Babiy, S. Y. Kniazev, Anna S. Abramenko, E. V. Golovanova","doi":"10.17223/19988591/60/4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/60/4","url":null,"abstract":"We have performed laboratory experiments to determine the impact of earthworms (exotic Eisenia ventripapillata and peregrine Aporrectodea caliginosa) on the water-soluble forms of ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium in Calcic Chernozem, Greyic Phaeozem, and Haplic Chernozem, which are widespread in the south of Western Siberia. The differences between the impacts made by the two above-mentioned species have been estimated according to the changes they make in the initial cation concentrations in soil. For E. ventripapillata, the obtained evidence regarding the influence of this species on soil characteristics is first-ever data. We found that E. ventripapillata and A. caliginosa changed the content of all cations in the soils under this study, but the nature of these changes varied from one soil type to another. In contrast to A. caliginosa, E. ventripapillata reliably increased the content of potassium and calcium ions in Calcic Chernozem. In comparison with the A. caliginosa influence, the E. ventripapillata variants reliably differed in the content of ammonium, potassium, and sodium ions in Greyic Phaeozem. In Haplic Chernozem, the ammonium, magnesium, and sodium ions content in the E. ventripapillata variants was reliably lower than in the A. caliginosa variants. Thus, the observed difference between native and exotic species in the effects on the content of available cations can trigger changes in the mineral nutrition of plants growing in the examined soils. The article contains 2 Figures, 1 Table and 49 References","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86907146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. OC has the worst prognosis and the highest mortality rate, not only amid gynecological cancers, but also compared to the most spread breast cancer. High mortality rate is associated to asymptomatic course of the disease, tumor evolution and high tumor aggressiveness. OC differs from other tumors in its ability to implantation metastasis through the peritoneal fluid. The frequency of metastasis is increased by the accumulation of ascitic fluid. Both tumor cells and stromal cells facilitate the accumulation of ascitic fluid. They secrete factors that elevate the permeability of the capillaries in the abdominal cavity for diverse proteins and fluid. The main factors involved in these processes are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. An increased concentration of common protein leads to a violation of the normal oncotic pressure between the peritoneal fluid and plasma, followed by the flow of fluid into the abdominal cavity. In addition, tumor cells in peritoneal cavity disrupt lymph flow through blockage of lymphatic vessels that also contributes to the accumulation of excess fluid due to impaired reabsorption. Ascitic fluid consists of cellular components and products of their metabolism: cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. The cellular component of ascitic fluid includes tumor cells, stromal component and immune cells. Tumor cells detach from the primary tumor and enter the peritoneal cavity, where they move along with the flow. In ascitic fluid, tumor cells can be represented by free-floating single cells, but more often, they interact with each other or the surrounding stromal and immune components to form multicellular conglomerates - spheroids. The tendency to form spheroids is related to inability of single floating cells to survive due to anoikis - a specific type of apoptosis that occurs due to the interruption of cell adhesion. The tumor microenvironment (TME), where immune cells are one of the most important components, determines tumor progression and affects the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The key cells of innate immunity in the TME are tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In several OC patient cohorts, the balance of M1/M2 macrophages in tumor tissue has been shown to have a prognostic value for predicting metastasis and recurrence. A number of studies have demonstrated a positive correlation of the total number of CD68-positive TAMs in tumor tissue with a poor prognosis. A meta-analysis of nine studies including 794 patients found that a higher M1(iNOS+ or HLA-DR+)/M2(CD163+) ratio was associated with a favorable outcome in OC. In addition, an increased M1/M2 ratio predicted better progression-free survival (PFS) and 5-year survival for patients with OC. In contrast, lower PFS correlated with a high density of CD163+ TAMs and a higher CD163/CD68 ratio. The density CD206+ macrophage was not predictive, but a higher CD20
{"title":"Phenotypic diversity of macrophages in ovarian cancer","authors":"Anna D. Kazakova, M. Rakina, I. Larionova","doi":"10.17223/19988591/57/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/57/6","url":null,"abstract":"Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies. OC has the worst prognosis and the highest mortality rate, not only amid gynecological cancers, but also compared to the most spread breast cancer. High mortality rate is associated to asymptomatic course of the disease, tumor evolution and high tumor aggressiveness. OC differs from other tumors in its ability to implantation metastasis through the peritoneal fluid. The frequency of metastasis is increased by the accumulation of ascitic fluid. Both tumor cells and stromal cells facilitate the accumulation of ascitic fluid. They secrete factors that elevate the permeability of the capillaries in the abdominal cavity for diverse proteins and fluid. The main factors involved in these processes are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. An increased concentration of common protein leads to a violation of the normal oncotic pressure between the peritoneal fluid and plasma, followed by the flow of fluid into the abdominal cavity. In addition, tumor cells in peritoneal cavity disrupt lymph flow through blockage of lymphatic vessels that also contributes to the accumulation of excess fluid due to impaired reabsorption. Ascitic fluid consists of cellular components and products of their metabolism: cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. The cellular component of ascitic fluid includes tumor cells, stromal component and immune cells. Tumor cells detach from the primary tumor and enter the peritoneal cavity, where they move along with the flow. In ascitic fluid, tumor cells can be represented by free-floating single cells, but more often, they interact with each other or the surrounding stromal and immune components to form multicellular conglomerates - spheroids. The tendency to form spheroids is related to inability of single floating cells to survive due to anoikis - a specific type of apoptosis that occurs due to the interruption of cell adhesion. The tumor microenvironment (TME), where immune cells are one of the most important components, determines tumor progression and affects the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The key cells of innate immunity in the TME are tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In several OC patient cohorts, the balance of M1/M2 macrophages in tumor tissue has been shown to have a prognostic value for predicting metastasis and recurrence. A number of studies have demonstrated a positive correlation of the total number of CD68-positive TAMs in tumor tissue with a poor prognosis. A meta-analysis of nine studies including 794 patients found that a higher M1(iNOS+ or HLA-DR+)/M2(CD163+) ratio was associated with a favorable outcome in OC. In addition, an increased M1/M2 ratio predicted better progression-free survival (PFS) and 5-year survival for patients with OC. In contrast, lower PFS correlated with a high density of CD163+ TAMs and a higher CD163/CD68 ratio. The density CD206+ macrophage was not predictive, but a higher CD20","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"IA-13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78608810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus (Bruch, 1832) is a globally rare species. Its extremely local ("point") placement during the nesting period on a few hard-to-reach water bodies distanced far from one another makes it a highly vulnerable species. In the end of the 20th century, the number of the species in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan and Tyumen oblasts steadily grew. This was largely due to the redistribution of individuals from drying reservoirs of the more southern parts of the breeding range to the northern ones against the background of global climate warming. Thus, pelicans stopped nesting in the Svetlinsky Reserve (Orenburg oblast) due to the drought. In the spring and summer of 2021, the first mass deaths of these birds occurred in the history of study in the Urals and Western Siberia. During the observations of seven colonies in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan and Tyumen oblasts using the DJI Mavic-2 Zoom drone, we found that many individuals did not return to the breeding grounds in the spring after wintering, and another part died at the height of the breeding season. As a result, the number of pelicans decreased by 70-80% in some colonies; in others, the proportion of dead birds was less, and some separate colonies were almost not affected at all. At the same time, in the western part of the study area (Chelyabinsk oblast), a significant part of the individuals died outside the breeding grounds, whereas in the eastern part, the birds died mainly in the breeding grounds and at a later time. In Kurgan oblast, the death of birds was noted in May, in Tyumen oblast it was in June. The total number of pelicans in the study area decreased from 1.2-1.4 thousand pairs to about 600 pairs (see the table). Six colonies were preserved; most of them now number 30-50 breeding pairs at best. However, in the study area, the largest colony (and the easternmost in the Okunevo Reserve (Tyumen oblast)) survived almost completely with about 400 pairs of pelicans continuing to breed. No more than 30 individuals died there, and this happened later than in other colonies, in July 2021. The main version of the cause of birds’ mass death is the epizootic of avian influenza which was tested in all samples (n = 5) taken from a colony in Tyumen oblast. Pelicans live in dense flocks all year round, and this could really contribute to the rapid spread of the infection. The facts of the birds’ death in various nesting sites located on a large territory, at a great distance from one another, make it seem that they contracted the virus in wintering areas. However, a number of questions remain unanswered. In particular, it is unclear how the infected birds were able to travel thousands of kilometers to their breeding grounds, why individuals of only one particular species died, why only adults died, and why they died at different times. Maybe, the avian influenza virus tested in the birds’ bodies was low-pathogenic and was not the cause of their death, but it was due to some other fac
{"title":"A Sharp Decrease in the Number of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus (Aves: Pelecaniformes) in the Urals and Western Siberia in 2021","authors":"Vladimir V. Tarasov","doi":"10.17223/19988591/59/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/59/6","url":null,"abstract":"The Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus (Bruch, 1832) is a globally rare species. Its extremely local (\"point\") placement during the nesting period on a few hard-to-reach water bodies distanced far from one another makes it a highly vulnerable species. In the end of the 20th century, the number of the species in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan and Tyumen oblasts steadily grew. This was largely due to the redistribution of individuals from drying reservoirs of the more southern parts of the breeding range to the northern ones against the background of global climate warming. Thus, pelicans stopped nesting in the Svetlinsky Reserve (Orenburg oblast) due to the drought. In the spring and summer of 2021, the first mass deaths of these birds occurred in the history of study in the Urals and Western Siberia. During the observations of seven colonies in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan and Tyumen oblasts using the DJI Mavic-2 Zoom drone, we found that many individuals did not return to the breeding grounds in the spring after wintering, and another part died at the height of the breeding season. As a result, the number of pelicans decreased by 70-80% in some colonies; in others, the proportion of dead birds was less, and some separate colonies were almost not affected at all. At the same time, in the western part of the study area (Chelyabinsk oblast), a significant part of the individuals died outside the breeding grounds, whereas in the eastern part, the birds died mainly in the breeding grounds and at a later time. In Kurgan oblast, the death of birds was noted in May, in Tyumen oblast it was in June. The total number of pelicans in the study area decreased from 1.2-1.4 thousand pairs to about 600 pairs (see the table). Six colonies were preserved; most of them now number 30-50 breeding pairs at best. However, in the study area, the largest colony (and the easternmost in the Okunevo Reserve (Tyumen oblast)) survived almost completely with about 400 pairs of pelicans continuing to breed. No more than 30 individuals died there, and this happened later than in other colonies, in July 2021. The main version of the cause of birds’ mass death is the epizootic of avian influenza which was tested in all samples (n = 5) taken from a colony in Tyumen oblast. Pelicans live in dense flocks all year round, and this could really contribute to the rapid spread of the infection. The facts of the birds’ death in various nesting sites located on a large territory, at a great distance from one another, make it seem that they contracted the virus in wintering areas. However, a number of questions remain unanswered. In particular, it is unclear how the infected birds were able to travel thousands of kilometers to their breeding grounds, why individuals of only one particular species died, why only adults died, and why they died at different times. Maybe, the avian influenza virus tested in the birds’ bodies was low-pathogenic and was not the cause of their death, but it was due to some other fac","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90877213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sirina Zhantlessova, I. Savitskaya, Z. Mansurov, Zh. Khamitkyzy, Natalia Vassilyeva, A. Talipova, G. Smagulova
The authors obtained samples of chemically pure, crystalline, micro-and nanostructured cellulose of various modifications using two approaches - biological and chemical. They studied these cellulose samples via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. To prepare cellulose microcrystals, they used the mild acid treatment method based on glycerol-acid mixtures for treating cotton fibers. They showed that the chemical processing of cotton fiber ensured its dispersion with generation of microcrystals surrounded by a partially preserved amorphous shell. The authors produced bacterial cellulose (BC) films using the Komagataeibacter xylinus C3 strain in surface cultivation conditions. With a view of obtaining higher-quality SEM images, they applied chemical fixation of lipids and proteins with critical drying to fix the process of nanofiber synthesis by bacterial cells. The two-step fixation method helped find the fibrillar structure of a cellulose film, while the morphology of bacterial cells was not deformed. The authors made a comparative analysis of the IR spectroscopy results between chemically synthesized cellulose microcrystals and BC. The obtained cellulose samples do not contain lignin and hemicellulose, both samples are highly crystalline. The BC has an ordered structure, higher crystallinity and gets carbonized when exposed to air pyrolysis. A thermogravimetric analysis of the samples shows the absence of thermally stable impurities. Both cellulose samples of biological and chemical origin are thermally stable, and the initial decomposition temperature is high enough for cellulose materials. These results show that the authors have managed to create nanocellulose materials that might be potentially applied in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, functional composites, engineering, etc. The paper contains 6 Figures, 2 Tables, 29 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.
{"title":"Morphological and Physicochemical Properties of Nanostructured Cellulose Obtained through Chemical and Biological Methods","authors":"Sirina Zhantlessova, I. Savitskaya, Z. Mansurov, Zh. Khamitkyzy, Natalia Vassilyeva, A. Talipova, G. Smagulova","doi":"10.17223/19988591/58/3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17223/19988591/58/3","url":null,"abstract":"The authors obtained samples of chemically pure, crystalline, micro-and nanostructured cellulose of various modifications using two approaches - biological and chemical. They studied these cellulose samples via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. To prepare cellulose microcrystals, they used the mild acid treatment method based on glycerol-acid mixtures for treating cotton fibers. They showed that the chemical processing of cotton fiber ensured its dispersion with generation of microcrystals surrounded by a partially preserved amorphous shell. The authors produced bacterial cellulose (BC) films using the Komagataeibacter xylinus C3 strain in surface cultivation conditions. With a view of obtaining higher-quality SEM images, they applied chemical fixation of lipids and proteins with critical drying to fix the process of nanofiber synthesis by bacterial cells. The two-step fixation method helped find the fibrillar structure of a cellulose film, while the morphology of bacterial cells was not deformed. The authors made a comparative analysis of the IR spectroscopy results between chemically synthesized cellulose microcrystals and BC. The obtained cellulose samples do not contain lignin and hemicellulose, both samples are highly crystalline. The BC has an ordered structure, higher crystallinity and gets carbonized when exposed to air pyrolysis. A thermogravimetric analysis of the samples shows the absence of thermally stable impurities. Both cellulose samples of biological and chemical origin are thermally stable, and the initial decomposition temperature is high enough for cellulose materials. These results show that the authors have managed to create nanocellulose materials that might be potentially applied in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, functional composites, engineering, etc. The paper contains 6 Figures, 2 Tables, 29 References. The Authors declare no conflict of interest.","PeriodicalId":37153,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta-Biologiya","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88650731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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