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Shift in China’s commitment to regional environmental governance in Northeast Asia? 中国对东北亚区域环境治理的承诺有何转变?
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2018.1504643
K. Otsuka
ABSTRACT This article examines how China’s economic and social development has influenced its commitment to regional environmental governance in Northeast Asia. Environmental problems in China have drawn cross-border attention, and China must address these serious problems. On the other hand, China is a unique country in East Asia because it has succeeded in growing its economy and competing in an international marketplace while also maintaining an authoritarian regime. Considering this unique position in the region, how can China solve common environmental challenges in a cooperative manner? What factors have affected cross-border cooperation with China’s counterparts? This article points out that there are two principles found in environmental diplomacy in China: common but differentiated responsibility in global environmental issues and building friendship and partnerships with neighboring countries. These principles have affected China’s commitment to regional environmental cooperation in the way of mixture of modest and defensive attitudes. Moreover, in the context of regional environmental cooperation in Northeast Asia, the article argues that Japan has been an important factor for China to learn Japanese experiences as well as to enjoy Japan’s affluent financial assistance. Recent economic and social development in China has made its commitment more positive in global environmental cooperation on the one hand and more uncertain in terms of regional environmental governance on the other hand. The transnational network of non-state actors is now limited in their opportunities to commit to the regional environmental governance; however, there can be hope for sustainable future in terms of neighboring partnerships.
本文考察了中国的经济和社会发展如何影响其对东北亚区域环境治理的承诺。中国的环境问题已经引起了国际社会的关注,中国必须解决这些严重的问题。另一方面,中国是东亚独特的国家,因为它成功地发展了经济,并在国际市场上竞争,同时也保持了独裁政权。考虑到中国在该地区的独特地位,中国如何以合作的方式解决共同的环境挑战?哪些因素影响了与中国同行的跨境合作?本文指出,中国的环境外交有两个原则:在全球环境问题上承担共同但有区别的责任,与周边国家建立友好伙伴关系。这些原则影响了中国对区域环境合作的承诺,其态度既温和又有防御。此外,在东北亚区域环境合作的背景下,日本已成为中国学习日本经验并享受日本丰厚财政援助的重要因素。中国近年来的经济社会发展,一方面使其在全球环境合作中的承诺更加积极,另一方面使其在区域环境治理方面的承诺更加不确定。非国家行为体的跨国网络现在致力于区域环境治理的机会有限;然而,就邻国伙伴关系而言,可持续的未来是有希望的。
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引用次数: 9
Chinese People’s Liberation Army in China’s people’s congresses: how the PLA utilizes people’s congresses 人民代表大会中的中国人民解放军:解放军如何利用人民代表大会
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2018.1498313
Tomoki Kamo
ABSTRACT The main purpose of this research is to expose political functions of the delegates to the local people’s congresses in China. It focuses on the local people’s congress delegates selected from the circles of the People’s Liberations Army (PLA). Using the data from the Jiangsu Province Yangzhou Municipal People’s Congress from 1998 to 2015, this research examines how the information gathering function of the local people’s congresses has changed over the last decade or so. In particular, analyzing the contents of the bills submitted to the people’s congress by the delegates selected from the PLA circles, this research depicts how the PLA has gradually started expressing its demands through the people’s congresses over the last decade. At the end of the 1990s, the PLA almost never submitted bills to the local people’s congresses. In regards to this reason, an individual familiar with the local people’s congresses responded that “even if the PLA had any demands it did not submit bills since it was able to solve these issues within its own system.” However, in the recent years, the PLA has been submitting its requests to the people’s congresses in the form of bills. This research explores the political meaning of the change in the relationship between the local people’s congresses and the PLA.
摘要本研究的主要目的是揭示中国地方人大代表的政治职能。它侧重于从人民解放军(PLA)圈子中选出的地方人民代表大会代表。本文利用1998 - 2015年江苏省扬州市人大数据,考察了近十年来地方人大信息收集职能的变化。本研究特别分析了解放军界选出的代表向人大提交的议案内容,描绘了解放军在过去十年中如何逐渐开始通过人民代表大会表达自己的要求。上世纪90年代末,解放军几乎从未向地方人大提交过议案。对于这个原因,一位熟悉当地人大的人士回应说,“即使解放军有任何要求,也没有提交法案,因为它能够在自己的系统内解决这些问题。”然而,近年来,解放军一直以法案的形式向人民代表大会提出要求。本研究探讨了地方人大与军队关系变化的政治意义。
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引用次数: 2
Book Review for Globalization against Democracy authored by Guoguang Wu 吴国光《全球化反民主》书评
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2018.1477465
Jianyong Yue
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引用次数: 0
China’s authoritarian path to development: is democratization possible?, by Liang Tang, Abingdon, Routledge, 2017, 263pp., ISBN: 978-1-138-01647-7 中国的威权发展道路:民主化可能吗?,作者:梁唐,阿宾顿,劳特利奇,2017263页。,ISBN:978-1-138-01647-7
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2018.1483700
Satoshi Amako
This book attempts to explain why political reforms in China lag behind the country’s remarkable socioeconomic transformation which has been underway since reform and opening up. Despite consistent scholarly attention both in China and abroad, there appears to be no easy answer to the above conundrum. The author, an excellent political scientist now with the School of Political Science at Waseda University, analyses the dynamics of China’s political system not only through the lens of Western political research approaches, but also in the context of China’s unique historical and cultural experience. After receiving formal training in Orthodox Marxism political theory and history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) at Beijing University, Dr Tang moved to Japan where he studied Western Political Theory. In his recent monograph, the author poses a question of why, despite all the rapid social and economic changes, the CCP has maintained its monopoly on political power. Furthermore, considering the bigger picture, the author seeks to understand the reality of China’s long and winding road to democracy. On the whole, the author argues in favor of analyzing Contemporary Chinese Politics under the framework of Western theories of democracy, with particular focus on Huntington’s model of the third wave of democratization. Simultaneously, Dr Tang emphasizes the necessity for studying the “preconditions” for China’s democratization. First, unlike traditional theories of democratization (which distinguish between two stages of “transition” and “consolidation”), the author proposes to add a new “pretransition” stage which he labels “a foundation-building stage for democratization”, thus emphasizing gradual changes in the process of democratization (page 17). Second, the author considers the effectiveness of China’s “authoritarian path of modernization”, arguing that it lays the foundation for subsequent democratic soft-landing and democratic consolidation (p. 17). Third, the author sets out to explore the phenomenon of “authoritarian transmutation”, the growth of civil society and its implications for the Chinese democracy movement (p. 18). The book consists of nine chapters (including the Introduction and the Conclusion). In Part I (Chapters 1 and 2), the author discusses China’s political institutions as a means of modernization. The focus here is on the relationship between the one-party system and China’s authoritarian developmentalism. The author analyses the CCP’s control over the military, state agencies, and social actors, arguing that the substitution of Mao’s era dogmatic socialism with pragmatism led to a series of legislative, administrative, and judiciary reforms, which, in turn, resulted in an increase in transparency and citizen participation. Part II (Chapters 3, 4, and 5) discusses the Chinese government’s strategy on economic, political, and social reforms. With regard to economic development strategy, the author discusses (1) the circumst
这本书试图解释为什么中国的政治改革落后于改革开放以来中国显著的社会经济转型。尽管国内外学术界一直关注这一问题,但上述难题似乎没有简单的答案。作者是一位杰出的政治学家,现就职于早稻田大学政治学院。他不仅从西方政治研究方法的角度,而且从中国独特的历史文化经验的背景下,分析了中国政治制度的动态。在北京大学接受正统马克思主义政治理论和中国共产党历史的正式培训后,唐博士移居日本,学习西方政治理论。在他最近的专著中,作者提出了一个问题,即为什么尽管社会和经济发生了快速变化,中国共产党仍然保持着对政治权力的垄断。此外,从更大的角度来看,作者试图了解中国漫长而曲折的民主之路的现实。总的来说,作者主张在西方民主理论的框架下分析当代中国政治,特别是亨廷顿的第三次民主化模式。同时,唐强调了研究中国民主化的“先决条件”的必要性。首先,与传统的民主化理论(区分“过渡”和“巩固”两个阶段)不同,作者建议增加一个新的“过渡前”阶段,他称之为“民主化的基础建设阶段”,从而强调民主化过程中的渐进变化(第17页)。其次,作者认为中国“威权现代化道路”的有效性,认为它为随后的民主软着陆和民主巩固奠定了基础(第17页)。第三,作者着手探讨“威权嬗变”现象、公民社会的成长及其对中国民主运动的启示(第18页)。本书共分九章(包括引言和结语)。在第一部分(第一章和第二章)中,作者讨论了作为现代化手段的中国政治制度。这里的重点是一党制与中国威权发展主义之间的关系。作者分析了中国共产党对军队、国家机构和社会行动者的控制,认为用实用主义取代毛时代的教条主义社会主义导致了一系列立法、行政和司法改革,进而提高了透明度和公民参与度。第二部分(第三章、第四章和第五章)讨论了中国政府在经济、政治和社会改革方面的战略。关于经济发展战略,作者讨论了(1)经济发展成为首要任务的情况,(2)与经济发展相关的社会紧张和社会冲突,以及(3)经济发展安排的修改。第四章着重于政治改革。作者认为中国的政治改革是“政治领导力、具体改革方案和改革成果”的相互作用(第123页)。此外,作者解释了中国政府如何促进“中国式民主”(一种基于文化相对主义的方法),得出的结论是“正在进行的经济改革、政府改革、在政策过程中有限地采用民主机制,以及自下而上的民主化需求
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引用次数: 1
Political survival and Yasukuni in Japan’s relations with China, by Mong Cheung, Abingdon, Routledge, 2017, 165 pp., ISBN: 978-1-138-94570-8 《中日关系中的政治生存与靖国神社》,by孟b张,Abingdon, Routledge出版社,2017,165页,ISBN: 978-1-138-94570-8
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2018.1477466
K. Noguchi
the Chinese state the evidence of solid economic success, hence vitality of the country’s “developing authoritarianism,” or the natural result of a dependent development that has reached its limits? The questions raised above, however, do not constitute a refutation of the book’s general theoretical framework. Instead, they serve to enrich debates surrounding the relationship between capitalism, democracy, and development to greater academic sophistication. And answers to these questions would further strengthen the author’s extraordinary insights into the identical challenges facing the entire human race: “distribution and sustainability – not growth and wealth.” In this regard, as the author rightly put it, “neither neoliberalism nor state capitalism is the remedy for the other.” Consequently, for the underdeveloped Global South, the anti-developmental rules of the game as established and overseen by the Global North do not lend justification to repressive regimes, however impressive the latter’s development model of “wealth without freedom” appears to be during a certain period of time, not to mention that their way of pursuing wealth stands little chance of success in achieving genuine modernity in any meaningful way. To make the world a better place to live for the whole of humanity, therefore, rethinking globalization is essential to bringing the “political shell” back to capitalism in industrial democracies and to making development goals more achievable for the developing world. This entails painful paradigmatic and institutional innovations for the entire world in terms of building “democratic peace” and “The Wealth of World” (not narrowly “Nations”) in a creative way. But first and foremost, as the author cogently recommended in the Conclusion, concerted efforts should be made by the Global North and the Global South to seek relegitimation through “stationary growth” and “moderate growth,” respectively. Comprehensive, illuminating and insightful as this volume has unfolded, Guoguang Wu’s contribution is, from all perspectives, invaluable both academically and practically.
中国政府是坚实的经济成功的证据,因此是国家“发展中的威权主义”的活力,还是一种已经达到极限的依赖发展的自然结果?然而,上述提出的问题并不构成对该书一般理论框架的反驳。相反,它们丰富了围绕资本主义、民主和发展之间关系的辩论,使之变得更加学术复杂。这些问题的答案将进一步强化作者对整个人类面临的相同挑战的非凡见解:“分配和可持续性——而不是增长和财富。”在这方面,正如作者正确地指出的那样,“新自由主义和国家资本主义都不是对方的补救办法。”因此,对于欠发达的全球南方来说,由全球北方建立和监督的反发展游戏规则并不能为专制政权提供理由,无论后者的“没有自由的财富”的发展模式在一定时期内看起来多么令人印象深刻,更不用说他们追求财富的方式在以任何有意义的方式实现真正的现代性方面几乎没有成功的机会。因此,为了使世界成为全人类更美好的生活场所,重新思考全球化对于在工业民主国家将资本主义的“政治外壳”带回到资本主义并使发展中国家的发展目标更容易实现至关重要。这就需要整个世界在创造性地建立“民主和平”和“世界财富”(不是狭义的“国家”)方面进行痛苦的范例和体制创新。但最重要的是,正如作者在结语中提出的那样,全球北方和全球南方应该共同努力,分别通过“平稳增长”和“适度增长”寻求重新合法化。本书内容全面、富有启发性和洞察力,从各个角度来看,吴国光的贡献在学术上和实践上都是无价的。
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引用次数: 0
How to stop North Korea’s nuclear ambition: failed diplomacy and future options 如何阻止朝鲜的核野心:失败的外交和未来的选择
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2018.1499426
Jinwook Choi
ABSTRACT There are two kinds of hostilities on the Korean Peninsula: hostility between the U.S. and North Korea; hostility between the two Koreas. The nature of North Korea’s nuclear crisis is a mixture of those two hostilities. The crisis was exacerbated by misinterpretation and wishful thinking regarding its intentions. Another reason for North Korea’s nuclear crisis is the failure of the international community to speak with one voice on how to resolve it. Every country is different in its threat perceptions, national interests, and strategic calculations. In the grand scheme of things, however, the North Korea problem seems to be a strategic conflict between the U.S. and China. South Korea’s internal friction prevented any policy from being implemented effectively. It is not only unfair but unrealistic to handle the two hostilities separately. Any efforts to denuclearize North Korea should not undermine the security of South Korea. For example, the withdrawal of the U.S. forces from the Korean peninsula may be even worse for peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula than a nuclear North Korea, if it keeps the current political system and there is no fundamental change in inter-Korean relations. Like the front and rear wheels in an automobile, the U.S.–North Korean dialogue and inter-Korean dialogue began to operate as two driving forces for a breakthrough in the nuclear crisis. The wheels should be aligned with a strong U.S.–R.O.K. alliance. Then a multilateral format like the Six-Party Talks can resume for a sustainable peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula.
摘要朝鲜半岛上存在两种敌对状态:美国和朝鲜之间的敌对状态;朝韩之间的敌意。朝鲜核危机的性质是这两种敌对行动的混合。对其意图的误解和一厢情愿的想法加剧了危机。朝鲜核危机的另一个原因是,国际社会未能就如何解决这一问题异口同声。每个国家在威胁认知、国家利益和战略考量方面都有所不同。然而,从大局来看,朝鲜问题似乎是美中之间的战略冲突。韩国的内部摩擦阻碍了任何政策的有效实施。分开处理这两种敌对行动不仅不公平,而且不现实。朝鲜无核化的任何努力都不应损害韩国的安全。例如,如果美国保持目前的政治制度,朝韩关系没有根本性的变化,那么美国从朝鲜半岛撤军对朝鲜半岛的和平与稳定可能比有核的朝鲜更糟糕。就像汽车的前轮和后轮一样,美朝对话和朝韩对话开始成为突破核危机的两股动力。车轮应该与一个强大的美英联盟保持一致。然后,像六方会谈这样的多边形式可以恢复,以实现朝鲜半岛的可持续和平与稳定。
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引用次数: 4
Nexus between privatization and marketization during transition process: an experimental analysis based on China’s provincial panel data 转型过程中私有化与市场化的关系——基于中国省级面板数据的实验分析
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2018.1496808
K. Nakagane, Kohei Mitsunami
ABSTRACT This paper explores the nexus between privatization and marketization in pursuit of insightful implications about effective privatization/marketization policies, particularly in institutionally underdeveloped countries like China. Our hypothesis is that, given a certain level of institutional development, we can identify causal and dynamic relationships between privatization and marketization. If market expansion facilitates private ownership more easily and rapidly than privatization promotes marketization, transition policy should emphasize market expansion even if the ultimate objective is to privatize the entire economy as extensively as possible. We test this hypothesis with panel data from Chinese provinces to draw implications about a dynamic nexus between privatization and marketization vis-à-vis institutional background. We then develop an illustrative analysis comparing privatization-first versus marketization-first policies to examine their cumulative effects on development of private enterprises and markets in subsequent periods.
摘要本文探讨了私有化和市场化之间的关系,以寻求有效的私有化/市场化政策的深刻启示,特别是在中国等制度不发达国家。我们的假设是,在一定的制度发展水平下,我们可以确定私有化和市场化之间的因果关系和动态关系。如果市场扩张比私有化促进市场化更容易、更快地促进私有制,那么即使最终目标是尽可能广泛地私有化整个经济,过渡政策也应该强调市场扩张。我们用来自中国各省的面板数据来检验这一假设,以得出私有化和市场化之间相对于制度背景的动态联系的含义。然后,我们对私有化优先和市场化优先政策进行了说明性分析,以考察它们在随后时期对私营企业和市场发展的累积影响。
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引用次数: 3
Chugoku no Tochi Seiji: Chuo no Seisaku to Chiho Seifu [China’s Land Politics: State Land Policy and the Local Government] 中国土地政治:国家土地政策与地方政府
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2017.1391979
Kai Kajitani
commendable that the author restrained himself to mapping out the direction and the range of choices available for the hypothetical reforms, thus setting up further research questions without falling into any of the above-mentioned traps. The research method developed throughout the book falls under the “orthodox positivist” category. The greatest accomplishment of the book is that it comprehensively and with a great skill depicts the patterns of coexistence between the new socio-economic elite and the CCP, fully revealing the underlying mechanisms behind the Chinese political drama. Further, given the quality of the book, it is no wonder that it was awarded the 34th Institute of Developing Economies (IDE) “Developing Countries Research Encouragement Award”, thus making Dr Suzuki’s “Zhongnanhai Study Group” comrades proud and jubilant. Having discussed at length the scholarly contributions of Dr Suzuki’s monograph, I would like to conclude by reiterating that the book is a milestone achievement of the “Zhongnanhai Study” in Japan, and as such fully deserves to be publicized outside Japan (both in China and in the Anglosphere), with its crisp and lucid style particularly well-suited to the high demands of the leading English language journals.
值得称赞的是,作者克制自己,为假设的改革指明了方向和可供选择的范围,从而在不落入任何上述陷阱的情况下提出了进一步的研究问题。贯穿全书的研究方法属于“正统实证主义”范畴。这本书最大的成就是,它以高超的技巧全面地描绘了新的社会经济精英与中共之间的共存模式,充分揭示了中国政治戏剧背后的潜在机制。此外,鉴于这本书的质量,难怪它被授予第34届发展中经济研究所(IDE)“发展中国家研究鼓励奖”,这让铃木博士的“中南海研究小组”同志们感到骄傲和高兴。在详细讨论了铃木博士专著的学术贡献后,我想最后重申,这本书是日本“中南海研究”的一个里程碑式的成就,因此完全值得在日本以外(无论是在中国还是在英语圈)进行宣传,其简洁明了的风格特别适合领先的英语期刊的高要求。
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引用次数: 0
China’s offensive in Southeast Asia: regional architecture and the process of Sinicization 中国在东南亚的攻势:区域架构与中国化进程
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2017.1391619
A. Suehiro
ABSTRACT During the 1990s, China had aimed at constructing good relations with neighboring countries including ASEAN members. After the start of external offensive strategy in 2001, China began to accelerate its economic involvement in Asian countries in general, and ASEAN countries in particular. At the same time, China has attempted to create China-led institutional framework and to make the region suitable to Chinese existence. This activity is called “the process of Sinicization” in this article. To explore the process of Sinicization in reference to China’s relations with CLMV (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam) and Thailand, or China’s relations with ASEAN members, the author examines in detail two cases of the Greater Mekong Subregion Scheme or GMS (since 1992) and the Nanning-based China-ASEAN EXPO or CAEXPO (since 2004) in addition to comparison of Chinese and Japanese economic involvement in Southeast Asia. Through these case studies, the author will clarify the fact that both GMS and CAEXPO become strategic institutions/organizations for not only the promotion of regional cooperation but also the creation of China-led initiatives, such as various China-ASEAN forums. Furthermore, GMS and CAEXPO have also served as instruments to support economic development of border areas in China. Finally, by reviewing the recent movement of the “One Belt One Road” (OBOR) strategy and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank or AIIB, the author posits that Chinese external offensive will be modified in the process of the OBOR and AIIB’s adjustment to international circumstances.
上世纪90年代,中国致力于与包括东盟在内的周边国家建立良好关系。自2001年对外进攻战略启动以来,中国开始加快对亚洲国家特别是东盟国家的经济介入。与此同时,中国试图建立中国主导的制度框架,使该地区适合中国的存在。这一活动在本文中被称为“汉化过程”。为了从中国与CLMV(柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、越南)和泰国的关系或中国与东盟成员国的关系来探讨中国化的过程,作者详细考察了大湄公河次区域计划(GMS)(1992年以来)和以南宁为基地的中国-东盟博览会(2004年以来)的两个案例,并比较了中国和日本在东南亚的经济参与。通过这些案例研究,作者将澄清这样一个事实,即GMS和CAEXPO都是战略机构/组织,不仅可以促进区域合作,还可以创建中国主导的倡议,例如各种中国-东盟论坛。此外,GMS和中国-东盟博览会也成为支持中国边境地区经济发展的工具。最后,通过回顾“b一带一路”战略和亚洲基础设施投资银行(简称亚投行)近期的动向,作者认为,在b一带一路和亚投行适应国际环境的过程中,中国的对外攻势将有所调整。
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引用次数: 11
Powerful patriots: nationalist protest in China’s foreign relations 强大的爱国者:中国外交关系中的民族主义抗议
Q1 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/24761028.2017.1391981
T. Uemura
ship” was still in statu nascendi and complex power struggles had been taking place within China’s ruling establishment. Thus, it might help the readers to grasp the complexity of the situation, if the author explains the roles other senior politicians (such as, Chen Yun or Li Xiannian) played in the foreign policy decision-making processes of that time. Having briefly discussed both the scholarly contributions and topics that require further research, I would like to conclude by reiterating the Dr Masuo’s book makes a significant contribution to the field of Chinese Diplomatic History.
当时的中国仍处于初级阶段,统治集团内部发生了复杂的权力斗争。在简要讨论了马索博士的学术贡献和需要进一步研究的课题之后,我想重申,马索博士的著作对中国外交史领域做出了重大贡献。
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引用次数: 10
期刊
Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies
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