Many historical studies have been published on how Lutheran and Calvinist teachings about death, salvation, and the Last Judgement differed from Catholic tradition. However, historians of the Reformation and death have not yet fully addressed how these diverging dying paradigms affected sensory practices of dying and burying among the laity. This article introduces attention to the senses in Catholic and Calvinist death rituals in the sixteenth-century Low Countries. It argues that how to use the body and the senses was at the heart of a chilling choice on which confessional death to die. By studying Catholic and Calvinist death rituals in sixteenth-century Lille and Tournai – French-speaking frontier cities close to hotbeds of Calvinism – this article contributes to our understanding of sensory community and identity formation on a local level during the Reformation.
{"title":"You Only Die Once: Calvinist Dying and the Senses in Lille and Tournai During the Dutch Revolt","authors":"L. Deschryver","doi":"10.18352/emlc.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/emlc.127","url":null,"abstract":"Many historical studies have been published on how Lutheran and Calvinist teachings about death, salvation, and the Last Judgement differed from Catholic tradition. However, historians of the Reformation and death have not yet fully addressed how these diverging dying paradigms affected sensory practices of dying and burying among the laity. This article introduces attention to the senses in Catholic and Calvinist death rituals in the sixteenth-century Low Countries. It argues that how to use the body and the senses was at the heart of a chilling choice on which confessional death to die. By studying Catholic and Calvinist death rituals in sixteenth-century Lille and Tournai – French-speaking frontier cities close to hotbeds of Calvinism – this article contributes to our understanding of sensory community and identity formation on a local level during the Reformation.","PeriodicalId":37252,"journal":{"name":"Early Modern Low Countries","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43193804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the convergence between early modern Dutch marine painting and contemporaneous political identities and diplomatic conventions. It uses the depiction of flags on paintings of naval battles as a lens to query perceptions of national and regional identity as well as international hierarchy. It first introduces the phenomenon of flags on marine paintings and shows how these depictions are not random or ornamental but exhibit patterns and motifs. It then builds on this observation to pursue two further arguments. Firstly, it argues that the configuration of flags on paintings of naval battles resonates with the multi-layered body politic of the Dutch Republic, representing not just the States-General and the Dutch state, but also the towns, provinces, and admiralties as distinct units. Secondly, the positioning of the flags on paintings show an awareness of debates about international hierarchy and thus a convergence with diplomatic practice. The overall purpose of the article is to underscore the value of flag research, and more generally of crossover research between the disciplines of New Diplomatic History, art history, and vexillology.
{"title":"The Language of the Sea: Flags and Identities in Early Modern Dutch Marine Painting","authors":"David Onnekink","doi":"10.18352/emlc.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/emlc.126","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the convergence between early modern Dutch marine painting and contemporaneous political identities and diplomatic conventions. It uses the depiction of flags on paintings of naval battles as a lens to query perceptions of national and regional identity as well as international hierarchy. It first introduces the phenomenon of flags on marine paintings and shows how these depictions are not random or ornamental but exhibit patterns and motifs. It then builds on this observation to pursue two further arguments. Firstly, it argues that the configuration of flags on paintings of naval battles resonates with the multi-layered body politic of the Dutch Republic, representing not just the States-General and the Dutch state, but also the towns, provinces, and admiralties as distinct units. Secondly, the positioning of the flags on paintings show an awareness of debates about international hierarchy and thus a convergence with diplomatic practice. The overall purpose of the article is to underscore the value of flag research, and more generally of crossover research between the disciplines of New Diplomatic History, art history, and vexillology.","PeriodicalId":37252,"journal":{"name":"Early Modern Low Countries","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45953489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reviewed books Arnout van Cruyningen, De Opstand 1568-1648. De strijd in de Zuidelijke en Noordelijke Nederlanden, Omniboek, 2018, 320 pp. ISBN 9789401912662. Anne Doedens and Jan Houter, De watergeuzen. Een vergeten geschiedenis, 1568-1575, Walburg Pers, 2018, 192 pp. ISBN 9789462492868. Ronald de Graaf, De Prins. Willem van Oranje, 1533-1584, Karmijn, 2018, 256 pp. ISBN 9789492168191. Raymond Fagel, Yolanda Rodriguez Perez, and Bernardo J. Garcia Garcia (eds.), 1568. Het begin van de Tachtigjarige Oorlog, Instituto Cervantes/ Fundacion Carlos de Amberes, 2018, 99 pp. ISBN: 9788492632824. Also published in Spanish: 1568. El Comienzo de la Guerra de Ochenta Anos, Instituto Cervantes / Fundacion Carlos de Amberes, 2018, 99 pp. ISBN. 9788487369841. Simon Groenveld, Facetten van de Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Twaalf artikelen over de periode 1559-1652, Verloren, 2018, 400 pp. ISBN 9789087047269. Gijs van der Ham, Judith Pollmann, and Peter Vandermeersch, 80 jaar oorlog, Atlas Contact, 2018, 256 pp. ISBN 9789045037660. Anton van Hooff, Het Plakkaat van Verlatinge. De eerste onafhankelijkheidsverklaring, Omniboek, 2018, 216 pp. ISBN 9789401913119. Barbara Kooij, Spaanse ooggetuigen over het beleg van Haarlem (1572-1573), Verloren, 2018, 336 pp. ISBN 9789087047467. Jan J.B. Kuipers, Willem van Oranje. Prins in Opstand, Walburg Pers, 2018, 176 pp. ISBN 9789462493445. Anton van der Lem, Revolt in the Netherlands. The Eighty Years War, 1568-1648, Andy Brown trans., Reaktion Books, 2018, 272 pp. ISBN 9781789140866. First published as De Tachtigjarige oorlog in woord en beeld, Vantilt, 2014, 260 pp. ISBN 9789460043925. P.J. Schipperus, Philips Willem. De verloren zoon van Willem van Oranje, Omniboek, 2018, 495 pp. ISBN 9789401910705. Roel Slachmuylders, De verhoren van Briellenaar Jan Blois van Treslong, de broers Bronckhorst van Batenburg en zestien andere geuzen, Historisch Museum Den Briel, 2018, 56 pp. ISBN 9789080587861. Michel Van der Eycken (ed.), Filips Willem. Prins van Oranje, heer van Diest 1554-1618, Amsterdam University Press, 2018, 196 pp. ISBN 9789462988538.
审阅书籍Arnout van Cruyningen，De Opstand 1568-1648。荷兰南部和北部战役，Omniboek，2018，320页，ISBN 9789401912662。Anne Doedens和Jan Houter，The Watergeuzen。被遗忘的历史，1568-1575，沃尔堡出版社，2018，192页，ISBN 9789462492868。罗纳德伯爵，王子。奥兰治的威廉，1533-1584，Karmijn，2018，256页，ISBN 9789492168191。Raymond Fagel、Yolanda Rodriguez Perez和Bernardo J.Garcia Garcia（编辑），1568年。《八十年战争的开端》，塞万提斯研究所/卡洛斯·德·安贝雷斯基金会，2018年，99页，ISBN:9788492632824。也以西班牙语出版：1568年。El Comienzo de la Guerra de Ochenta Anos，塞万提斯研究所，Carlos de Amberes基金会，2018，99页ISBN。西蒙·格伦菲尔德，《八十年战争的侧面》。1559-1652年期间的十二篇文章，Verloren，2018，400页，ISBN 9789087047269。Gijs van der Ham、Judith Pollmann和Peter Vandermersch，80 jaar war，Atlas Contact，2018，256页，ISBN 9789045037660。安东·范·霍夫，《被抛弃的牌匾》。《第一次独立宣言》，Omnibook，2018，216页，ISBN 9789401913119。Barbara Kooij，Haarlem围城事件的西班牙目击者（1572-1573），Verloren，2018，336页，ISBN 9789087047467。简·J·B·库佩斯，奥兰治的威廉。《起义中的王子》，沃尔堡出版社，2018年，176页，ISBN 9789462493445。Anton van der Lem，《荷兰起义》。《八十年战争》，1568-1648，Andy Brown trans。，《反应书》，2018，272页，ISBN 9781789140866。首次出版为《文字与图像的八十年战争》，Vantilt，2014，260页，ISBN 9789460043925。P.J.Schipperus，Philips Willem。《奥兰治的威廉之子》，Omniboek，2018，495页，ISBN 9789401910705。Roel Slachmuylders，《对Briellenaar Jan Blois van Treslong、Bronckhorst van Batenburg兄弟和其他十六名geuzen的审讯》，Den Briel历史博物馆，2018，56页，ISBN 9789080587861。Michel Van der Eycken（编辑），Filipps Willem。Prins van Oranje，heer van Diest 1554-1618，阿姆斯特丹大学出版社，2018，196页，ISBN 9789462988538。
{"title":"Hogenberg’s Ghost: New books on the Eighty Years’ War","authors":"J. Pollmann","doi":"10.18352/emlc.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/emlc.131","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed books Arnout van Cruyningen, De Opstand 1568-1648. De strijd in de Zuidelijke en Noordelijke Nederlanden, Omniboek, 2018, 320 pp. ISBN 9789401912662. Anne Doedens and Jan Houter, De watergeuzen. Een vergeten geschiedenis, 1568-1575, Walburg Pers, 2018, 192 pp. ISBN 9789462492868. Ronald de Graaf, De Prins. Willem van Oranje, 1533-1584, Karmijn, 2018, 256 pp. ISBN 9789492168191. Raymond Fagel, Yolanda Rodriguez Perez, and Bernardo J. Garcia Garcia (eds.), 1568. Het begin van de Tachtigjarige Oorlog, Instituto Cervantes/ Fundacion Carlos de Amberes, 2018, 99 pp. ISBN: 9788492632824. Also published in Spanish: 1568. El Comienzo de la Guerra de Ochenta Anos, Instituto Cervantes / Fundacion Carlos de Amberes, 2018, 99 pp. ISBN. 9788487369841. Simon Groenveld, Facetten van de Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Twaalf artikelen over de periode 1559-1652, Verloren, 2018, 400 pp. ISBN 9789087047269. Gijs van der Ham, Judith Pollmann, and Peter Vandermeersch, 80 jaar oorlog, Atlas Contact, 2018, 256 pp. ISBN 9789045037660. Anton van Hooff, Het Plakkaat van Verlatinge. De eerste onafhankelijkheidsverklaring, Omniboek, 2018, 216 pp. ISBN 9789401913119. Barbara Kooij, Spaanse ooggetuigen over het beleg van Haarlem (1572-1573), Verloren, 2018, 336 pp. ISBN 9789087047467. Jan J.B. Kuipers, Willem van Oranje. Prins in Opstand, Walburg Pers, 2018, 176 pp. ISBN 9789462493445. Anton van der Lem, Revolt in the Netherlands. The Eighty Years War, 1568-1648, Andy Brown trans., Reaktion Books, 2018, 272 pp. ISBN 9781789140866. First published as De Tachtigjarige oorlog in woord en beeld, Vantilt, 2014, 260 pp. ISBN 9789460043925. P.J. Schipperus, Philips Willem. De verloren zoon van Willem van Oranje, Omniboek, 2018, 495 pp. ISBN 9789401910705. Roel Slachmuylders, De verhoren van Briellenaar Jan Blois van Treslong, de broers Bronckhorst van Batenburg en zestien andere geuzen, Historisch Museum Den Briel, 2018, 56 pp. ISBN 9789080587861. Michel Van der Eycken (ed.), Filips Willem. Prins van Oranje, heer van Diest 1554-1618, Amsterdam University Press, 2018, 196 pp. ISBN 9789462988538.","PeriodicalId":37252,"journal":{"name":"Early Modern Low Countries","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42586062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1553-1554, one Pieter Bruegel retired to Sint-Janshuis, Bergen op Zoom: a home where former servants of the Marquises of Bergen could spend their old age. The main argument of the article is that this retiree, who was the former barber-surgeon of Marquis Jan IV (1541-1567), should be considered as the father of the painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The latter’s origins are almost completely unknown, yet heavily debated: was he the son of a peasant who painted scenes of life in the countryside, or was he born and raised in an urban environment and did he satirise peasants in his artistic work? An historical reconstruction of the background of the retired barber-surgeon, and the retirement home he spent his final years in, shows he is a strong candidate for having fathered the famous painter. Evidence from the discipline of art history provides further support for the claim that the painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder was the son of a barber-surgeon and came from an urban social-middling-group background with close ties to one of the most important courts and artistic milieus in the Low Countries, the Renaissance palace Markiezenhof in Bergen op Zoom.
{"title":"Seeking Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s Father: Pieter Bruegel the Eldest (†1566), Pensioner in Sint-Janshuis Retirement Home, Bergen op Zoom","authors":"J. Zuijderduijn","doi":"10.18352/emlc.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/emlc.129","url":null,"abstract":"In 1553-1554, one Pieter Bruegel retired to Sint-Janshuis, Bergen op Zoom: a home where former servants of the Marquises of Bergen could spend their old age. The main argument of the article is that this retiree, who was the former barber-surgeon of Marquis Jan IV (1541-1567), should be considered as the father of the painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The latter’s origins are almost completely unknown, yet heavily debated: was he the son of a peasant who painted scenes of life in the countryside, or was he born and raised in an urban environment and did he satirise peasants in his artistic work? An historical reconstruction of the background of the retired barber-surgeon, and the retirement home he spent his final years in, shows he is a strong candidate for having fathered the famous painter. Evidence from the discipline of art history provides further support for the claim that the painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder was the son of a barber-surgeon and came from an urban social-middling-group background with close ties to one of the most important courts and artistic milieus in the Low Countries, the Renaissance palace Markiezenhof in Bergen op Zoom.","PeriodicalId":37252,"journal":{"name":"Early Modern Low Countries","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45606054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sixteenth century saw increasing problems with disbanded, unemployed soldiers (‘heerloese knechten’) in Europe. In the Holy Roman Empire they had by the middle of the century come to be regarded as the primary threat to the Eternal Public Peace (Landfrieden). This article looks at why and how unemployed soldiers became a security threat in the sixteenth-century Netherlands. It does so by analysing the developing discourse on this topic and the measures taken to combat the threat in comparison with the Empire. In practice both the Netherlands and the Empire developed a collective security regime, which depended on cooperation to maintain the peace against threats like unemployed soldiers. There is, however, no contradiction here with rulers extending their grip on their territories. But there is a clear difference between the Netherlands and the Empire. Within the latter, an appeal to the Landfrieden allowed the implementation of supra-territorial, regional security policies, from 1555 in the Imperial Circles. For the Netherlandish provinces, on the other hand, such policies for combating the unemployed soldiers remained elusive, even under the Union of Utrecht of 1579.
{"title":"‘Heerloese knechten’: Unemployed Soldiers as a Security Threat in the Sixteenth-Century Netherlands","authors":"E. Swart","doi":"10.18352/EMLC.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/EMLC.128","url":null,"abstract":"The sixteenth century saw increasing problems with disbanded, unemployed soldiers (‘heerloese knechten’) in Europe. In the Holy Roman Empire they had by the middle of the century come to be regarded as the primary threat to the Eternal Public Peace (Landfrieden). This article looks at why and how unemployed soldiers became a security threat in the sixteenth-century Netherlands. It does so by analysing the developing discourse on this topic and the measures taken to combat the threat in comparison with the Empire. In practice both the Netherlands and the Empire developed a collective security regime, which depended on cooperation to maintain the peace against threats like unemployed soldiers. There is, however, no contradiction here with rulers extending their grip on their territories. But there is a clear difference between the Netherlands and the Empire. Within the latter, an appeal to the Landfrieden allowed the implementation of supra-territorial, regional security policies, from 1555 in the Imperial Circles. For the Netherlandish provinces, on the other hand, such policies for combating the unemployed soldiers remained elusive, even under the Union of Utrecht of 1579.","PeriodicalId":37252,"journal":{"name":"Early Modern Low Countries","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41791905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Marijke van der Wal, Koopmanszoon Michiel Heusch op Italiëreis. Brieven van het thuisfront, 1664-1665","authors":"A.D.E. Moss","doi":"10.18352/emlc.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/emlc.135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37252,"journal":{"name":"Early Modern Low Countries","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46604688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carolina Lenarduzzi, Katholiek in de Republiek. De belevingswereld van een religieuze minderheid 1570-1750","authors":"C. Kooi","doi":"10.18352/emlc.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/emlc.133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37252,"journal":{"name":"Early Modern Low Countries","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46760716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toon H.M. Kerkhoff, Per imperatief plakkaat. Overheid en pestbestrijding in de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden","authors":"H. Looijesteijn","doi":"10.18352/emlc.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/emlc.134","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37252,"journal":{"name":"Early Modern Low Countries","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42184249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The traditional literature on D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer depicts a difference between the editor of the text and images, Simon Schijnvoet (1652-1727), and the original author, Georg Everhard Rumphius (1627-1702). Schijnvoet was seen as the ‘frivolous collector’ who did not understand the motives of the original author, whereas Rumphius was seen as the ‘serious naturalist’ and biologist avant la lettre, whose work predated Linnaeus. This paper re-evaluates these contrasting views by placing both men against a broader background of a ‘scientific culture’ and ‘knowledge production’, that was in part informed by the practice of collecting. By discussing their views on the classification of specimens, the formation of specific stones, and the locality of fossilised shells, questions emerge about Rumphius’s modernity and Schijnvoet’s alleged indifference. Even though their opinions often diverged, it will be shown that the motives and interests of the two men were not that different.
{"title":"The Serious Naturalist and the Frivolous Collector: Convergent and Divergent Approaches to Nature in D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer","authors":"G. M. V. D. Roemer","doi":"10.18352/emlc.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18352/emlc.111","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional literature on D’Amboinsche Rariteitkamer depicts a difference between the editor of the text and images, Simon Schijnvoet (1652-1727), and the original author, Georg Everhard Rumphius (1627-1702). Schijnvoet was seen as the ‘frivolous collector’ who did not understand the motives of the original author, whereas Rumphius was seen as the ‘serious naturalist’ and biologist avant la lettre, whose work predated Linnaeus. This paper re-evaluates these contrasting views by placing both men against a broader background of a ‘scientific culture’ and ‘knowledge production’, that was in part informed by the practice of collecting. By discussing their views on the classification of specimens, the formation of specific stones, and the locality of fossilised shells, questions emerge about Rumphius’s modernity and Schijnvoet’s alleged indifference. Even though their opinions often diverged, it will be shown that the motives and interests of the two men were not that different.","PeriodicalId":37252,"journal":{"name":"Early Modern Low Countries","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48599810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
‘It is a pity that not someone like Christina Leonora de Neufville found the time to take on that work’, translator and author Elizabeth Wolff stated when she set eyes on one of the Dutch translations of Voltaire’s Mahomet (1741) in October 1770. Wolff’s comments on these translations provide fascinating insights into some of the underlying dynamics of the eighteenth-century Dutch literary marketplace, where translations made up an important part of the literary production. As recent studies in the field of translation studies have stressed, early modern translations seldom proved to be straightforward renditions of the original but provided eager and upcoming authors to make their claim to literary fame as the translator of more renowned authors. Translating in particular turned out to be a unique opportunity for many early modern European women writers, who often still struggled to establish their names. The case of the Dutch Republic, with its advanced print culture and strongly internationally oriented book market, however, remains hitherto understudied. This article examines the role translation played in the careers of three Dutch women writers by showing how they used their role as translators to establish and renegotiate their name and (literary) authority, often by interacting directly with the reputation of the translated author. We will use the concept of ‘relational authority’ to address the ways in which Wolff herself, as well as fellow authors Christina Leonora de Neufville and Margaretha Cambon-Van der Werken, used translation as a textual platform to convey their intellectual posture and voice. Our analysis will focus specifically on both the textual and visual dimension of their public image-building by considering how ‘relational’ representations appear in paratexts and portraits respectively.
1770年10月，翻译家兼作家伊丽莎白·沃尔夫（Elizabeth Wolff）在看到伏尔泰（Voltaire）的《穆罕默德》（Mahomet）（1741）的荷兰译本时表示：“很遗憾，没有像克里斯蒂娜·莱昂诺拉·德·诺伊夫维尔（Christina Leonora de Neufville）这样的人抽出时间来完成这项工作。”。沃尔夫对这些翻译的评论为了解18世纪荷兰文学市场的一些潜在动态提供了引人入胜的见解，在那里，翻译是文学生产的重要组成部分。正如最近翻译研究领域的研究所强调的那样，早期现代翻译很少被证明是对原作的直接翻译，而是提供了渴望和即将到来的作家，作为更著名作家的翻译者，他们可以在文学上扬名立万。对于许多早期现代欧洲女作家来说，翻译尤其是一个独特的机会，她们经常仍在努力确立自己的名字。然而，荷兰共和国的情况，其先进的印刷文化和强烈的国际导向的图书市场，迄今为止仍然研究不足。本文考察了翻译在三位荷兰女作家职业生涯中所扮演的角色，展示了她们如何利用自己作为译者的角色，建立和重新协商自己的名字和（文学）权威，通常是通过与被翻译作者的声誉直接互动。我们将使用“关系权威”的概念来解决Wolff本人以及其他作者Christina Leonora de Neufville和Margaretha Cambon Van der Werken将翻译作为文本平台来传达他们的智力姿态和声音的方式。我们的分析将特别关注他们公共形象构建的文本和视觉维度，通过考虑“关系”表征如何分别出现在副文本和肖像中。
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