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State-Business Relations from the Perspective of the Companies' Preparedness for the Changes Related to the Implementation of the Industry 4.0 Elements: A Case of the Czech Republic 从企业对实施工业4.0要素相关变化的准备角度看国家与企业的关系:以捷克共和国为例
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-06-19 DOI: 10.18267/j.cebr.273
Květa Olšanová, Eva Křenková, Pavel Hnát, Ondřej Vilikus
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引用次数: 2
The Antidemocratic Drift in the Early 21st Century: Some Thoughts on its Roots, Dynamics and Prospects 21世纪初的反民主思潮:对其根源、动力和前景的思考
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.18267/J.CEBR.281
Marek A. Dąbrowski
In the first two decades of the 21st century, the previous democratization progress was partly reversed. It is well seen in the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe but also in other geographic regions. In search for causes of this warning trend, many authors point out economic factors such as economic stagnation, unemployment, inequality, consequences of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009 and side-effects of globalization. Not negating the role of economic factors, it is important, however, to see noneconomic determinants such as immature political institutions and their dysfunctionality, nationalism and cultural prejudices, and side-effects of the ICT revolution, which destroyed traditional media and public debate. The antidemocratic drift is dangerous not only for political and civil freedom but also has a negative impact on economic governance, making economies less open and competitive and easy victims of oligarchic predation (‘crony’ capitalism).
在21世纪的前20年,之前的民主化进程被部分逆转。它在前苏联、中欧和东欧以及其他地理区域都很常见。为了寻找这一警告趋势的原因,许多作者指出了经济因素,如经济停滞、失业、不平等、2007-2009年全球金融危机的后果以及全球化的副作用。然而,在不否定经济因素作用的情况下,重要的是要看到非经济决定因素,如不成熟的政治机构及其功能失调、民族主义和文化偏见,以及破坏传统媒体和公共辩论的信息和通信技术革命的副作用。反民主倾向不仅对政治和公民自由是危险的,而且对经济治理也有负面影响,使经济不那么开放和竞争,容易成为寡头掠夺(“资本主义”)的受害者。
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引用次数: 2
The Tragedy of Transition: Development, Deterioration, Decay. The Case of Hungary, 1990-2020 转型的悲剧:发展、恶化、衰败。匈牙利案例,1990-2020
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.18267/J.CEBR.280
Lajos Bokros
The essay is about the economic and political development of Hungary in the last 30 years. It can be neatly divided into three periods which coincide with the calendar decades almost perfectly. After the collapse of the communist system, the first period constituted a glorious decade in development: the first two governments implemented almost all indispensable structural reforms required for a successful transition. After the financial stabilization in 1995, a consistent macroeconomic policy was applied, leading to export and investment-driven, hence sustainable economic growth. The next decade brought deterioration: reforms were stalled, and a sharp turn to consumption-led and debt-fuelled growth resulted in twin deficits which, by the time of the Great Recession, almost triggered a sovereign debt default. After a short period of successful financial stabilization, a populist-nationalist government came to power in 2010. A decade of decay set in: reversal of structural reforms, nationalization, monopolization, protectionism, market-distorting taxation and subsidization, state capture by a corrupt oligarchy, together with inconsistent macroeconomic policy. In addition, the self-styled „illiberal regime” of Viktor Orban demolished the rule of law and all institutions representing checks and balances in a democracy. Corruption was elevated to the level of official government policy. With the help of the huge amount of subsidies coming from the EU, the regime maintained financial equilibrium and achieved significant growth during the time of global boom between 2014-2019. However, given the fact that private investments and productivity stay rather low in the non-tradable sector of the domestic economy, real convergence to Western efficiency and living standards remain elusive. Today Hungary constitutes a primary example of an economy pushed into a typical middle-income trap by its oligarchic and authoritarian regime. It also proves that transition reforms are all reversible; institutions are fragile. Restoration of the rule of law and democracy seems to be an indispensable prerequisite for convergence and development.
这篇文章是关于匈牙利在过去30年的经济和政治发展。它可以被整齐地分为三个时期,几乎完美地与日历上的十年相吻合。共产主义制度崩溃后,第一个时期是辉煌的十年发展:前两届政府实施了成功转型所需的几乎所有必不可少的结构性改革。1995年金融稳定后,实施了一贯的宏观经济政策,导致出口和投资驱动的可持续经济增长。接下来的十年带来了恶化:改革停滞不前,迅速转向消费主导和债务推动的增长,导致双重赤字,到大衰退(Great Recession)时,几乎引发了主权债务违约。在短暂的金融稳定成功之后,民粹主义-民族主义政府于2010年上台。十年的衰退开始了:结构性改革的逆转、国有化、垄断、保护主义、扭曲市场的税收和补贴、腐败的寡头控制国家,以及不一致的宏观经济政策。此外,维克多·欧尔班(Viktor Orban)自封的“不自由政权”摧毁了法治和所有代表民主制衡的机构。腐败上升到了政府官方政策的高度。在欧盟巨额补贴的帮助下,该政权在2014-2019年全球经济繁荣期间保持了财政平衡并实现了显着增长。然而,鉴于国内经济非贸易部门的私人投资和生产率仍然相当低,与西方效率和生活水平的真正趋同仍然难以捉摸。今天,匈牙利是一个典型的例子,它的经济被寡头和专制政权推入了典型的中等收入陷阱。它还证明,转型改革都是可逆的;制度是脆弱的。恢复法治和民主似乎是趋同与发展不可或缺的先决条件。
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引用次数: 1
The Sling Effect: Croatia and SEE After the Fall of the Berlin Wall 吊索效应:柏林墙倒塌后的克罗地亚和SEE
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.18267/J.CEBR.283
Velimir Šonje
The concentration of real convergence in a short period before the Great Recession (2001-2008) is a characteristic shared by many countries, but it was particularly pronounced in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria. Bulgaria managed to converge after the Great Recession, but convergence in other mentioned countries was meagre; Slovenia even diverged since 2010. Direct effects of post-Yugoslav wars belong to the past, but indirect effects may have had more persistent effects: a lost decade of the ’90s led to weak institutional development and the creation of the local form of state capitalism, which provides weak fundamentals for economic growth. Monetary policy and exchange rate regimes in the region are mostly centred around stable exchange rates and strive for the introduction of the Euro (Bulgaria and Croatia joined the ERM II in 2020). However, the impact of exchange rate regimes on long-run economic growth is neutral. Preference for credibility building monetary regimes is a legacy of the past. Financial predictability served as a shock absorber and a substitute for good institutions in order to attract inflows of international capital, which flooded ex-communist countries after the emerging markets crisis in the late ’90s. However, when the wave of capital inflows stopped in the Great Recession, more fundamental growth factors emerged, explaining the slow convergence of the majority of SEE countries in the second decade of the 21st century.
在大衰退(2001-2008)之前的短时间内,真正的趋同集中是许多国家的共同特征,但在克罗地亚、塞尔维亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和保加利亚尤为明显。保加利亚在大衰退后实现了趋同,但上述其他国家的趋同程度很低;斯洛文尼亚甚至从2010年开始分化。后南斯拉夫战争的直接影响属于过去,但间接影响可能有更持久的影响:90年代失去的十年导致了薄弱的制度发展和地方形式的国家资本主义的产生,这为经济增长提供了薄弱的基础。该地区的货币政策和汇率制度主要以稳定汇率为中心,并努力引入欧元(保加利亚和克罗地亚于2020年加入ERM II)。然而,汇率制度对长期经济增长的影响是中性的。对建立信誉的货币制度的偏好是过去的遗产。为了吸引国际资本流入,金融可预测性起到了减震器的作用,并取代了良好的制度。上世纪90年代末新兴市场危机爆发后,国际资本大量涌入前共产主义国家。然而,当资本流入的浪潮在大衰退中停止时,更根本的增长因素出现了,这解释了大多数SEE国家在21世纪第二个十年缓慢趋同的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Three Models of Post-Communist Transformation and Lessons Learned 后共产主义转型的三种模式及经验教训
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.18267/J.CEBR.277
Ivan Mikloš
The paper analyses the experience of post-communist transformation. It focuses on preconditions and causes of differences in the success of this process in different countries. The paper, in contrast to the traditional basic division of transformation strategies into gradualist and radical, brings a new perspective. Defining a third, spontaneous transformation trajectory, characteristic of countries unsuccessful in transformation. The paper also points to examples of the transition between individual transformation trajectories and strategies (especially on the example of Slovakia and Georgia).
本文分析了后共产主义转型的经验。它侧重于这一进程在不同国家取得成功的先决条件和原因的差异。传统的转型战略基本划分为渐进式和激进式,本文在此基础上提出了一个新的视角。确定转型失败国家的第三个特征,即自发转型轨迹。本文还指出了个别转型轨迹和战略之间的转变的例子(特别是斯洛伐克和格鲁吉亚的例子)。
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引用次数: 4
Macroeconomic Trends among Visegrád Countries, EU Balkans, and the U.S., 1991-2021 1991-2021年维塞格拉德国家、欧盟巴尔干地区和美国的宏观经济趋势
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-05-27 DOI: 10.18267/j.cebr.282
Max Gillman
The paper provides an introduction to the special issue. It shows a sense in which Visegrad and Balkan EU countries are correlated in macroeconomic performance and integrated with the global business cycles. Using inflation rate levels as a starting point to characterize when these countries began their transitions, it shows that after 1996 both real GDP growth and real interest rates move together to a significant degree both with each other and with the US. This provides a background from which to view the paths since the collapse of the Soviet Union that these transition economies have taken. In addition, comparison is made to US money and banking policy, to provide an outline of how this may impact progress in the transition region. A subsequent summary of the other articles in the issue shows an inter-relation in their themes about how Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe have progressed since 1991, and how these paths may be affected by Western economic policy. Implications for Central European audience: The paper shows that transition regions can be impacted by international financial integration, including to possible detriment when capital markets are regulated by policy that pushes real interest rates below their natural levels. Negative real interest rate policy since the 2008-2009 financial crisis and again during the Covid crisis may hasten the rise of autocratic democracy and limit social, political, and economic freedom.
该文件介绍了这一特刊。它显示了维谢格拉德和巴尔干欧盟国家在宏观经济表现上的相关性,并与全球商业周期相结合。以通货膨胀率水平为起点来描述这些国家何时开始转型,结果表明,1996年后,实际GDP增长和实际利率在很大程度上相互影响,也与美国一起影响。这为观察这些转型经济体自苏联解体以来所走的道路提供了背景。此外,还对美国的货币和银行政策进行了比较,以概述这可能如何影响过渡地区的进展。随后对本期其他文章的总结显示,自1991年以来,中欧、东欧和东南欧的发展以及这些道路如何受到西方经济政策的影响,这些主题之间存在着相互关系。对中欧受众的影响:该论文表明,转型地区可能会受到国际金融一体化的影响,包括当资本市场受到将实际利率推低至自然水平以下的政策监管时,可能会受到损害。2008-2009年金融危机以来以及新冠肺炎危机期间的负实际利率政策可能会加速专制民主的兴起,限制社会、政治和经济自由。
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引用次数: 3
Evaluation of the Effects of the Graduate Practice in Slovakia: Comparison of Results of Counterfactual Methods 斯洛伐克研究生实习效果评估:反事实方法结果的比较
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.18267/J.CEBR.266
Lucia Švábová, K. Kramarova, M. Durica
Graduate Practice is in Slovakia one of the measures of active labour market policy aimed at decreasing the unemployment rate of young graduates. It is one of the most frequently used interventions by young jobseekers under the age of 26; similar measures are used in other European Union (EU) member states. The specific objective of this intervention is to provide young jobseekers to gain the first contact with the labour market, first work experience and work habits that may be attractive to potential employers. The intervention is financed from the European Social Fund (within the Operational Program – Human Resources and the priority axis – Youth Employment Initiative) and the state budget. This fact requires ad 1) to evaluate the eligibility of drawing these resources and ad 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of resources in terms of employability and sustainability of participants of the intervention in the labour market, the second of which is the primary objective of this study. The European Commission has increasingly required the member states of the EU to carry out impact evaluations of funded interventions and to develop evidence-based policies that will implement the results of such evaluations. The aim of this study is, therefore, to evaluate and review the effects of the Graduate Practice on the employability of young jobseekers in conditions of Slovakia. This evaluation is carried out using a counterfactual approach by comparing the results of treated and non-treated individuals by applying the three most used methods: regression adjustment, instrumental variable, and propensity score matching method. The results indicate significant effects of the Graduate Practice on the employability of young jobseekers and their sustainability in employment. The results of the evaluation are valuable mainly for policymakers, i.e. in setting the rules of the intervention and its eligibility to make the measure more effective or potentially in preparing other measures aimed at youth unemployment. Implications for Central European audience: The findings of the evaluation may inspire policymakers in other countries than Slovakia to introduce similar or new programs for the
毕业生实习是斯洛伐克积极劳动力市场政策的措施之一,旨在降低年轻毕业生的失业率。这是26岁以下年轻求职者最常用的干预措施之一;其他欧盟成员国也采用了类似的措施。这一干预措施的具体目标是使年轻求职者获得与劳动力市场的第一次接触、第一次工作经验和可能对潜在雇主有吸引力的工作习惯。这项干预行动的资金来自欧洲社会基金(在业务方案-人力资源和优先轴-青年就业倡议范围内)和国家预算。这一事实要求:(1)评估获取这些资源的资格;(2)从劳动力市场干预参与者的就业能力和可持续性方面评估资源使用的有效性,后者是本研究的主要目标。欧洲委员会越来越多地要求欧盟成员国对资助的干预措施进行影响评估,并制定以证据为基础的政策,以实施这种评估的结果。因此,本研究的目的是评价和审查毕业生实践对斯洛伐克条件下年轻求职者就业能力的影响。本评估采用反事实方法,通过应用三种最常用的方法:回归调整、工具变量和倾向评分匹配法,比较治疗和未治疗个体的结果。结果表明,毕业生实践对青年求职者的就业能力和就业可持续性有显著影响。评估的结果主要对决策者有价值,即在制定干预规则及其使措施更有效的资格方面,或可能在制定针对青年失业的其他措施方面。对中欧受众的影响:评估结果可能会激励斯洛伐克以外的其他国家的政策制定者为该地区引入类似或新的项目
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引用次数: 2
Physicians' Dual Practice: A Theoretical Approach 医师的双重实践:一种理论方法
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-05-03 DOI: 10.18267/J.CEBR.269
Kirathimo Muruga, T. Vasiljeva
The present study seeks to evaluate the theoretical approach towards physicians’ dual practice. This is done by investigating the various theoretical grounds that form the basis of physicians’ dual practice. The study presents theoretical findings by comparing them with practical primary data from experienced experts. An in-depth search of the top keywords related to dual practice was done in various databases. The study first identified all articles related to dual practice in various databases. In total, 59,838 articles identified after duplicates were removed were narrowed down to four hundred and thirty-eight (438) studies and considered relevant for review. The filtration process was carried out based on the recentness of the articles. A review of the articles was done to eliminate duplicates, a linguistic check was conducted, and a final sorting was carried out to arrive at fully accessible reviewed articles in the journal databases. Filtration was done to select fully accessible publications under the following keywords: Herzberg’s two-factor theory, contract theory, and supply of labour theory. Forty-one (41) fully accessible and peer-reviewed articles were used for analysis. The study underscores that dual practice can be theoretically modelled as a function of three theories (Herzberg’s two-factor theory, contract theory, and supply of labour theory). It is paramount, therefore, for studies to appreciate the theories in understanding the motivation behind the dual practice. Thus, the present study has proposed a hybrid integrated theory, the Integrated Theory of Labour, Supply and Motivation, in order to offset the weaknesses of the theories and build on their strengths. Implications for Central European audience: This study proposes the Integrated Theory of Labour, Supply and Motivation in order to help researchers and government institutions better address the concept of moonlighting in public institutions. The study concludes that future scholars and researchers in related fields could extrapolate the Integrated Theory of Labour, Supply and Motivation by conducting a factor analysis in order to validate the theory since it offers a platform to cover the drivers behind the dual practice in a comprehensive manner and also builds on the strengths of other theories explaining the dual practice. Theoretically, the study also validates the theories it uses and the extent of their applicability to this and similar studies. This is not through ruling out theories explaining dual practice but reinforcing them. The findings of this study may be useful in shaping policy in the area of managing contracts for physicians in dual practice and supply of labour economics in general.
本研究旨在评估医生双重执业的理论方法。这是通过调查构成医生双重实践基础的各种理论基础来完成的。这项研究通过将理论发现与经验丰富的专家的实际原始数据进行比较,提出了这些发现。在各种数据库中对与双重实践相关的热门关键词进行了深入搜索。该研究首先确定了各种数据库中与双重实践相关的所有文章。总共有59838篇在删除重复后确定的文章被缩小到438项研究,并被认为与审查相关。过滤过程是根据物品的最近性进行的。对文章进行了审查以消除重复,进行了语言检查,并进行了最终排序,以在期刊数据库中获得完全可访问的审查文章。进行了筛选,以选择以下关键词下的完全可访问的出版物:赫兹伯格的双因素理论、合同理论和劳动力供应理论。使用四十一(41)篇完全可访问的同行评审文章进行分析。该研究强调,双重实践在理论上可以被建模为三种理论(赫兹伯格的双因素理论、合同理论和劳动力供应理论)的函数。因此,对于研究来说,在理解双重实践背后的动机时,欣赏这些理论是至关重要的。因此,本研究提出了一种混合的综合理论,即劳动、供给和动机综合理论,以弥补这些理论的不足,增强它们的优势。对中欧受众的启示:本研究提出了劳动、供给和动机的综合理论,以帮助研究人员和政府机构更好地解决在公共机构兼职的概念。该研究得出结论,未来相关领域的学者和研究人员可以通过进行因素分析来推断劳动、供给和动机综合理论,以验证该理论,因为它提供了一个全面涵盖双重实践背后驱动因素的平台,并建立在解释双重实践的其他理论的优势之上。从理论上讲,这项研究也验证了它所使用的理论及其在本研究和类似研究中的适用性。这不是通过排除解释双重实践的理论,而是通过加强它们。这项研究的结果可能有助于制定双重执业医生合同管理和一般劳动经济学供应领域的政策。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Environmental Performance Investments on Financial Performance: Analysis of Croatian Companies 环境绩效投资对财务绩效的影响:克罗地亚公司的分析
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-04-30 DOI: 10.18267/J.CEBR.271
A. Galant, Dajana Cvek
More attention is being paid to companies’ environmental performance these days. It includes the consideration of how a company’s business operations affect the natural environment in which it operates. In order to improve its environmental performance, various investments are essential. However, one important question is how such environmental performance investments affect the company’s financial performance. The theoretical background indicates that both positive and negative effects on financial performance are possible; however, previous results show that environmental performance has a predominantly positive effect on financial performance. Considering the importance of environmental performance, the aim of this research is to determine if there is a positive relationship between environmental performance investments and financial performance. Investments in new longterm assets are used as a proxy for environmental performance investments since newer long-term assets are considered to be more environmentally acceptable than the older ones, while financial performance is measured with the business result (net profit or loss). The data was analysed by using multivariate regression analysis. The sample included 150 Croatian large-sized companies. The results reveal that there is a positive relationship between environmental performance investments and financial performance. Therefore, such investments are of interest to both the environment and the company since they help to preserve the natural environment and, at the same time, improve the company’s financial performance. Implications for Central European audience: The effect of environmental performance investments on financial performance has been tested on a sample comprising companies from Central European country, Croatia. Obtained results can be of interests also for audience from other Central European countries with similar characteristics as Croatia due to common historical features (transitional experience).
如今,人们越来越关注企业的环境绩效。它包括考虑公司的业务运营如何影响其运营的自然环境。为了改善其环境绩效,各种投资是必不可少的。然而,一个重要的问题是,这种环境绩效投资如何影响公司的财务绩效。理论背景表明,对财务绩效的积极和消极影响都是可能的;然而,先前的研究结果表明,环境绩效对财务绩效有显著的积极影响。考虑到环境绩效的重要性,本研究的目的是确定环境绩效投资与财务绩效之间是否存在正相关关系。对新的长期资产的投资被用作环境绩效投资的代理,因为新的长期资产被认为比旧的长期资产在环境上更可接受,而财务绩效是用业务结果(净利润或亏损)来衡量的。数据采用多元回归分析。样本包括150家克罗地亚大型公司。结果表明,环境绩效投资与财务绩效之间存在正相关关系。因此,这种投资对环境和公司都有好处,因为它们有助于保护自然环境,同时提高公司的财务业绩。对中欧受众的影响:环境绩效投资对财务绩效的影响已在中欧国家克罗地亚的公司样本上进行了测试。由于共同的历史特点(过渡经验),与克罗地亚具有相似特点的其他中欧国家的听众也可能感兴趣。
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引用次数: 2
Is Health Consciousness Important at the Time of Coronavirus? The Case of Slovakia and Hungary 冠状病毒时期的健康意识重要吗?斯洛伐克和匈牙利的案例
IF 1.3 Q2 Business, Management and Accounting Pub Date : 2021-04-24 DOI: 10.18267/J.CEBR.276
Marián Čvirik
The whole world is trying to keep the coronavirus under control. However, it is certain that the consequences of coronavirus do not affect the world economy but also health care and health-conscious consumer behaviour. The first wave of coronavirus came under control when the second wave appeared. What impact will this wave have on consumers' health consciousness? The article focuses on examining the difference between the level of health consciousness at the time of the decline of the first wave and the release of measures against coronavirus and the second upcoming wave of the mutated version of the virus. The main goal of the state is to examine the level of health consciousness and follow the recommendations of W.H.O. against the spread of coronavirus in Slovakia and Hungary during the decline and re-emergence of coronavirus. The research consisted of two phases - the first phase after the first wave of the pandemic and the second during the onset of the second phase. The one-way ANOVA test and linear regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between health consciousness and W.H.O's recommendations in the fight against coronavirus. The results indicate a close connection in the conditions of Slovakia and Hungary. At the same time, we concluded that health consciousness changes due to the acuteness of the situation. The results can be used in many fields (medicine, sociology, psychology, marketing), both theories and practice. Implications for Central European audience: European countries, as well as the whole world, are fighting the coronavirus. Preliminary results suggest that the second wave will bring more infected. Health consciousness and prevention provide the best opportunity to fight coronavirus in times without an effective vaccine. It is, therefore, the role of the responsible authorities to examine the level of health consciousness and to try to influence it positively. The results suggest that only proper consumer information and adherence to the basic recommendations of W.H.O. can positively affect the level of health consciousness.
全世界都在努力控制冠状病毒。然而,可以肯定的是,冠状病毒的后果不会影响世界经济,也会影响医疗保健和注重健康的消费者行为。第一波冠状病毒在第二波出现时得到了控制。这一浪潮将对消费者的健康意识产生怎样的影响?本文重点考察了第一波疫情消退、新冠病毒防控措施出台和即将到来的第二波变异病毒爆发时人们健康意识水平的差异。国家的主要目标是检查健康意识的水平,并遵循世卫组织的建议,防止冠状病毒在斯洛伐克和匈牙利的传播,在冠状病毒的下降和重新出现。这项研究包括两个阶段——第一阶段是在第一波大流行之后,第二阶段是在第二阶段开始时。采用单因素方差分析和线性回归分析,探讨健康意识与世卫组织抗击冠状病毒建议之间的关系。结果表明,斯洛伐克和匈牙利的情况有密切的联系。同时,我们得出健康意识的变化是由于形势的尖锐性。其结果可用于许多领域(医学、社会学、心理学、市场营销),包括理论和实践。对中欧观众的启示:欧洲国家以及全世界都在与冠状病毒作斗争。初步结果表明,第二波疫情将带来更多的感染者。在没有有效疫苗的情况下,健康意识和预防是抗击冠状病毒的最佳机会。因此,主管当局的作用是审查健康意识的水平,并努力对其产生积极影响。结果表明,只有适当的消费者信息和遵守who的基本建议才能对健康意识水平产生积极影响。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Central European Business Review
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