Tax avoidance became a frequently observed practice in a global business environment. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) employ differences between statutory tax rates of their home countries and countries of their subsidiaries, aiming to achieve the effective tax rate being lower than the statutory one. MNEs enable tax avoidance practices via multiple channels, transfer pricing and debt shifting being among the most popular among them. The goal of this article is to evaluate if MNEs operating in Lithuania, a small open economy of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), are engaging in tax avoidance practices, and if yes, what channel debt shifting profit shifting or both are employed. Our research is built on the data for the years 2010–2018 and analyses 3,563 MNEs and local companies operating in Lithuania. Results of the conducted regression analysis rejected the impact of differences in tax rates between MNEs and their subsidiaries in Lithuania on their leverage. Therefore debt shifting across the sample companies was not evident. On the contrary, analysis of profit shifting evidence among sample companies proved the significant influence of transfer mispricing practices on earnings of Lithuanian subsidiaries of MNEs’. Such results may imply that in Lithuania, corporate tax avoidance of MNEs occurs via the channel of profit shifting rather than debt shifting. We suggest that this is related to the specifics of small economies commonly characterised by lower tax rates, underdeveloped financial markets and lower tax avoidance costs. Implications for Central European audience: Previous tax avoidance and profit shifting research mainly analysed the United Kingdom, Germany and other large countries in Europe, leaving a gap in research on small economies, especially those in CEE. Lithuania, similar to the other CEE open economies, is competing for attracting foreign investment, which makes it relevant to understand if and how the country’s tax system is exploited in the corporate governance practices of MNEs.
{"title":"Debt or Profit Shifting? Assessment of Corporate Tax Avoidance Practices Across Lithuanian Companies","authors":"Egidijus Kundelis, Renata Legenzova, Julijonas Kartanas","doi":"10.18267/j.cebr.290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.290","url":null,"abstract":"Tax avoidance became a frequently observed practice in a global business environment. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) employ differences between statutory tax rates of their home countries and countries of their subsidiaries, aiming to achieve the effective tax rate being lower than the statutory one. MNEs enable tax avoidance practices via multiple channels, transfer pricing and debt shifting being among the most popular among them. The goal of this article is to evaluate if MNEs operating in Lithuania, a small open economy of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), are engaging in tax avoidance practices, and if yes, what channel debt shifting profit shifting or both are employed. Our research is built on the data for the years 2010–2018 and analyses 3,563 MNEs and local companies operating in Lithuania. Results of the conducted regression analysis rejected the impact of differences in tax rates between MNEs and their subsidiaries in Lithuania on their leverage. Therefore debt shifting across the sample companies was not evident. On the contrary, analysis of profit shifting evidence among sample companies proved the significant influence of transfer mispricing practices on earnings of Lithuanian subsidiaries of MNEs’. Such results may imply that in Lithuania, corporate tax avoidance of MNEs occurs via the channel of profit shifting rather than debt shifting. We suggest that this is related to the specifics of small economies commonly characterised by lower tax rates, underdeveloped financial markets and lower tax avoidance costs. Implications for Central European audience: Previous tax avoidance and profit shifting research mainly analysed the United Kingdom, Germany and other large countries in Europe, leaving a gap in research on small economies, especially those in CEE. Lithuania, similar to the other CEE open economies, is competing for attracting foreign investment, which makes it relevant to understand if and how the country’s tax system is exploited in the corporate governance practices of MNEs.","PeriodicalId":37276,"journal":{"name":"Central European Business Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49330828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particularly in depressed regions, politicians often use unemployment as the main argument for investment incentives provided to MNCs. This paper applies Dunning’s OLI Framework to the relationship between FDI and employment, assuming that political negotiation between MNCs and the host government might have a zero or negative effect on employment. Since the last letter of OLI, internalisation, suggests that MNCs optimise all production factors available to them and “subsidies” provided to MNCs by governments decrease the relative price of capital, MNCs may use more labour-saving techniques. Two hypotheses are tested using the dynamic panel model (DPD) and Granger causality tests for 193 countries from 1985–2019, where the first is supported with no strong relationship between the variables. Implications for Central European audience: The paper results suggest the importance of a critical debate on the efficiency of investment incentives. This paper is among the first trying to disentangle the rather complex issue of FDI and employment on a theoretical and econometric level.
{"title":"Can Investment Incentives Cause Unemployment? An Empirical Analysis of The Relationship Between FDI and Employment Based on The OLI Framework","authors":"T. Evan, I. Bolotov","doi":"10.18267/j.cebr.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.291","url":null,"abstract":"Particularly in depressed regions, politicians often use unemployment as the main argument for investment incentives provided to MNCs. This paper applies Dunning’s OLI Framework to the relationship between FDI and employment, assuming that political negotiation between MNCs and the host government might have a zero or negative effect on employment. Since the last letter of OLI, internalisation, suggests that MNCs optimise all production factors available to them and “subsidies” provided to MNCs by governments decrease the relative price of capital, MNCs may use more labour-saving techniques. Two hypotheses are tested using the dynamic panel model (DPD) and Granger causality tests for 193 countries from 1985–2019, where the first is supported with no strong relationship between the variables. Implications for Central European audience: The paper results suggest the importance of a critical debate on the efficiency of investment incentives. This paper is among the first trying to disentangle the rather complex issue of FDI and employment on a theoretical and econometric level.","PeriodicalId":37276,"journal":{"name":"Central European Business Review","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67799675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Reliance of the Czech Economy on its Automotive Sector","authors":"D. Mares, M. Janíčko","doi":"10.18267/j.cebr.285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.285","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37276,"journal":{"name":"Central European Business Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43853638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to investigate the impact of training perception on work engagement. In addition, self-efficacy and organisational based self-esteem are hypothesised as mediators of the above relationship. Data were collected from employees in Vietnam using a selfadministered questionnaire survey. Path analyses with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used to verify the proposed relationships. The results show that both perceived training benefits and transfer of training significantly and positively influence work engagement. In addition, organisational based self-esteem partially mediates the impact of perceived training benefit on work engagement. Self-efficacy mediates a portion of the effects of the transfer of training on work engagement. The results add to the existing literature on the determinants of work engagement and on the consequences of the transfer of training. The findings also provide insight into the conditions for effective training in organisations. Implications for Central European audience: Developing an engaged workforce is a vital task to all organisations. However, data showed that the work engagement level in Europe is low, especially in Central Europe. The results of the study provide insight into the determinants of employee engagement at work. In addition, like Vietnam, most countries in Central Europe have been in transition from former central-command systems to market economies. The application of contemporary Western human resource practices needs special consideration to ensure its effectiveness. The current study may supply some empirical implications for both academics and practitioners.
{"title":"Training Perception and Work Engagement: The Mediating Role of Organisational-Based Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy","authors":"Phuong Tran Huy, Thi Ngoc Quynh Dinh","doi":"10.18267/j.cebr.286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.286","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to investigate the impact of training perception on work engagement. In addition, self-efficacy and organisational based self-esteem are hypothesised as mediators of the above relationship. Data were collected from employees in Vietnam using a selfadministered questionnaire survey. Path analyses with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were used to verify the proposed relationships. The results show that both perceived training benefits and transfer of training significantly and positively influence work engagement. In addition, organisational based self-esteem partially mediates the impact of perceived training benefit on work engagement. Self-efficacy mediates a portion of the effects of the transfer of training on work engagement. The results add to the existing literature on the determinants of work engagement and on the consequences of the transfer of training. The findings also provide insight into the conditions for effective training in organisations. Implications for Central European audience: Developing an engaged workforce is a vital task to all organisations. However, data showed that the work engagement level in Europe is low, especially in Central Europe. The results of the study provide insight into the determinants of employee engagement at work. In addition, like Vietnam, most countries in Central Europe have been in transition from former central-command systems to market economies. The application of contemporary Western human resource practices needs special consideration to ensure its effectiveness. The current study may supply some empirical implications for both academics and practitioners.","PeriodicalId":37276,"journal":{"name":"Central European Business Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42319027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sonia Herrero-Luna, Marta Ferrer-Serrano, María Pilar Latorre-Martínez
The circular economy is presented as the sustainable solution as opposed to the current linear model of production and resource management, whose effects impact negatively on the economic, social and environmental dimensions. Through a systematic review of the literature, this article aims to unify and to uncover the available evidence on innovation in relation to the circular economy and to determine those aspects that remain unexplored or should be studied in more depth in order to be able to continue to make progress in this field. Thus, it was found that although the circular economy is at an early stage of implementation, both its benefits and drivers as well as its challenges and barriers to implementation have already been investigated. More importantly, it was found that ecological innovations, which reduce the environmental impact of production and consumption activities, are necessary for the research of new business models and new ways of operating in supply chains that allow closing the circle and taking advantage of all the waste, such as the system of products and services, dynamic capabilities, 3D printing, the biography of the product and the software recycling. To achieve this goal, the evidence shows that it is mandatory to raise awareness of the situation, especially through marketing actions, as well as for companies, including SMEs, to be willing to act together and to align their interests. Implications for Central European audience: The United Nations 2030 Agenda includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), according to which countries should implement the circular economy in order to move towards greater sustainability. In this context, European Union is key for this development, as it is one of the world’s major power. This article aims to unify and uncover the available evidence on innovation in relation to the circular economy and to determine those aspects that remain unexplored or should be studied in more depth. By doing so, it will be able to continue to make progress in the framework of the circular economy, enabling the achievement of the ODS. In addition, the majority of the articles reviewed take place in Europe.
{"title":"Circular Economy and Innovation: A Systematic Literature Review","authors":"Sonia Herrero-Luna, Marta Ferrer-Serrano, María Pilar Latorre-Martínez","doi":"10.18267/j.cebr.275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.275","url":null,"abstract":"The circular economy is presented as the sustainable solution as opposed to the current linear model of production and resource management, whose effects impact negatively on the economic, social and environmental dimensions. Through a systematic review of the literature, this article aims to unify and to uncover the available evidence on innovation in relation to the circular economy and to determine those aspects that remain unexplored or should be studied in more depth in order to be able to continue to make progress in this field. Thus, it was found that although the circular economy is at an early stage of implementation, both its benefits and drivers as well as its challenges and barriers to implementation have already been investigated. More importantly, it was found that ecological innovations, which reduce the environmental impact of production and consumption activities, are necessary for the research of new business models and new ways of operating in supply chains that allow closing the circle and taking advantage of all the waste, such as the system of products and services, dynamic capabilities, 3D printing, the biography of the product and the software recycling. To achieve this goal, the evidence shows that it is mandatory to raise awareness of the situation, especially through marketing actions, as well as for companies, including SMEs, to be willing to act together and to align their interests. Implications for Central European audience: The United Nations 2030 Agenda includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), according to which countries should implement the circular economy in order to move towards greater sustainability. In this context, European Union is key for this development, as it is one of the world’s major power. This article aims to unify and uncover the available evidence on innovation in relation to the circular economy and to determine those aspects that remain unexplored or should be studied in more depth. By doing so, it will be able to continue to make progress in the framework of the circular economy, enabling the achievement of the ODS. In addition, the majority of the articles reviewed take place in Europe.","PeriodicalId":37276,"journal":{"name":"Central European Business Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46152671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Květa Olšanová, Eva Křenková, Pavel Hnát, Ondřej Vilikus
{"title":"State-Business Relations from the Perspective of the Companies' Preparedness for the Changes Related to the Implementation of the Industry 4.0 Elements: A Case of the Czech Republic","authors":"Květa Olšanová, Eva Křenková, Pavel Hnát, Ondřej Vilikus","doi":"10.18267/j.cebr.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18267/j.cebr.273","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37276,"journal":{"name":"Central European Business Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49665358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the first two decades of the 21st century, the previous democratization progress was partly reversed. It is well seen in the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe but also in other geographic regions. In search for causes of this warning trend, many authors point out economic factors such as economic stagnation, unemployment, inequality, consequences of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009 and side-effects of globalization. Not negating the role of economic factors, it is important, however, to see noneconomic determinants such as immature political institutions and their dysfunctionality, nationalism and cultural prejudices, and side-effects of the ICT revolution, which destroyed traditional media and public debate. The antidemocratic drift is dangerous not only for political and civil freedom but also has a negative impact on economic governance, making economies less open and competitive and easy victims of oligarchic predation (‘crony’ capitalism).
{"title":"The Antidemocratic Drift in the Early 21st Century: Some Thoughts on its Roots, Dynamics and Prospects","authors":"Marek A. Dąbrowski","doi":"10.18267/J.CEBR.281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18267/J.CEBR.281","url":null,"abstract":"In the first two decades of the 21st century, the previous democratization progress was partly reversed. It is well seen in the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe but also in other geographic regions. In search for causes of this warning trend, many authors point out economic factors such as economic stagnation, unemployment, inequality, consequences of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009 and side-effects of globalization. Not negating the role of economic factors, it is important, however, to see noneconomic determinants such as immature political institutions and their dysfunctionality, nationalism and cultural prejudices, and side-effects of the ICT revolution, which destroyed traditional media and public debate. The antidemocratic drift is dangerous not only for political and civil freedom but also has a negative impact on economic governance, making economies less open and competitive and easy victims of oligarchic predation (‘crony’ capitalism).","PeriodicalId":37276,"journal":{"name":"Central European Business Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"63-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41460390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The essay is about the economic and political development of Hungary in the last 30 years. It can be neatly divided into three periods which coincide with the calendar decades almost perfectly. After the collapse of the communist system, the first period constituted a glorious decade in development: the first two governments implemented almost all indispensable structural reforms required for a successful transition. After the financial stabilization in 1995, a consistent macroeconomic policy was applied, leading to export and investment-driven, hence sustainable economic growth. The next decade brought deterioration: reforms were stalled, and a sharp turn to consumption-led and debt-fuelled growth resulted in twin deficits which, by the time of the Great Recession, almost triggered a sovereign debt default. After a short period of successful financial stabilization, a populist-nationalist government came to power in 2010. A decade of decay set in: reversal of structural reforms, nationalization, monopolization, protectionism, market-distorting taxation and subsidization, state capture by a corrupt oligarchy, together with inconsistent macroeconomic policy. In addition, the self-styled „illiberal regime” of Viktor Orban demolished the rule of law and all institutions representing checks and balances in a democracy. Corruption was elevated to the level of official government policy. With the help of the huge amount of subsidies coming from the EU, the regime maintained financial equilibrium and achieved significant growth during the time of global boom between 2014-2019. However, given the fact that private investments and productivity stay rather low in the non-tradable sector of the domestic economy, real convergence to Western efficiency and living standards remain elusive. Today Hungary constitutes a primary example of an economy pushed into a typical middle-income trap by its oligarchic and authoritarian regime. It also proves that transition reforms are all reversible; institutions are fragile. Restoration of the rule of law and democracy seems to be an indispensable prerequisite for convergence and development.
{"title":"The Tragedy of Transition: Development, Deterioration, Decay. The Case of Hungary, 1990-2020","authors":"Lajos Bokros","doi":"10.18267/J.CEBR.280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18267/J.CEBR.280","url":null,"abstract":"The essay is about the economic and political development of Hungary in the last 30 years. It can be neatly divided into three periods which coincide with the calendar decades almost perfectly. After the collapse of the communist system, the first period constituted a glorious decade in development: the first two governments implemented almost all indispensable structural reforms required for a successful transition. After the financial stabilization in 1995, a consistent macroeconomic policy was applied, leading to export and investment-driven, hence sustainable economic growth. The next decade brought deterioration: reforms were stalled, and a sharp turn to consumption-led and debt-fuelled growth resulted in twin deficits which, by the time of the Great Recession, almost triggered a sovereign debt default. After a short period of successful financial stabilization, a populist-nationalist government came to power in 2010. A decade of decay set in: reversal of structural reforms, nationalization, monopolization, protectionism, market-distorting taxation and subsidization, state capture by a corrupt oligarchy, together with inconsistent macroeconomic policy. In addition, the self-styled „illiberal regime” of Viktor Orban demolished the rule of law and all institutions representing checks and balances in a democracy. Corruption was elevated to the level of official government policy. With the help of the huge amount of subsidies coming from the EU, the regime maintained financial equilibrium and achieved significant growth during the time of global boom between 2014-2019. However, given the fact that private investments and productivity stay rather low in the non-tradable sector of the domestic economy, real convergence to Western efficiency and living standards remain elusive. Today Hungary constitutes a primary example of an economy pushed into a typical middle-income trap by its oligarchic and authoritarian regime. It also proves that transition reforms are all reversible; institutions are fragile. Restoration of the rule of law and democracy seems to be an indispensable prerequisite for convergence and development.","PeriodicalId":37276,"journal":{"name":"Central European Business Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"21-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41683113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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