Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.2015895
K. McKague, Chad Saunders, Stephanie H Gilbert, Ellen Farrell
Abstract While weak ties have received considerable research attention, less is known about the role of strong ties in this context or the interplay among different types of ties. This study addressed this gap, at least partially, by investigating the outreach made by Atlantic Canadian entrepreneurs to improve their businesses through a survey of knowledge-seeking behaviors of 533 Atlantic Canadian entrepreneurs identified 1666 different ecosystem actors among 3397 separate knowledge-seeking events. The findings from this study highlight the importance of a confluence of strong and weak ties in serving as conduits through which entrepreneurs secure resources from ecosystem support providers. When a breadth of knowledge is required (i.e. both business and technical), entrepreneurial firms establish strong ties with specific government agencies and universities. When primarily business knowledge is needed, entrepreneurial firms form strong ties with government agencies, while government agencies in turn establish strong ties with a wider range of stakeholders across the ecosystem actors. Finally, when primarily technical knowledge is needed the strong ties are leveraged primarily by entrepreneurial firms to embed themselves within the partner organizations, which tend to be universities and professional service organizations. The article concludes with implications for theory and practice.
{"title":"Strong ties, information seeking, and ecosystem brokerage among actors in the Atlantic Canadian entrepreneurial ecosystem","authors":"K. McKague, Chad Saunders, Stephanie H Gilbert, Ellen Farrell","doi":"10.1080/08276331.2021.2015895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.2015895","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While weak ties have received considerable research attention, less is known about the role of strong ties in this context or the interplay among different types of ties. This study addressed this gap, at least partially, by investigating the outreach made by Atlantic Canadian entrepreneurs to improve their businesses through a survey of knowledge-seeking behaviors of 533 Atlantic Canadian entrepreneurs identified 1666 different ecosystem actors among 3397 separate knowledge-seeking events. The findings from this study highlight the importance of a confluence of strong and weak ties in serving as conduits through which entrepreneurs secure resources from ecosystem support providers. When a breadth of knowledge is required (i.e. both business and technical), entrepreneurial firms establish strong ties with specific government agencies and universities. When primarily business knowledge is needed, entrepreneurial firms form strong ties with government agencies, while government agencies in turn establish strong ties with a wider range of stakeholders across the ecosystem actors. Finally, when primarily technical knowledge is needed the strong ties are leveraged primarily by entrepreneurial firms to embed themselves within the partner organizations, which tend to be universities and professional service organizations. The article concludes with implications for theory and practice.","PeriodicalId":37293,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship","volume":"9 1","pages":"871 - 889"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87791392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-21DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.2014205
Ayoob Sadeghiani, Alistair R. Anderson, Sadra Ahmadi, Sajjad Shokouhyar
{"title":"Theorizing ‘pivot’ in small and micro business","authors":"Ayoob Sadeghiani, Alistair R. Anderson, Sadra Ahmadi, Sajjad Shokouhyar","doi":"10.1080/08276331.2021.2014205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.2014205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37293,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83182015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-07DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.2004072
Kadia Georges Aka, Crispin Agadusameso Enagogo
{"title":"Collaborations in innovation activities of rural SMEs: a configurational analysis","authors":"Kadia Georges Aka, Crispin Agadusameso Enagogo","doi":"10.1080/08276331.2021.2004072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.2004072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37293,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88361785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.1993766
Félix Ntep
Abstract The debate on the funding of business creation focuses on the provision of funds by banks. Our study examines the financial behavior of eighteen women who set up small craft and commercial activities. It is based on a theoretical approach and on a qualitative methodology, which give a central place to the temporal and exploratory dimension in the understanding of the various interactions between the creators of the companies and their closer financial environment. The results of the study show a case of DIY. The latter is revealed in the ability of women to assign new objectives to financial resources, which they have mobilized from the banks of the financial system, mutual tontines, relatives and friends. This tinkering is a source of understanding for the State, the actors of the financial system and civil society, who participate in the renewal of the business park, in Thiès, in the Escale-Nord district, in Senegal.
{"title":"Un cas du bricolage: le financement de la création de toutes petites entreprises par les femmes à Thiès (Sénégal)","authors":"Félix Ntep","doi":"10.1080/08276331.2021.1993766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.1993766","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The debate on the funding of business creation focuses on the provision of funds by banks. Our study examines the financial behavior of eighteen women who set up small craft and commercial activities. It is based on a theoretical approach and on a qualitative methodology, which give a central place to the temporal and exploratory dimension in the understanding of the various interactions between the creators of the companies and their closer financial environment. The results of the study show a case of DIY. The latter is revealed in the ability of women to assign new objectives to financial resources, which they have mobilized from the banks of the financial system, mutual tontines, relatives and friends. This tinkering is a source of understanding for the State, the actors of the financial system and civil society, who participate in the renewal of the business park, in Thiès, in the Escale-Nord district, in Senegal.","PeriodicalId":37293,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship","volume":"60 1","pages":"130 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84654153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-22DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.1999106
Xiaohua Lin, Min Zhou
Diasporic Chinese entrepreneurship is a longstanding phenomenon for scholarly research (Zhou 2021). While the study of overseas Chinese entrepreneurs is an important subject matter in itself, much of the social science literature has taken on the perspectives of migrant-receiving countries and drawn on the diverse adaptation or integration experiences of Chinese migrants and their descendants to develop concepts such as ethnic enclaves, social capital, embeddedness, bounded solidary, and enforceable trust (Portes and Zhou 1992; You and Zhou 2019). Although historically, entrepreneurship has been a vital aspect of diasporic Chinese life and is crucial for understanding Chinese migration, immigrant transnationalism, and ancestral homeland or hometown development, scholars have increasingly shifted their focus to consider a rising China as the context from which contemporary Chinese entrepreneurship is developed and globalized. In Mainland China, nation-wide economic reforms enacted since the late 1970s have given rise to a burgeoning entrepreneurial sector, in which participants consist of not only Chinese citizens, but also diasporic Chinese, including internationally educated students, migrant returnees and transnationals (Saxenian 2002; Wang, Zweig, and Lin 2011), as well as international migrants who have arrived in China to pursue economic opportunities with or without initial intention to be entrepreneurs (Lyons, Brown, and Li 2012). While many scholars of Chinese entrepreneurship have written on the relations between diasporic Chinese entrepreneurs and their ancestral homeland from historical and cultural perspectives, few have attempted to examine China as the “host” context for diverse entrepreneurial undertakings. How unique is China for entrepreneurship? What does China mean as a place for individuals to launch their entrepreneurial pursuits? In this special issue, we address these questions through four studies of entrepreneurship by Chinese mainlanders, diasporic Chinese, and international migrants in China. We challenge the widely held cultural explanation of Chinese entrepreneurship and highlight the significance of China as a host context in which place and space intersect through the movement of international and internal migrants in affecting entrepreneurship. This editorial first provides a brief overview of the four contributions to this special issue, followed by some thoughts to move this line of research forward.
海外华人创业是一个长期存在的学术研究现象(Zhou 2021)。虽然对海外华人企业家的研究本身就是一个重要的主题，但许多社会科学文献都采取了移民接收国的视角，并借鉴了中国移民及其后代的不同适应或融合经验，从而发展出诸如种族飞地、社会资本、嵌入性、有界团结和可执行信任等概念(Portes和Zhou 1992;你和周2019)。虽然从历史上看，企业家精神一直是散居华人生活的一个重要方面，对于理解中国移民、移民跨国主义和祖籍或家乡的发展至关重要，但学者们越来越多地将注意力转移到考虑崛起的中国作为当代中国企业家精神发展和全球化的背景。在中国大陆，自20世纪70年代末开始实施的全国性经济改革，催生了一个蓬勃发展的创业部门，参与者不仅包括中国公民，还包括海外华人，包括受过国际教育的学生、归国移民和跨国公司(Saxenian 2002;Wang, Zweig, and Lin 2011)，以及那些来到中国寻求经济机会的国际移民，他们有或没有成为企业家的初衷(Lyons, Brown, and Li 2012)。虽然许多研究中国企业家精神的学者从历史和文化的角度撰写了散居海外的中国企业家与其祖籍国之间的关系，但很少有人试图将中国作为各种企业家事业的“东道国”进行研究。中国的创业有多独特?对于个人来说，中国作为一个创业的地方意味着什么?在本期特刊中，我们将通过四项关于中国内地人、海外华人和国际移民的创业研究来解决这些问题。我们挑战了对中国企业家精神广泛持有的文化解释，并强调了中国作为东道国背景的重要性，在这个背景下，通过国际和国内移民的流动，地方和空间相互交叉，影响着企业家精神。这篇社论首先简要概述了本期特刊的四篇文章，然后是一些推动这一研究方向的想法。
{"title":"Chinese entrepreneurship in a globalized world: place, space, and mobilities","authors":"Xiaohua Lin, Min Zhou","doi":"10.1080/08276331.2021.1999106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.1999106","url":null,"abstract":"Diasporic Chinese entrepreneurship is a longstanding phenomenon for scholarly research (Zhou 2021). While the study of overseas Chinese entrepreneurs is an important subject matter in itself, much of the social science literature has taken on the perspectives of migrant-receiving countries and drawn on the diverse adaptation or integration experiences of Chinese migrants and their descendants to develop concepts such as ethnic enclaves, social capital, embeddedness, bounded solidary, and enforceable trust (Portes and Zhou 1992; You and Zhou 2019). Although historically, entrepreneurship has been a vital aspect of diasporic Chinese life and is crucial for understanding Chinese migration, immigrant transnationalism, and ancestral homeland or hometown development, scholars have increasingly shifted their focus to consider a rising China as the context from which contemporary Chinese entrepreneurship is developed and globalized. In Mainland China, nation-wide economic reforms enacted since the late 1970s have given rise to a burgeoning entrepreneurial sector, in which participants consist of not only Chinese citizens, but also diasporic Chinese, including internationally educated students, migrant returnees and transnationals (Saxenian 2002; Wang, Zweig, and Lin 2011), as well as international migrants who have arrived in China to pursue economic opportunities with or without initial intention to be entrepreneurs (Lyons, Brown, and Li 2012). While many scholars of Chinese entrepreneurship have written on the relations between diasporic Chinese entrepreneurs and their ancestral homeland from historical and cultural perspectives, few have attempted to examine China as the “host” context for diverse entrepreneurial undertakings. How unique is China for entrepreneurship? What does China mean as a place for individuals to launch their entrepreneurial pursuits? In this special issue, we address these questions through four studies of entrepreneurship by Chinese mainlanders, diasporic Chinese, and international migrants in China. We challenge the widely held cultural explanation of Chinese entrepreneurship and highlight the significance of China as a host context in which place and space intersect through the movement of international and internal migrants in affecting entrepreneurship. This editorial first provides a brief overview of the four contributions to this special issue, followed by some thoughts to move this line of research forward.","PeriodicalId":37293,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship","volume":"26 1","pages":"357 - 362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87937343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.1997490
Carson Duan, B. Kotey, K. Sandhu
Abstract Immigrant entrepreneurship (IE) has significant impacts on socioeconomic development in ethnic communities and in host and home countries. Understanding immigrant entrepreneurial motivation (IEM) is therefore crucial for scholars, policymakers and practitioners. This paper undertakes a systematic literature review to identify and analyze individual and environmental factors that pull or push immigrants into entrepreneurship. The review identifies five dimensions of individual push-pull factors that predominantly determine IEM: demographics; personal circumstances; personal values and other personality characteristics; business ideas and opportunities; and self-efficacy. IEM is also determined by three dimensions of environmental factors: the ethnic enclave and host- and home-country contexts. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that pull factors (e.g., entrepreneurial desire, prior experience, need for personal improvement) have greater effects on IEM than push factors (e.g., lack of skills or legal migration documents, discrimination). The paper confirms that having the motivation to set up a business based on one’s own skills is the most effective IEM pull factor, followed by prior business experience and family business background. The paper also finds that lack of labor market competition due to the liability of foreignness and discrimination is a critical IEM push factor.
{"title":"A systematic literature review of determinants of immigrant entrepreneurship motivations","authors":"Carson Duan, B. Kotey, K. Sandhu","doi":"10.1080/08276331.2021.1997490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.1997490","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Immigrant entrepreneurship (IE) has significant impacts on socioeconomic development in ethnic communities and in host and home countries. Understanding immigrant entrepreneurial motivation (IEM) is therefore crucial for scholars, policymakers and practitioners. This paper undertakes a systematic literature review to identify and analyze individual and environmental factors that pull or push immigrants into entrepreneurship. The review identifies five dimensions of individual push-pull factors that predominantly determine IEM: demographics; personal circumstances; personal values and other personality characteristics; business ideas and opportunities; and self-efficacy. IEM is also determined by three dimensions of environmental factors: the ethnic enclave and host- and home-country contexts. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that pull factors (e.g., entrepreneurial desire, prior experience, need for personal improvement) have greater effects on IEM than push factors (e.g., lack of skills or legal migration documents, discrimination). The paper confirms that having the motivation to set up a business based on one’s own skills is the most effective IEM pull factor, followed by prior business experience and family business background. The paper also finds that lack of labor market competition due to the liability of foreignness and discrimination is a critical IEM push factor.","PeriodicalId":37293,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship","volume":"24 1","pages":"599 - 631"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72967343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-03DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.1995814
J. Haynie, A. Franco-Watkins, J. Ring
{"title":"Motivating and retaining non-family employees in the absence of fair policies and procedures: a family firm perspective","authors":"J. Haynie, A. Franco-Watkins, J. Ring","doi":"10.1080/08276331.2021.1995814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.1995814","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37293,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84186123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.1980679
Faustine Kede Ndouna, Roger Tsafack Nanfosso
Abstract There is empirical evidence of the effect of financial inclusion on the growth of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. However, little is known about its effect on the formalization of informal firms. This paper therefore aims to analyze the role of financial inclusion in the formalization process of SMEs in Cameroon. Using data from the Enterprise Survey 2016, we construct a financial inclusion index to assess the effect of overall access to inclusive financial services on the one hand. On the other hand, using a discrete choice model, we analyze the specific effect of each financial service. The result is that financial inclusion is associated with increased formalization of firms. Specifically, simultaneous access to several inclusive financial services increases the probability of formalization of firms by 5.3%. Furthermore, access to specific financial instruments such as credit and savings accounts increases the probability of registration for informally operating SMEs. Finally, the use of Mobile Money reduces this probability by 17.9%. These results underline the need to promote the development of certain inclusive financial services (such as access to credit, bank account creation) and to better organize the use of mobile financial services.
{"title":"Effet de l’inclusion financière sur la formalisation des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises au Cameroun","authors":"Faustine Kede Ndouna, Roger Tsafack Nanfosso","doi":"10.1080/08276331.2021.1980679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.1980679","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There is empirical evidence of the effect of financial inclusion on the growth of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. However, little is known about its effect on the formalization of informal firms. This paper therefore aims to analyze the role of financial inclusion in the formalization process of SMEs in Cameroon. Using data from the Enterprise Survey 2016, we construct a financial inclusion index to assess the effect of overall access to inclusive financial services on the one hand. On the other hand, using a discrete choice model, we analyze the specific effect of each financial service. The result is that financial inclusion is associated with increased formalization of firms. Specifically, simultaneous access to several inclusive financial services increases the probability of formalization of firms by 5.3%. Furthermore, access to specific financial instruments such as credit and savings accounts increases the probability of registration for informally operating SMEs. Finally, the use of Mobile Money reduces this probability by 17.9%. These results underline the need to promote the development of certain inclusive financial services (such as access to credit, bank account creation) and to better organize the use of mobile financial services.","PeriodicalId":37293,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship","volume":"32 1","pages":"56 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73768265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-18DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.1981730
G. Grandy, Angela Culham
Abstract Despite implementation of policies and programs aimed to increase women’s participation, there is still a significant gap in the percentage of women owned businesses compared to men. We explore how a women-focused entrepreneurial support organization (ESO) builds gender capital and how it might contribute to generating change and creating more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs). We adopt a Bourdieusian lens and a qualitative case study approach interviewing 18 participants associated with a local ESO in Saskatchewan, Canada (Women Entrepreneurs of Saskatchewan). Findings reveal that the ESO does contribute to building gender capital with an emphasis on cultural and social capital. This findings also raise additional questions. First, the extent to which some of the work of this ESO is reinforcing a masculine norm is unclear, as well as the policy implications of this (e.g., focus upon scaling up as a measure of success). Second, women entrepreneurs are not a heterogeneous group and it is challenging for one organization to generate gender capital in ways which account for women entrepreneurs’ varied experiences and motivations.
{"title":"Women-focused entrepreneurial support organizations: creating change in entrepreneurial ecosystems through building gender capital?","authors":"G. Grandy, Angela Culham","doi":"10.1080/08276331.2021.1981730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.1981730","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite implementation of policies and programs aimed to increase women’s participation, there is still a significant gap in the percentage of women owned businesses compared to men. We explore how a women-focused entrepreneurial support organization (ESO) builds gender capital and how it might contribute to generating change and creating more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs). We adopt a Bourdieusian lens and a qualitative case study approach interviewing 18 participants associated with a local ESO in Saskatchewan, Canada (Women Entrepreneurs of Saskatchewan). Findings reveal that the ESO does contribute to building gender capital with an emphasis on cultural and social capital. This findings also raise additional questions. First, the extent to which some of the work of this ESO is reinforcing a masculine norm is unclear, as well as the policy implications of this (e.g., focus upon scaling up as a measure of success). Second, women entrepreneurs are not a heterogeneous group and it is challenging for one organization to generate gender capital in ways which account for women entrepreneurs’ varied experiences and motivations.","PeriodicalId":37293,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship","volume":"48 1","pages":"502 - 523"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88489494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2021.1981729
A. Datta, C. Bazan, Kara A. Arnold
Abstract This study investigates the influence of gender role identity (GRI) on the precursors of entrepreneurial intention (EI) of university students. Understanding the EI of university students is essential since this is the stage in life when they need to make career choices, including that of becoming self-employed. Most studies in the past have focused on examining the gender gap in entrepreneurial behavior by analyzing EI as influenced by a person’s biological sex, i.e. a binary difference between men and women (e.g. man = 0, woman = 1). That approach for studying the gender gap in entrepreneurial behavior has produced inconsistent results. We argue that the discrepancies in those results are due to the over-simplistic approach involving biological sex instead of their self-perception of their gender. This study devised a mathematical model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social role theory to examine the influence of GRI in shaping the EI of university students and investigate the mediating role of the TPB’s constructs in the relationship. Research on EI as influenced by GRI leads to a more in-depth understanding of entrepreneurial behavior since both men and women may incorporate higher or lower levels of masculine and feminine characteristics into their self-identities. By analyzing the influence of GRI on EI, this study can explain the gender-related factors shaped by cultural and social dimensions that are absent in previous studies. One of the most important findings of this study is an understanding of the pathways by which GRI affects the EI of university students through the more proximal antecedents of EI. This new understanding can inform universities trying to increase gender equality in entrepreneurship. RÉSUMÉ Cette étude examine l’influence de l’identité de rôle de genre (IRG) sur les précurseurs de l’intention entrepreneuriale (IE) des étudiants universitaires. Il est essentiel de comprendre l’IE des étudiants universitaires puisque c’est à ce stade de la vie qu’ils doivent faire des choix de carrière, y compris celui de devenir indépendant. Dans le passé, la plupart des études se sont concentrées sur l’examen de l’écart entre les sexes en matière de comportement entrepreneurial, en analysant l’IE comme étant influencé par le sexe biologique d’une personne, c’est-à-dire une différence binaire entre les hommes et les femmes (par exemple, homme = 0, femme = 1). Cette approche de l’étude de l’écart entre les sexes dans le comportement entrepreneurial a donné des résultats contradictoires. Nous soutenons que les divergences dans ces résultats sont dues à l’approche trop simpliste impliquant le sexe biologique plutôt que l’auto-perception du genre. Cette étude a conçu un modèle mathématique basé sur la théorie du comportement planifié (TCP) et la théorie du rôle social pour examiner l’influence de l’IRG dans la formation de l’IE des étudiants universitaires et le rôle médiateur des constructions de la TCP dans
摘要本研究探讨了性别角色认同(GRI)对大学生创业意向前体的影响。了解大学生的情商是至关重要的，因为这是他们需要做出职业选择的人生阶段，包括自主创业。过去的大多数研究都侧重于通过分析个人生理性别(即男性和女性的二元差异(例如，男性= 0，女性= 1)对EI的影响来研究创业行为中的性别差异。这种研究创业行为中的性别差异的方法产生了不一致的结果。我们认为，这些结果的差异是由于过于简单的方法涉及生理性别，而不是他们对自己性别的自我认知。本研究以计划行为理论和社会角色理论为基础，构建了一个数学模型，考察了计划行为对大学生EI形成的影响，并探讨了计划行为构式在大学生EI形成中的中介作用。受GRI影响的EI研究可以更深入地理解创业行为，因为男性和女性都可能将更高或更低水平的男性和女性特征融入到他们的自我认同中。通过分析GRI对EI的影响，本研究可以解释文化和社会维度所塑造的性别相关因素，而这些因素在以往的研究中是缺失的。本研究最重要的发现之一是理解了GRI通过更近的前因影响大学生的EI的途径。这种新的认识可以为那些试图在创业中增加性别平等的大学提供启示。RÉSUMÉ赛特·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪·萨迪“基本理解”(essential de comcomel)是指“基本理解”，“基本理解”是指“基本理解”，“基本理解”是指“基本理解”，“基本理解”是指“基本理解”，“基本理解”。在过时的,学生的des练习曲se是集中于一点苏尔l 'examen de两性之间的标准差matiere de遵守一般创业,en analysant l 'IE像etant影响par le性别biologique一人,就是说一个区别好办法les hommes之间的女同性恋者(比如,人= 0,女人= 1)。这个approche de我德标准差两性之间在遵守一般创业时候contradictoires多恩。我们的观点不同，我们的观点不同，我们的观点不同，我们的观点不同，我们的观点不同，我们的观点不同，我们的观点不同，我们的观点不同。这个练习曲concu联合国模型上有数学基础理论都是遵守planifie (TCP)等杜拉理论社会角色倒考官有影响de l 'IRG在形成de l 'IE des学生大学医疗等角色mediateur des建筑de la TCP在这个关系。我的研究告诉我，我的影响是，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格，我的人格。在分析的过程中，我们可以用“影响”来解释，例如，“类型”、“文化”、“社会”、“社会”、“类型”、“文化”、“社会”等因素。所有的人都有不同的生活方式，例如，所有的人都有不同的生活方式，所有的人都有不同的生活方式，所有的人都有不同的生活方式，所有的人都有不同的生活方式。Cette nouvelle comcomension (Cette nouvelle comcomension)是指在大学期间的的的的)。
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