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A large-scale experimental simulator for natural gas hydrate recovery and its experimental applications 天然气水合物回收大型实验模拟器及其实验应用
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2021.12.005
Yang Ge , Qingping Li , Xin Lv , Mingqiang Chen , Bo Yang , Benjian Song , Jiafei Zhao , Yongchen Song

To facilitate the recovery of natural gas hydrate (NGH) deposits in the South China Sea, we have designed and developed the world's largest publicly reported experimental simulator for NGH recovery. This system can also be used to perform CO2 capture and sequestration experiments and to simulate NGH recovery using CH4/CO2 replacement. This system was used to prepare a shallow gas and hydrate reservoir, to simulate NGH recovery via depressurization with a horizontal well. A set of experimental procedures and data analysis methods were prepared for this system. By analyzing the measurements taken by each probe, we determined the temperature, pressure, and acoustic parameter trends that accompany NGH recovery. The results demonstrate that the temperature fields, pressure fields, acoustic characteristics, and electrical impedances of an NGH recovery experiment can be precisely monitored in real time using the aforementioned experimental system. Furthermore, fluid production rates can be calculated at a high level of precision. It was concluded that (1) the optimal production pressure differential ranges from 0.8 to 1.0 MPa, and the wellbore will clog if the pressure differential reaches 1.2 MPa; and (2) during NGH decomposition, strong heterogeneities will arise in the surrounding temperature and pressure fields, which will affect the shallow gas stratum.

为促进南海天然气水合物(NGH)矿藏的开采,我们设计并开发了世界上最大的公开报道的 NGH 开采实验模拟器。该系统还可用于进行二氧化碳捕获和封存实验,以及利用 CH4/CO2 置换法模拟 NGH 开采。该系统用于制备浅层天然气和水合物储层,通过水平井减压模拟 NGH 开采。为该系统准备了一套实验程序和数据分析方法。通过分析每个探头的测量结果,我们确定了伴随 NGH 开采的温度、压力和声学参数趋势。结果表明,使用上述实验系统可以实时精确地监测 NGH 回收实验的温度场、压力场、声学特性和电阻抗。此外,还可以计算出高精度的流体生产率。结论是:(1) 最佳生产压差范围为 0.8 至 1.0 兆帕,如果压差达到 1.2 兆帕,井筒就会堵塞;(2) 在 NGH 分解过程中,周围温度场和压力场会出现强烈的异质性,从而影响浅层气层。
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引用次数: 1
Forecasting oil production in unconventional reservoirs using long short term memory network coupled support vector regression method: A case study 利用长短期记忆网络耦合支持向量回归法预测非常规油藏的石油产量:案例研究
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2023.05.004
Shuqin Wen , Bing Wei , Junyu You , Yujiao He , Jun Xin , Mikhail A. Varfolomeev

Production prediction is crucial for the recovery of hydrocarbon resources. However, accurate and rapid production forecasting remains challenging for unconventional reservoirs due to the complexity of the percolation process and the scarcity of available data. To address this problem, a novel model combining a long short-term memory network (LSTM) and support vector regression (SVR) was proposed to forecast tight oil production. Three variables, the tubing head pressure, nozzle size, and water rate were utilized as the inputs of the presented machine-learning workflow to account for the influence of operational parameters. The time-series response of tight oil production was the output and was predicted by the optimized LSTM model. An SVR-based residual correction model was constructed and embedded with LSTM to increase the prediction accuracy. Case studies were carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed method using data from two wells in the Ma-18 block of the Xinjiang oilfield. Decline curve analysis (DCA) methods, LSTM and artificial neural network (ANN) models were also applied in this study and compared with the LSTM-SVR model to prove its superiority. It was demonstrated that introducing residual correction with the newly proposed LSTM-SVR model can effectively improve prediction performance. The LSTM-SVR model of Well A produced the lowest prediction root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.42, while the RMSE of Arps, PLE Duong, ANN, and LSTM were 5.84, 6.65, 5.85, 8.16, and 7.70, respectively. The RMSE of Well B of LSTM-SVR model is 0.94, while the RMSE of ANN, and LSTM were 1.48, and 2.32.

产量预测对于油气资源的开采至关重要。然而,由于渗流过程的复杂性和可用数据的稀缺性,对于非常规油藏来说,准确而快速的产量预测仍然具有挑战性。为解决这一问题,我们提出了一种结合长短期记忆网络(LSTM)和支持向量回归(SVR)的新型模型,用于预测致密油的产量。油管头压力、喷嘴尺寸和水率这三个变量被用作所提出的机器学习工作流程的输入,以考虑操作参数的影响。致密油生产的时间序列响应是输出结果,由优化的 LSTM 模型进行预测。构建了基于 SVR 的残差修正模型,并将其嵌入 LSTM,以提高预测精度。利用新疆油田马-18 区块两口井的数据进行了案例研究,验证了所提方法的可行性。本研究还应用了递减曲线分析(DCA)方法、LSTM 和人工神经网络(ANN)模型,并与 LSTM-SVR 模型进行了比较,以证明其优越性。结果表明,在新提出的 LSTM-SVR 模型中引入残差校正可以有效提高预测性能。A 井的 LSTM-SVR 模型产生的预测均方根误差(RMSE)最小,为 5.42,而 Arps、PLE Duong、ANN 和 LSTM 的 RMSE 分别为 5.84、6.65、5.85、8.16 和 7.70。LSTM-SVR 模型井 B 的 RMSE 为 0.94,而 ANN 和 LSTM 的 RMSE 分别为 1.48 和 2.32。
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引用次数: 0
Pore scale numerical investigation of counter-current spontaneous imbibition in multi-scaled pore networks 多尺度孔隙网络中逆流自发浸润的孔隙尺度数值研究
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2022.09.001
Yuchen Wu, Xiukun Wang, Chaofan Zhang, Chenggang Xian

The multi-scaled pore networks of shale or tight reservoirs are considerably different from the conventional sandstone reservoirs. After hydraulic fracturing treatment, the spontaneous imbibition process plays an important role in the productivity of the horizontal wells. Applying the color-gradient model of Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) accelerated with parallel computing, we studied the countercurrent spontaneous imbibition process in two kinds of pore structures with different interlacing distributions of large and small pores. The effect of geometry configuration of pore arrays with different pore-scale and the capillary number Ca on the mechanism of counter-current spontaneous imbibition as well as the corresponding oil recovery factor are studied. We found that the wetting phase tends to invade the small pore array under small Ca in both types of geometry configurations of different pore arrays of four pore arrays zones. The wetting phase also tends to invade the pore array near the inlet for injecting the wetting phase no matter if it is a large pore array or small pore array except for the situation when the Ca is large to a certain value. In this situation, the small pore arrays show resistance to the wetting phase, so the wetting phase doesn't invade the small pore near the inlet, but invades the large pore preferentially. Both the geometry configurations of different pore arrays and Ca have a significant effect on the oil recovery factor. This work will help to solve the doubt about the selectivity of the multi-scaled pores of the wetting phase and the role of pores with different sizes in imbibition and oil draining in countercurrent spontaneous imbibition processes.

页岩或致密储层的多尺度孔隙网络与常规砂岩储层有很大不同。水力压裂处理后,自发浸润过程对水平井的产能起着重要作用。应用并行计算加速的格子波兹曼方法(LBM)颜色梯度模型,我们研究了两种大小孔隙交错分布的孔隙结构中的逆流自发浸润过程。研究了不同孔隙尺度的孔隙阵列几何构型和毛细管数 Ca 对逆流自发浸润机理以及相应采油系数的影响。我们发现,在四孔阵列区不同孔阵列的两种几何构型中,在小 Ca 条件下,润湿相倾向于侵入小孔阵列。无论是大孔隙阵列还是小孔隙阵列,润湿相都倾向于侵入注入润湿相的入口附近的孔隙阵列,除非 Ca 大到一定值。在这种情况下,小孔阵列会对润湿相产生阻力,因此润湿相不会侵入入口附近的小孔,而是优先侵入大孔。不同孔隙阵列的几何构造和 Ca 对采油系数都有显著影响。这项工作将有助于解决润湿相多尺度孔隙的选择性问题,以及不同尺寸的孔隙在逆流自发浸润过程中的浸润和排油作用问题。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative study on the inhibiting mechanism of inhibitor with primary amine groups and quaternary ammonium groups for sodium bentonite 带有伯胺基团和季铵基团的抑制剂对钠基膨润土抑制机理的比较研究
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2022.05.001
Gang Xie , Yujing Luo , Chenglong Wang , Mingyi Deng , Yang Bai

Shale hydration and swelling is the main obstacle to the development of shale gas utilizing water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs). In this work, the inhibition mechanism of alkylammonium inhibitor and alkylamine inhibitor adsorbed on sodium bentonite (Na+Bent) are investigated using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential, particle size distribution tests, and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The results suggest that HTB and HMD can be inserted into the interlamination of Na+Bent and minimize the basal spacing compared to hydrated Na+Bent. HTB and HMD are inserted between the Na+Bent layers in a single-layer tiled manner and replace the sodium ions that are firmly fixed between the layers. Eventually, water molecules are removed from the interlayer Na+Bent. The interaction between the quaternary ammonium group and Na+Bent is more significant than between the primary amine group and Na+Bent. The inhibition performance suggests that HTB inhibits Na+Bent hydration and swelling more substantially than other inhibitors, indicating that the inhibition performance of the two quaternary ammonium groups is greater than that of the two primary amine groups. Therefore, HTB can be used as intercalation inhibition in WBDFs and has tremendous application value.

页岩水化膨胀是利用水基钻井液(WBDF)开发页岩气的主要障碍。本研究采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、ZETA电位、粒度分布测试和热重分析(TGA)等方法研究了吸附在钠基膨润土(Na+Bent)上的烷基铵抑制剂和烷基胺抑制剂的抑制机理。结果表明,与水合 Na+Bent 相比,HTB 和 HMD 可以插入 Na+Bent 的层间,并最大限度地减小基底间距。HTB 和 HMD 以单层平铺的方式插入 Na+Bent 层间,取代了层间牢固固定的钠离子。最终,水分子从层间 Na+Bent 中移除。季铵基团与 Na+Bent 之间的相互作用比伯胺基团与 Na+Bent 之间的相互作用更为显著。从抑制性能来看,HTB 对 Na+Bent 水化和膨胀的抑制作用比其他抑制剂更强,说明两个季铵基团的抑制性能大于两个伯胺基团的抑制性能。因此,HTB 可用作世行纤维板的插层抑制剂,具有巨大的应用价值。
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引用次数: 1
Experimental study of water imbibition characteristics of the lacustrine shale in Sichuan Basin 四川盆地湖相页岩吸水特性试验研究
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2022.04.004
Changgui Jia , Bo Xiao , Lijun You , Yang Zhou , Yili Kang

Through the stimulation method of large-scale hydraulic fracturing, the spontaneous imbibition capacity of the water phase in the shale reservoir has great influence on the effect of stimulation. Generally, the lacustrine shale has the characteristics of high clay minerals content, strong expansibility, development of nanopores and micro-pores, and underdevelopment of fractures, which leads to the unclear behavior of spontaneous imbibition of aqueous phase. The lacustrine shale of Da'anzhai Member and marine shale of Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin were selected to prepare both the shale matrix sample and fractured shale sample, and the spontaneous imbibition experiment of simulated formation water was carried out. By means of an XRD test, SEM observation, nuclear magnetic resonance test and linear expansion rate test, the mineral composition, the structure of pores and fractures, the capacity of hydration and expansion of both lacustrine and marine shale are compared and analyzed. The results show that the average spontaneous imbibition rate of lacustrine shale is 60.8% higher than that of marine shale within the initial 12 hours of imbibition. The lacustrine shale has faster imbibition rate than the marine shale in the initial stage of spontaneous imbibition. However, the lacustrine shale has underdeveloped pores and fractures, as well as poor connectivity of pores. Besides, the strong hydration and expansion of clay minerals can easily lead to dispersion and migration of clay minerals on the fracture surface, which will plug up the seepage channels, resulting in poor capacity of spontaneous imbibition. The spontaneous imbibition rate in the middle and late stage of Lacustrine shale is obviously lower than that of the marine shale. The overall spontaneous imbibition rate ability of the lacustrine shale is less than that of the marine shale. According to the characteristics of water imbibition of lacustrine shale, considering the dual effects of hydration expansion of clay minerals on the effective reconstructed volume, the microfractures can be initiated and extended by fully utilizing the hydration of shale. Acidification treatment, oxidation treatment or high temperature treatment can be used to expand pore space, enhance water phase imbibition capacity and improve multi-scale mass transfer capacity of the lacustrine shale.

通过大规模水力压裂的激励方法,页岩储层中水相的自发浸润能力对激励效果有很大影响。一般来说,湖相页岩具有粘土矿物含量高、膨胀性强、纳米孔和微孔发育、裂缝不发育等特点,导致水相自发浸润行为不明显。选取四川盆地大安寨系湖相页岩和龙马溪地层海相页岩制备了页岩基质样品和裂缝页岩样品,并进行了模拟地层水自发浸润实验。通过 XRD 测试、SEM 观察、核磁共振测试和线膨胀率测试,对比分析了湖相页岩和海相页岩的矿物组成、孔隙和裂缝结构、水化膨胀能力。结果表明,在浸润的最初 12 小时内,湖相页岩的平均自发浸润率比海相页岩高 60.8%。在自发浸润初期,湖相页岩的浸润速度比海相页岩快。然而,湖相页岩的孔隙和裂缝不发达,孔隙的连通性差。此外,粘土矿物的强烈水化和膨胀作用容易导致粘土矿物在断裂面上分散和迁移,从而堵塞渗流通道,导致自渗能力差。湖相页岩中后期的自渗率明显低于海相页岩。湖相页岩的整体自发浸润率能力低于海相页岩。根据湖相页岩的吸水特性,考虑到粘土矿物的水化膨胀对有效重构体积的双重影响,充分利用页岩的水化作用,可以启动和扩展微裂隙。可通过酸化处理、氧化处理或高温处理来扩大孔隙空间,增强水相浸润能力,提高湖相页岩的多尺度传质能力。
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引用次数: 0
Calculating densities and viscosities of natural gas with a high content of C2+ to predict two-phase liquid-gas flow pattern 计算高 C2+ 含量天然气的密度和粘度,预测液气两相流动模式
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2023.01.001
Yekaterina Moisseyeva, Alexandra Saitova, Sergey Strokin

The paper is devoted to the two-phase flow simulation. The gas-condensate mixture flow in a horizontal pipe under high pressure is considered. The influence of the equation of state (EOS) choice for mixture properties modelling on the flow regime calculation results is studied for gas with high content of methane homologues. An analytical overview of the methods to predict the flow pattern is provided. Based on this analysis, two techniques are selected. For these techniques, values of density and viscosity for each phase are required. Density calculation for the gas phase is performed with Van der Waals based EOS. The propriate EOS is selected based on studies of calculation errors for test mixtures. Calculation of liquid phase density is done by means of Patela-Teja and Guo-Du equations, two different models are considered for viscosity estimation. The flow patterns of gas-condensate mixture in a range of temperatures and pressures are calculated and verified via probability map. The results of study allow to recommend the Brusilovsky EOS for calculation of densities for similar gas mixtures and make more rigorous flow regime evaluation. The probability map shows that for the chosen composition and parameters of media the flow pattern is mostly transitional between segregated and annular independent from EOS.

本文致力于两相流模拟。考虑了高压下水平管道中的气体-冷凝物混合物流动。针对甲烷同系物含量较高的气体,研究了混合物特性建模的状态方程(EOS)选择对流态计算结果的影响。分析概述了预测流动模式的方法。在此分析基础上,选择了两种技术。这两种技术都需要各相的密度和粘度值。气相的密度计算采用基于范德华的 EOS。根据对测试混合物计算误差的研究,选择合适的 EOS。液相密度计算采用 Patela-Teja 和 Guo-Du 方程,粘度估算采用两种不同的模型。在一定的温度和压力范围内,通过概率图计算并验证了气体-冷凝物混合物的流动模式。根据研究结果,推荐使用布鲁西洛夫斯基 EOS 计算类似气体混合物的密度,并进行更严格的流态评估。概率图显示,在所选介质成分和参数条件下,流动模式大多是介于分离和环形之间的过渡模式,与 EOS 无关。
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引用次数: 0
Development and application of guar gum crosslinked gel with adjustable gelation time for total loss treatment 开发和应用可调节凝胶时间的瓜尔胶交联凝胶,用于全损治疗
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2022.09.003
Zhengqiang Xiong , Fan Fu , Zhifei Zou , Xiaodong Li , Shixian Tao , Yanning Li

To remediate the problem of severe or total losses, and meet the requirements of borehole plugging and pumping at different well depths, a novel crosslinked polymer gel (named HPG/Zr gel) with controlled gelation time and high gel strength was developed as loss circulation material, which mainly comprised hydroxypropyl guar gum, zirconium compound and triethanolamine. The influence of hydroxypropyl guar gum concentration, zirconium compound concentration, triethanolamine concentration and temperature on the gelation time of HPG/Zr gel was evaluated. In addition, the performance of HPG/Zr gel was investigated in terms of temperature resistance and shear resistance property, plugging ability and supporting cement slurry ability. According to the results, HPG/Zr gel can form a viscoelastic body with a network structure, and its gelation time can be practically adjustable. The results of the plugging experiment at different temperatures, pressures and pore sizes of quartz sand revealed that HPG/Zr gel could effectively plug sand pores at 150°C, and its pressure-bearing capacity can be up to 5 MPa. Employing its flow resistance and ability of supporting cement slurry, HPG/Zr gel was successfully applied in two geological boreholes by combining with cement slurry. Overall, the results of laboratory research and field tests indicate that HPG/Zr gel is useful for mitigating the lost circulation, and it is of huge importance to engineering applications.

为了解决严重亏损或全损问题,满足不同井深的井眼封堵和抽水要求,开发了一种新型交联聚合物凝胶(名为 HPG/Zr 凝胶)作为亏损循环材料,该凝胶主要由羟丙基瓜尔胶、锆化合物和三乙醇胺组成,具有凝胶时间可控、凝胶强度高等特点。评估了羟丙基瓜尔胶浓度、锆化合物浓度、三乙醇胺浓度和温度对 HPG/Zr 凝胶凝胶化时间的影响。此外,还考察了 HPG/Zr 凝胶的耐温性、抗剪性、堵塞能力和水泥浆支撑能力。结果表明,HPG/Zr 凝胶可形成具有网络结构的粘弹性体,其凝胶时间实际上是可调的。不同温度、压力和孔径的石英砂堵塞实验结果表明,HPG/Zr 凝胶能在 150°C 温度下有效堵塞砂孔隙,其承压能力可达 5 MPa。利用 HPG/Zr 凝胶的流动阻力和支撑水泥浆的能力,将其与水泥浆结合,成功应用于两个地质钻孔。总之,实验室研究和现场试验结果表明,HPG/Zr 凝胶可用于缓解循环损失,在工程应用中具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 2
Mechanical behavior of salt rocks: A geomechanical model 盐岩的力学行为:地质力学模型
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2022.09.002
Saeed Shad , Negar Razaghi , Davood Zivar , Soheil Mellat

The geomechanical behavior of salt rocks is a significant concern during drilling and development operations in some hydrocarbon reservoirs and underground gas storage sites. In this study, the static and dynamic salt rock geomechanical properties from a field in southwest Iran were evaluated using experiments such as waves' velocities, and thermo-mechanical coupled uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. As a result and by considering both the petrophysical well logs and laboratory data of the waves’ velocities, it is observed that the elastic properties of the core samples are concentrated within a narrow range unless an abnormality causes scatter. The results of uniaxial compression tests showed that rock strength decreases with increasing temperature linearly. In addition, the reduction of rock strength was observed with increasing porosity of the core samples as expected. In the case of triaxial compression tests, applying confining pressure on the core sample caused an increment in rock strength, while temperature decreased rock strength. The temperature also increased cohesion and decreases friction angle. The ratio of changes in stress to strain was used to investigate the dynamic changes in the geomechanical state. The maximum 0.25 damage factor was observed for the core samples for different definitions of the damage factor. Finally, we propose a novel analytical model to predict the stress-strain behavior of salt rocks at different conditions. The model was validated using experimental results and indicated a satisfactory accuracy.

在一些油气藏和地下储气库的钻探和开发作业中,盐岩的地质力学行为是一个重要问题。在这项研究中,利用波速、热机械耦合单轴和三轴压缩试验等实验,对伊朗西南部一个油田的静态和动态盐岩地质力学特性进行了评估。结果显示,通过同时考虑岩石学测井记录和实验室波速数据,可以发现岩心样本的弹性特性集中在一个较窄的范围内,除非异常现象导致分散。单轴压缩试验结果表明,岩石强度随温度升高呈线性下降。此外,随着岩芯样本孔隙率的增加,岩石强度也会随之降低。在三轴压缩试验中,对岩心样本施加约束压力会增加岩石强度,而温度则会降低岩石强度。温度还增加了内聚力,减小了摩擦角。应力与应变的变化比被用来研究地质力学状态的动态变化。在不同的破坏因子定义下,岩心样本的最大破坏因子为 0.25。最后,我们提出了一个新的分析模型来预测盐岩在不同条件下的应力-应变行为。该模型利用实验结果进行了验证,结果表明其准确性令人满意。
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引用次数: 2
Evaluation on the anisotropic brittleness index of shale rock using geophysical logging 利用地球物理测井评价页岩的各向异性脆性指数
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2022.06.001
Junchuan Gui , Jianchun Guo , Yu Sang , Yaxi Chen , Tianshou Ma , P.G. Ranjith

The brittleness index plays a significant role in the hydraulic fracturing design and wellbore stability analysis of shale reservoirs. Various brittleness indices have been proposed to characterize the brittleness of shale rocks, but almost all of them ignored the anisotropy of the brittleness index. Therefore, uniaxial compression testing integrated with geophysical logging was used to provide insights into the anisotropy of the brittleness index for Longmaxi shale, the presented method was utilized to assess brittleness index of Longmaxi shale formation for the interval of 3155–3175 m in CW-1 well. The results indicated that the brittleness index of Longmaxi shale showed a distinct anisotropy, and it achieved the minimum value at β = 45°-60°. As the bedding angle increased, the observed brittleness index (BI2_β) decreased firstly and increased then, it achieved the lowest value at β = 40°–60°, and it is consistent with the uniaxial compression testing results. Compared to the isotropic brittleness index (β = 0°), the deviation of the anisotropic brittleness index ranged from 10% to 66.7%, in other words, the anisotropy of brittleness index cannot be ignored for Longmaxi shale. Organic matter content is one of the main intrinsic causes of shale anisotropy, and the anisotropy degree of the brittleness index generally increases with the increase in organic matter content. The present work is valuable for the assessment of anisotropic brittleness for hydraulic fracturing design and wellbore stability analysis.

脆性指数在页岩储层的水力压裂设计和井筒稳定性分析中发挥着重要作用。人们提出了各种脆性指数来表征页岩的脆性,但几乎所有的脆性指数都忽略了脆性指数的各向异性。因此,采用单轴压缩试验与地球物理测井相结合的方法来揭示龙马溪页岩脆性指数的各向异性。结果表明,龙马溪页岩的脆性指数呈明显的各向异性,在β=45°-60°时达到最小值。随着铺层角的增大,观测到的脆性指数(BI2_β)先减小后增大,在β=40°-60°时达到最低值,这与单轴压缩试验结果一致。与各向同性脆性指数(β = 0°)相比,各向异性脆性指数的偏差在 10% 到 66.7% 之间,也就是说,龙马溪页岩的脆性指数各向异性不容忽视。有机质含量是造成页岩各向异性的主要内在原因之一,脆性指数的各向异性程度一般随有机质含量的增加而增加。本研究对水力压裂设计和井筒稳定性分析中各向异性脆性的评估具有重要价值。
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引用次数: 8
In-service performance of emergency shutdown valves and dependent operational relationships in the offshore oil and gas industry 近海石油和天然气工业中紧急关闭阀的在役性能及相关运行关系
Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.petlm.2023.06.004
Keith Cameron , Andrew Lewis , Diogo Montalvão , Mohammad Reza Herfatmanesh

Industrial process plants use emergency shutdown valves (ESDVs) as safety barriers to protect against hazardous events, bringing the plant to a safe state when potential danger is detected. These ESDVs are used extensively in offshore oil and gas processing plants and have been mandated in the design of such systems from national and international standards and legislation. This paper has used actual ESDV operating data from four mid/late life oil and gas production platforms in the North Sea to research operational relationships that are of interest to those responsible for the technical management and operation of ESDVs. The first of the two relationships is between the closure time (CT) of the ESDV and the time it remains in the open position, prior to the close command. It has been hypothesised that the CT of the ESDV is affected by the length of time that it has been open prior to being closed (Time since the last stroke). In addition to the general analysis of the data series, two sub-categories were created to further investigate this possible relationship for CT and these are “above mean” and “below mean”. The correlations (Pearson's based) resulting from this analysis are in the “weak” and “very weak” categories. The second relationship investigated was the effect of very frequent closures to assess if this improves the CT. ESDV operational records for six subjects were analysed to find closures that occurred within a 24 h period of each other. However, no discriminating trend was apparent where CT was impacted positively or negatively by the frequent closure group. It was concluded that the variance of ESDV closure time cannot be influenced by the technical management of the ESDV in terms of scheduling the operation of the ESDV.

工业加工厂使用紧急停机阀(ESDV)作为安全屏障,以防止危险事件的发生,在检测到潜在危险时使工厂进入安全状态。这些 ESDV 在近海石油和天然气加工厂得到广泛应用,国家和国际标准及立法也对此类系统的设计做出了规定。本文利用北海四个中/晚期油气生产平台的实际 ESDV 运行数据,研究了负责 ESDV 技术管理和运行的人员所关心的运行关系。这两种关系中的第一种是ESDV的关闭时间(CT)与关闭指令发出前ESDV保持在打开位置的时间之间的关系。据推测,ESDV 的 CT 会受到其在关闭之前的开启时间(自上次冲程起的时间)的影响。除了对数据序列进行总体分析外,还创建了两个子类别来进一步研究 CT 的这种可能关系,即 "高于平均值 "和 "低于平均值"。该分析得出的相关性(基于皮尔逊)分为 "弱 "和 "极弱 "两类。调查的第二种关系是频繁关闭的影响,以评估这是否会改善 CT。我们分析了六个受试者的 ESDV 运行记录,以找出 24 小时内相继发生的关闭情况。然而,在频繁关闭组对 CT 产生积极或消极影响方面,没有明显的区分趋势。结论是,ESDV 关闭时间的差异不会受到 ESDV 运行安排方面的技术管理的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Petroleum
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