Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.119.1.164174
Kareem Jafar Alwan, Ali Jaber Talib, Nawfel Muhammed Baqer Muhsin, Ali Shakir Baqir, Hameed Balacem Mahood
This paper deliberates experimentally the inspiration of capacity flow rate of air bubbles inserted on the time period of a water cooler container with 30 liters of regular water initially at 37 °C. Four various volume flow rates of the injected air were used in the experiments (Qa=0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 LPM). The air was injected into the water basin from the bottom as small air bubbles with an average diameter of (0.1 mm) via a spiral sparger made of silicon tube with (1400) holes and 0.1 mm hole diameter. In addition, four air pressures (P=2, 3, 4, and 5 bar) were used in the experiments. Consequences exhibited that the time required to cool down the water temperature (about 5 °C) was much smaller with injecting air bubbles than that of without injecting air bubbles (using the traditional cooling method). This consequence was more pronounced with amassed the volume airstream of the inserted air bubbles. The escalation the air volume flow rate, the quicker reduction the water cooling. Also, it was found that the pressure of the injected air bubbles had only a minor impact on the cooling process. Furthermore, the heat transfer and the cost of the cooling process with and without injecting air bubbles were studied. The heat transfer convection coefficient correlated of Nu was investigated to be increased with rising the volume flow rate of the injected air bubbles. Similarly, the cost of cooling down a specific amount of water was noticed to be decreased with increasing the injected air bubbles., The calculations illustrated that small air bubbles motility amount have a very significant guidance on time. The possibility of reaching the end of the cooling process can be achieved quicker as air flow rate amount is increased. It was clear how much electricity is saved using air bubble inoculation technique.
{"title":"Investigating the Effects of Air Bubbles Injection Technique on the Cooling Time of Warm Drinking Water","authors":"Kareem Jafar Alwan, Ali Jaber Talib, Nawfel Muhammed Baqer Muhsin, Ali Shakir Baqir, Hameed Balacem Mahood","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.119.1.164174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.119.1.164174","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deliberates experimentally the inspiration of capacity flow rate of air bubbles inserted on the time period of a water cooler container with 30 liters of regular water initially at 37 °C. Four various volume flow rates of the injected air were used in the experiments (Qa=0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 LPM). The air was injected into the water basin from the bottom as small air bubbles with an average diameter of (0.1 mm) via a spiral sparger made of silicon tube with (1400) holes and 0.1 mm hole diameter. In addition, four air pressures (P=2, 3, 4, and 5 bar) were used in the experiments. Consequences exhibited that the time required to cool down the water temperature (about 5 °C) was much smaller with injecting air bubbles than that of without injecting air bubbles (using the traditional cooling method). This consequence was more pronounced with amassed the volume airstream of the inserted air bubbles. The escalation the air volume flow rate, the quicker reduction the water cooling. Also, it was found that the pressure of the injected air bubbles had only a minor impact on the cooling process. Furthermore, the heat transfer and the cost of the cooling process with and without injecting air bubbles were studied. The heat transfer convection coefficient correlated of Nu was investigated to be increased with rising the volume flow rate of the injected air bubbles. Similarly, the cost of cooling down a specific amount of water was noticed to be decreased with increasing the injected air bubbles., The calculations illustrated that small air bubbles motility amount have a very significant guidance on time. The possibility of reaching the end of the cooling process can be achieved quicker as air flow rate amount is increased. It was clear how much electricity is saved using air bubble inoculation technique.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.119.1.196217
Rozaidi Arsyad Mahalil, Md Azree Othuman Mydin, R. Omar
The present study is an appraisal of dry and wet rot defects and their effects on structural and non-structural elements. There were three main objectives to be achieved which were to determine the main causes that lead to wet and dry rot defects in structural and non-structural elements of the building, to establish the effects of wet and dry rot defects on the structural and non-structural elements of the building and lastly to recommend approaches and techniques for repairing wet and dry rot flaws on building structural and non-structural elements. Various study methodologies were utilised, including thorough literature review, case study analysis, and interviews with subject matter experts. The study revealed that timber houses can possess notable flaws in both their structural and non-structural components, which can have adverse effects on its materials and environment. These problems can result in diminished comfort levels, health concerns, and potential risks to the occupants' lives. Dry rot mostly impacts timber components, resulting in significant harm and compromising the structural integrity. Wet rot is a type of decay that happens in moist environments and can impact a broader variety of materials. Moreover, it is essential to implement proactive maintenance and repair methods to mitigate the risks connected with rot. Some recommendations include implementing effective moisture management systems, conducting frequent inspections to detect deterioration early, and promptly responding to any evidence of decay by completing targeted repairs or replacements.
{"title":"Exploration of Timber Dry and Wet Rot Defects in Buildings: Types, Causes, Effects and Mitigation Methods","authors":"Rozaidi Arsyad Mahalil, Md Azree Othuman Mydin, R. Omar","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.119.1.196217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.119.1.196217","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is an appraisal of dry and wet rot defects and their effects on structural and non-structural elements. There were three main objectives to be achieved which were to determine the main causes that lead to wet and dry rot defects in structural and non-structural elements of the building, to establish the effects of wet and dry rot defects on the structural and non-structural elements of the building and lastly to recommend approaches and techniques for repairing wet and dry rot flaws on building structural and non-structural elements. Various study methodologies were utilised, including thorough literature review, case study analysis, and interviews with subject matter experts. The study revealed that timber houses can possess notable flaws in both their structural and non-structural components, which can have adverse effects on its materials and environment. These problems can result in diminished comfort levels, health concerns, and potential risks to the occupants' lives. Dry rot mostly impacts timber components, resulting in significant harm and compromising the structural integrity. Wet rot is a type of decay that happens in moist environments and can impact a broader variety of materials. Moreover, it is essential to implement proactive maintenance and repair methods to mitigate the risks connected with rot. Some recommendations include implementing effective moisture management systems, conducting frequent inspections to detect deterioration early, and promptly responding to any evidence of decay by completing targeted repairs or replacements.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.119.1.6779
K. Nasir, Maher Faris, Sa'ib, Abbas Hamid Aljubury, R. Zulkifli
A single-cylinder diesel engine is used for an experimental inquiry utilizing diesel fuel (Di) and two different improver types: diethyl ether (DE) and bael oil (BO). The purpose of this research is to enhance fuel quality for improved engine efficiency in reduced emissions from engines by using diethyl ether and Bael oil. The fuel's cetane number was tested after 15% bael oil and 10% diethyl ether were added to commercial diesel. In order to assess engine performance and emissions, engine tests were conducted with the three fuels at progressively higher speeds, without load, and in the 1000–2500 RPM range with 250 RPM steps. The study's findings indicate that using diethyl ether and bael oil, respectively, improved the fuel cetane number from 48 to 52 and 54. Additionally, a notable rise in engine efficiency by 9.9% and 17.6% and a notable increase in engine brake power by approximately 15.9% and 26.8%, respectively, had been observed for the entire engine speed. At low and medium engine speeds, there was a notable decrease in specific fuel consumption of 19.7% and 36.6%, respectively. Furthermore, compared to commercial diesel, a discernible decrease in emissions has been noted for CO of 15.3% and 29.8%, CO2 of 9.2% and 24.2%, and HC of 13% and 24.4%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that if you want to improve engine performance and lower exhaust emissions, you can use diethyl ether as a fuel additive with commercial diesel.
{"title":"An Experimental Study using Diesel Additives to Examine the Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of CI Engines","authors":"K. Nasir, Maher Faris, Sa'ib, Abbas Hamid Aljubury, R. Zulkifli","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.119.1.6779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.119.1.6779","url":null,"abstract":"A single-cylinder diesel engine is used for an experimental inquiry utilizing diesel fuel (Di) and two different improver types: diethyl ether (DE) and bael oil (BO). The purpose of this research is to enhance fuel quality for improved engine efficiency in reduced emissions from engines by using diethyl ether and Bael oil. The fuel's cetane number was tested after 15% bael oil and 10% diethyl ether were added to commercial diesel. In order to assess engine performance and emissions, engine tests were conducted with the three fuels at progressively higher speeds, without load, and in the 1000–2500 RPM range with 250 RPM steps. The study's findings indicate that using diethyl ether and bael oil, respectively, improved the fuel cetane number from 48 to 52 and 54. Additionally, a notable rise in engine efficiency by 9.9% and 17.6% and a notable increase in engine brake power by approximately 15.9% and 26.8%, respectively, had been observed for the entire engine speed. At low and medium engine speeds, there was a notable decrease in specific fuel consumption of 19.7% and 36.6%, respectively. Furthermore, compared to commercial diesel, a discernible decrease in emissions has been noted for CO of 15.3% and 29.8%, CO2 of 9.2% and 24.2%, and HC of 13% and 24.4%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that if you want to improve engine performance and lower exhaust emissions, you can use diethyl ether as a fuel additive with commercial diesel.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141832351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.119.1.4253
F. Jikol, Mohd Zaid, Y. M. Arifin, Mohd Azli Salim, S. Herawan
The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of droplet impingement interval on deposition characteristics of diesel fuel (DF) and palm oil biodiesel with different blending ratios (B10-B50) by applying the hot surface deposition test (HSDT). Generally, HSDT method is a simplified method to simulate fuel deposition in diesel engines by impinging fuel droplets on a heated aluminum alloy plate surface. The mass of accumulated deposits after droplets ND=16000 for impingement interval of timp=7 seconds (dry condition) MR=3.7mg (DF), MR=3.9mg (B10), MR=17.1mg (B20), MR=24.0mg (B30), MR=25.1mg (B40), and MR=28.8mg (B50). For impingement interval of timp=3 seconds (wet condition), the deposit mass was MR=4.4mg (DF), MR=8.9mg (B10), MR=20.4mg (B20), MR=31.1mg (B30), MR=62.4mg (B40), and MR=58.2mg (B50). In terms of deposit surface temperature, the recorded average minimum and maximum deposit surface temperatures were between Td=295°C to Td=325°C (timp=7 seconds) and Td=200°C to Td=300°C (timp=3 seconds) for DF. For B10-B50, the deposit surface temperatures were around Td=290°C to Td=350°C (timp=7 seconds) and below Td=200°C for impingement interval of timp=3 seconds.
{"title":"Analyzing the Impact of Droplet Impingement Interval on Biodiesel Deposition Characteristics","authors":"F. Jikol, Mohd Zaid, Y. M. Arifin, Mohd Azli Salim, S. Herawan","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.119.1.4253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.119.1.4253","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of droplet impingement interval on deposition characteristics of diesel fuel (DF) and palm oil biodiesel with different blending ratios (B10-B50) by applying the hot surface deposition test (HSDT). Generally, HSDT method is a simplified method to simulate fuel deposition in diesel engines by impinging fuel droplets on a heated aluminum alloy plate surface. The mass of accumulated deposits after droplets ND=16000 for impingement interval of timp=7 seconds (dry condition) MR=3.7mg (DF), MR=3.9mg (B10), MR=17.1mg (B20), MR=24.0mg (B30), MR=25.1mg (B40), and MR=28.8mg (B50). For impingement interval of timp=3 seconds (wet condition), the deposit mass was MR=4.4mg (DF), MR=8.9mg (B10), MR=20.4mg (B20), MR=31.1mg (B30), MR=62.4mg (B40), and MR=58.2mg (B50). In terms of deposit surface temperature, the recorded average minimum and maximum deposit surface temperatures were between Td=295°C to Td=325°C (timp=7 seconds) and Td=200°C to Td=300°C (timp=3 seconds) for DF. For B10-B50, the deposit surface temperatures were around Td=290°C to Td=350°C (timp=7 seconds) and below Td=200°C for impingement interval of timp=3 seconds.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141832583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.119.1.117133
Muhammad Firdaus Mohd Fauzi, Nasrul Hadi Johari, Mohd Jamil Mohamed Mokhtarudin, Bazli Mohd Yusoff, Baolei Guo
The study presents the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modeling in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) geometry, highlighting the effects of arterial blockage on hemodynamics and arterial wall mechanics. Employing a RANS-based SST-Tran model, the study examines stenotic PAD models under realistic boundary conditions, coupled with a hyperelastic Mooney-Rivlin model to simulate the arterial wall's response. The analysis includes velocity profiles, wall shear stress (WSS), pressure distribution, and wall displacement, revealing significant differences between healthy and stenosed models. It demonstrates adaptive hemodynamics, the impact of stenosis on flow mechanics, and potential implications for atherosclerosis and plaque formation. The findings highlight the importance of understanding stenosis severity for clinical risk assessment, treatment planning, and monitoring.
该研究介绍了外周动脉疾病（PAD）几何中的流固耦合（FSI）建模，突出了动脉阻塞对血液动力学和动脉壁力学的影响。该研究采用基于 RANS 的 SST-Tran 模型，在现实边界条件下研究了狭窄的 PAD 模型，并结合超弹性的 Mooney-Rivlin 模型模拟了动脉壁的响应。分析包括速度曲线、壁剪应力（WSS）、压力分布和壁位移，揭示了健康模型和狭窄模型之间的显著差异。它展示了适应性血液动力学、狭窄对流动力学的影响以及对动脉粥样硬化和斑块形成的潜在影响。研究结果强调了了解狭窄严重程度对于临床风险评估、治疗计划和监测的重要性。
{"title":"Fluid-Structure Interaction Modelling of Blood Flow in Peripheral Arterial Disease","authors":"Muhammad Firdaus Mohd Fauzi, Nasrul Hadi Johari, Mohd Jamil Mohamed Mokhtarudin, Bazli Mohd Yusoff, Baolei Guo","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.119.1.117133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.119.1.117133","url":null,"abstract":"The study presents the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) modeling in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) geometry, highlighting the effects of arterial blockage on hemodynamics and arterial wall mechanics. Employing a RANS-based SST-Tran model, the study examines stenotic PAD models under realistic boundary conditions, coupled with a hyperelastic Mooney-Rivlin model to simulate the arterial wall's response. The analysis includes velocity profiles, wall shear stress (WSS), pressure distribution, and wall displacement, revealing significant differences between healthy and stenosed models. It demonstrates adaptive hemodynamics, the impact of stenosis on flow mechanics, and potential implications for atherosclerosis and plaque formation. The findings highlight the importance of understanding stenosis severity for clinical risk assessment, treatment planning, and monitoring.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141832091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weibull parameters have been widely used to evaluate wind energy potential. In this work presents wind resource assessment by statistical analysis with a Weibull distribution model for Krabi, Phuket, and Ranong weather stations in south-western Thailand. Ten-minute intervals include wind speed and wind direction of 10m from four-year records obtained by the Thai meteorological department. Four numerical methods, namely empirical method, graphical method, energy pattern factor method and maximum likelihood method are examined to estimate the Weibull parameters. The Weibull distribution obtained from each method is compared with the observed wind speed distribution by the performance tests using root mean square error, mean percentage error, and chi-square error to select a suitable method for the station area. The results revealed that the maximum likelihood method was the most accurate for Krabi and Phuket stations, and the energy pattern factor method was the most accurate for Ranong station. At a hub height of 80m, the highest mean wind speed and mean wind power density found in Krabi station were 3.25 m/s and 44.84 W/m2. The most probable wind speed value in three stations had a range from 1.80 to 2.50 m/s. The maximum wind speed carrying maximum energy found in Krabi station was 5.53 m/s. The operating probability of a wind turbine in Krabi station was 49.61%, followed by Phuket station was 46.80%, and Ranong station was 37.84%, respectively. In conclusion, all three stations had wind power potential classified as wind class 1 and can be sorted as follows: Krabi, Phuket, and Ranong stations.
{"title":"Statistical Analysis of Wind Resource Assessment for Different Locations in South-Western Thailand","authors":"Attapon Chumapan, Paramin Neranon, Juntakan Taweekun","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.118.2.87100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.118.2.87100","url":null,"abstract":"Weibull parameters have been widely used to evaluate wind energy potential. In this work presents wind resource assessment by statistical analysis with a Weibull distribution model for Krabi, Phuket, and Ranong weather stations in south-western Thailand. Ten-minute intervals include wind speed and wind direction of 10m from four-year records obtained by the Thai meteorological department. Four numerical methods, namely empirical method, graphical method, energy pattern factor method and maximum likelihood method are examined to estimate the Weibull parameters. The Weibull distribution obtained from each method is compared with the observed wind speed distribution by the performance tests using root mean square error, mean percentage error, and chi-square error to select a suitable method for the station area. The results revealed that the maximum likelihood method was the most accurate for Krabi and Phuket stations, and the energy pattern factor method was the most accurate for Ranong station. At a hub height of 80m, the highest mean wind speed and mean wind power density found in Krabi station were 3.25 m/s and 44.84 W/m2. The most probable wind speed value in three stations had a range from 1.80 to 2.50 m/s. The maximum wind speed carrying maximum energy found in Krabi station was 5.53 m/s. The operating probability of a wind turbine in Krabi station was 49.61%, followed by Phuket station was 46.80%, and Ranong station was 37.84%, respectively. In conclusion, all three stations had wind power potential classified as wind class 1 and can be sorted as follows: Krabi, Phuket, and Ranong stations.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.118.2.7486
Thanate Ratanawilai, Noppanat Jaturonlux, Anas Awae, Warinthon Muangnivet, Zaleha Mustafa
An additive manufacturing (AM) has become very popular due to its simplicity in producing complicated products using just one process due to the layer-by-layer addition of material, which makes it possible for more complicated products to be created. The constraint of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) printed components with inadequate mechanical qualities has prevented AM from being widely adopted by numerous industries. The mechanical and thermal qualities of FFF printed components which is a pure polymer could be enhanced by reinforcing the wood fiber into the polymer. In this study, the twin-screw extruder was used to produce the wood plastic composites (WPCs) filaments, which were made with ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) as the matrix material and 1-3wt% rubberwood fiber (RWF) for reinforcement. The effects of the extrusion parameter, such as the volume fraction of RWF and the temperature of the extrusion process, on the 3D-printed WPCs samples were investigated. The experimental results of 3D-printed WPC sample were found that the highest compressive strength value is 24.3 MPa, obtained from the rubberwood 1wt% at the extrusion temperature 218 °C whereas the pure ABS filaments obtaining from the commercial and extrusion process gave the values of 28.9 and 14.5 MPa, respectively. The highest value of tensile strength is 8.4 MPa with the rubberwood 2wt% and temperature 198 °C whereas the pure ABS filaments obtaining from the commercial and extrusion process gave the values of 10.9 and 7.4 MPa, respectively. The morphological analysis of the 3D-printed WPC sample was observed to exhibit an effect of printing process. The result showed that an increasing temperature of extrusion process increases both tensile and compressive strengths of the samples whereas an increasing amount of fiber increases the tensile strength but decreased the compressive strength. Analysis of variance demonstrated linear factor and 2-way interaction factor of the extrusion parameter influence on compression and tensile strength significantly. The rubberwood 2wt% and the temperature 218 °C was suggested to achieve the suitable condition for extrusion process for the 3D-printed WPC sample. In addition, the discussions were supported with the thermal properties achieved from Thermogravimetric analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry.
{"title":"Mechanical and Thermal Properties of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Reinforced with Rubberwood Fiber","authors":"Thanate Ratanawilai, Noppanat Jaturonlux, Anas Awae, Warinthon Muangnivet, Zaleha Mustafa","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.118.2.7486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.118.2.7486","url":null,"abstract":"An additive manufacturing (AM) has become very popular due to its simplicity in producing complicated products using just one process due to the layer-by-layer addition of material, which makes it possible for more complicated products to be created. The constraint of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) printed components with inadequate mechanical qualities has prevented AM from being widely adopted by numerous industries. The mechanical and thermal qualities of FFF printed components which is a pure polymer could be enhanced by reinforcing the wood fiber into the polymer. In this study, the twin-screw extruder was used to produce the wood plastic composites (WPCs) filaments, which were made with ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) as the matrix material and 1-3wt% rubberwood fiber (RWF) for reinforcement. The effects of the extrusion parameter, such as the volume fraction of RWF and the temperature of the extrusion process, on the 3D-printed WPCs samples were investigated. The experimental results of 3D-printed WPC sample were found that the highest compressive strength value is 24.3 MPa, obtained from the rubberwood 1wt% at the extrusion temperature 218 °C whereas the pure ABS filaments obtaining from the commercial and extrusion process gave the values of 28.9 and 14.5 MPa, respectively. The highest value of tensile strength is 8.4 MPa with the rubberwood 2wt% and temperature 198 °C whereas the pure ABS filaments obtaining from the commercial and extrusion process gave the values of 10.9 and 7.4 MPa, respectively. The morphological analysis of the 3D-printed WPC sample was observed to exhibit an effect of printing process. The result showed that an increasing temperature of extrusion process increases both tensile and compressive strengths of the samples whereas an increasing amount of fiber increases the tensile strength but decreased the compressive strength. Analysis of variance demonstrated linear factor and 2-way interaction factor of the extrusion parameter influence on compression and tensile strength significantly. The rubberwood 2wt% and the temperature 218 °C was suggested to achieve the suitable condition for extrusion process for the 3D-printed WPC sample. In addition, the discussions were supported with the thermal properties achieved from Thermogravimetric analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141677496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Supermarkets in Thailand continue to grow and there will be more than 1500 branches by 2023 open 18-24 hours a day. In this research, we will present how to increase energy efficiency in retail stores by reducing the energy consumption of compressors of chiller air conditioning systems by using energy management systems in retail stores. Retail energy management systems in retail stores use the Internet of Things to connect to a device to store data and analyze and process from big data, then Artificial Intelligence controls and commands to make the air conditioning system energy efficient. Controlling 10 AHUs using central sensors at the sales area instead of return sensors allows us to save 25% of energy or 12,886 kWh/Year. As for the cold-water pump, it is controlled by an inverter. By using sensors to measure the water flow rate, we save 33% of energy or 19,755 kWh/Year. When controlling the water pump and AHU, the chiller compressor will save energy because when the air handling unit and the water pump have reduced work, the work of the compressor to cool water is reduced as well, resulting in energy savings of 12% or 25,211 kWh/Day. Using such a system reduces the overall energy consumption of the chiller air conditioning system. 17% or 57,852 per year has a payback period of 3 years and can also be extended to other systems within the store or other stores.
{"title":"The Optimization of Chillers Air-Conditioning in Thailand Supermarkets using a Retail Energy Management System (REMS)","authors":"Piyanut Saengsikhiao, Chayapat Prapaipornlert, Juntakan Taweekun","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.118.2.6273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.118.2.6273","url":null,"abstract":"Supermarkets in Thailand continue to grow and there will be more than 1500 branches by 2023 open 18-24 hours a day. In this research, we will present how to increase energy efficiency in retail stores by reducing the energy consumption of compressors of chiller air conditioning systems by using energy management systems in retail stores. Retail energy management systems in retail stores use the Internet of Things to connect to a device to store data and analyze and process from big data, then Artificial Intelligence controls and commands to make the air conditioning system energy efficient. Controlling 10 AHUs using central sensors at the sales area instead of return sensors allows us to save 25% of energy or 12,886 kWh/Year. As for the cold-water pump, it is controlled by an inverter. By using sensors to measure the water flow rate, we save 33% of energy or 19,755 kWh/Year. When controlling the water pump and AHU, the chiller compressor will save energy because when the air handling unit and the water pump have reduced work, the work of the compressor to cool water is reduced as well, resulting in energy savings of 12% or 25,211 kWh/Day. Using such a system reduces the overall energy consumption of the chiller air conditioning system. 17% or 57,852 per year has a payback period of 3 years and can also be extended to other systems within the store or other stores.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 77","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141680291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.37934/arfmts.118.2.101113
Azira Khairudin, Najiha Hamid, Syahida Suhaimi, Mohd Ikmar Nizam Mohamad Isa, Nur Athirah Mohd Taib, Syamsul Kamar Muhamad @ Wahab
A nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) with different percentages of argon and oxygen gas flow rate was deposited on a silicon wafer by a simple hot tube thermal evaporation technique. The effect of different percentages of gas flow rate on the crystal structure, surface morphology and optical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and RAMAN spectroscopy, respectively. The changes of morphologies from FESEM were significant where the grown ZnO nanostructures show three different shapes which are nanotripods, nanoclusters and nanorods at 5%, 10% and 25% of oxygen gas, respectively. EDX results revealed that Zn and O elements have a major percentage in the sample indicating a composition has high purity of ZnO. XRD patterns displayed the most intense diffraction peak of ZnO at (101), which exhibited a single crystalline hexagonal structure with preferred growth orientation in the c-axis. RAMAN scattering study found that synthesized ZnO shows the high intensity of E2 mode and low intensity of E1 mode attributed to all the samples having good crystal quality containing fewer structural defects. In conclusion, the E15 sample with a 25% oxygen gas flow rate was selected as an optimum result for synthesizing a homogenous surface and high crystallinity of ZnO by using a hot tube thermal evaporation process. This work can enhance the development of ZnO production in various applications.
通过简单的热管热蒸发技术，在硅晶片上沉积了不同氩气和氧气流量百分比的纳米结构氧化锌（ZnO）。利用 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM)、能量色散 X 射线 (EDX) 和 RAMAN 光谱分别表征了不同气体流速百分比对晶体结构、表面形貌和光学特性的影响。场发射扫描电子显微镜观察到的形貌变化非常明显，在含氧量为 5%、10% 和 25% 的条件下，生长出的氧化锌纳米结构呈现出三种不同的形状，分别是纳米三角形、纳米团簇和纳米棒。EDX 结果显示，Zn 和 O 元素在样品中占很大比例，这表明样品中的 ZnO 纯度很高。XRD 图谱显示，氧化锌最强烈的衍射峰位于(101)处，呈单晶六方结构，优先生长方向为 c 轴。RAMAN 散射研究发现，合成的氧化锌显示出较高的 E2 模式强度和较低的 E1 模式强度，这归因于所有样品都具有良好的晶体质量，含有较少的结构缺陷。总之，选择氧气流量为 25% 的 E15 样品是利用热管热蒸发工艺合成表面均匀、结晶度高的氧化锌的最佳结果。这项工作可促进氧化锌生产在各种应用领域的发展。
{"title":"The Influence of Varying Ar/O2 Gas Ratio with Catalyst-Free Growth by Homemade Thermal Evaporation Technique","authors":"Azira Khairudin, Najiha Hamid, Syahida Suhaimi, Mohd Ikmar Nizam Mohamad Isa, Nur Athirah Mohd Taib, Syamsul Kamar Muhamad @ Wahab","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.118.2.101113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.118.2.101113","url":null,"abstract":"A nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) with different percentages of argon and oxygen gas flow rate was deposited on a silicon wafer by a simple hot tube thermal evaporation technique. The effect of different percentages of gas flow rate on the crystal structure, surface morphology and optical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and RAMAN spectroscopy, respectively. The changes of morphologies from FESEM were significant where the grown ZnO nanostructures show three different shapes which are nanotripods, nanoclusters and nanorods at 5%, 10% and 25% of oxygen gas, respectively. EDX results revealed that Zn and O elements have a major percentage in the sample indicating a composition has high purity of ZnO. XRD patterns displayed the most intense diffraction peak of ZnO at (101), which exhibited a single crystalline hexagonal structure with preferred growth orientation in the c-axis. RAMAN scattering study found that synthesized ZnO shows the high intensity of E2 mode and low intensity of E1 mode attributed to all the samples having good crystal quality containing fewer structural defects. In conclusion, the E15 sample with a 25% oxygen gas flow rate was selected as an optimum result for synthesizing a homogenous surface and high crystallinity of ZnO by using a hot tube thermal evaporation process. This work can enhance the development of ZnO production in various applications.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141678285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this research, numerical modelling is used to explore the heat transfer through natural convection capabilities of nine aluminum integrated circuit chips that are installed on substrate board. The goal is to figure out where on the substrate board these IC chips would be best placed if they were arranged differently. The dimensionless parameter (λ) plays a very essential role, and by applying a hybrid technique consisting of ANN and GA. ANSYS Icepack calculates IC chip temperature distributions in 3D steady state numerical simulations. It has been shown that the form, dimensions, and IC chips' substrate board positioning affects their operating temperature. In comparison to the strategies that have been used in the past, hybrid optimization is the strategy that has shown to be the most reliable in properly predicting how the IC chips would be arranged on the substrate board. It has been observed that higher values of one of these parameters lead to a reduction in the maximum temperature surplus. A correlation has been established to illustrate this relationship as it increases. The most favorable simulation outcomes are utilized to drive a genetic algorithm (GA), which identifies the optimal configuration ensuring that the temperatures of the heat sources remain well below their specified maximum operating conditions, as outlined in the data sheets. The maximum temperature variation between the lowest and highest extreme configurations ranges between 4 - 8%. The smallest size IC chip, U2 with high heat dissipation rate attains the maximum temperature in the configuration, however, the temperature variation for the low powered IC chips U3, U4 and U7 are very small. Found good agreement of both the data with an error band of 10%, and thus confirms the accuracy of the network.
在这项研究中，我们利用数值建模来探索安装在基板上的九个铝集成电路芯片通过自然对流进行传热的能力。目的是找出如果这些集成电路芯片以不同方式排列，它们在基板上的最佳位置。无量纲参数 (λ) 起着非常重要的作用，通过应用由 ANN 和 GA 组成的混合技术，ANSYS Icepack 计算出了集成电路芯片的自然对流能力。ANSYS Icepack 在三维稳态数值模拟中计算集成电路芯片温度分布。结果表明，集成电路芯片的形状、尺寸和基板定位会影响其工作温度。与过去使用的策略相比，混合优化策略在正确预测集成电路芯片如何在基板上排列方面最为可靠。据观察，其中一个参数值越高，最大温度过剩就越少。随着参数值的增加，已建立了相关关系来说明这种关系。利用最有利的模拟结果来驱动遗传算法 (GA)，从而确定最佳配置，确保热源温度远低于数据表中规定的最大工作条件。最低和最高极端配置之间的最大温度变化范围为 4 - 8%。尺寸最小、散热率高的集成电路芯片 U2 在配置中达到了最高温度，然而，低功率集成电路芯片 U3、U4 和 U7 的温度变化非常小。结果表明，两个数据的误差范围均为 10%，吻合度很高，从而证实了网络的准确性。
{"title":"Predictive Placement of IC Chips using ANN-GA Approach for Efficient Thermal Cooling","authors":"Anant Sidhappa Kurhade, Ramdas Biradar, Rahul Shivaji Yadav, Prashant Patil, Nitin Babanrao Kardekar, Shital Yashwant Waware, Kashinath Haribhau Munde, Ajitkumar Gulab Nimbalkar, Govindarajan Murali","doi":"10.37934/arfmts.118.2.137147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.118.2.137147","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, numerical modelling is used to explore the heat transfer through natural convection capabilities of nine aluminum integrated circuit chips that are installed on substrate board. The goal is to figure out where on the substrate board these IC chips would be best placed if they were arranged differently. The dimensionless parameter (λ) plays a very essential role, and by applying a hybrid technique consisting of ANN and GA. ANSYS Icepack calculates IC chip temperature distributions in 3D steady state numerical simulations. It has been shown that the form, dimensions, and IC chips' substrate board positioning affects their operating temperature. In comparison to the strategies that have been used in the past, hybrid optimization is the strategy that has shown to be the most reliable in properly predicting how the IC chips would be arranged on the substrate board. It has been observed that higher values of one of these parameters lead to a reduction in the maximum temperature surplus. A correlation has been established to illustrate this relationship as it increases. The most favorable simulation outcomes are utilized to drive a genetic algorithm (GA), which identifies the optimal configuration ensuring that the temperatures of the heat sources remain well below their specified maximum operating conditions, as outlined in the data sheets. The maximum temperature variation between the lowest and highest extreme configurations ranges between 4 - 8%. The smallest size IC chip, U2 with high heat dissipation rate attains the maximum temperature in the configuration, however, the temperature variation for the low powered IC chips U3, U4 and U7 are very small. Found good agreement of both the data with an error band of 10%, and thus confirms the accuracy of the network.","PeriodicalId":37460,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences","volume":" 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141679150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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