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The Howard League and liberal colonial penality in mid-20th-century Britain: The death penalty in Palestine and the Kenya Emergency 霍华德联盟与20世纪中期英国的自由主义殖民惩罚:巴勒斯坦的死刑和肯尼亚的紧急情况
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-10 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12513
Lizzie Seal, Roger Ball

This article analyses the Howard League's campaigning against the death penalty in mid-20th-century British colonies. It examines two case studies: the Howard League's campaign to limit the death penalty in the Palestine Mandate in the 1930s and their silence on mass executions during the Kenya Emergency in the 1950s. Drawing on Ben-Natan's (2021) concept of the dual penal regime, we argue the Howard League concentrated its intervention in ordinary penal regimes and demarcated emergency penal regimes as outside its sphere of interest and influence. Consequently, it was silent on the penal excess of colonial authorities during periods of counter-insurgency. Criminology as a discipline largely shares this demarcation of the penal measures associated with colonial wars, militarism and states of emergency as beyond its purview. Inclusion of these aspects of colonial penality into the criminological narrative highlights the significance of colonialism and colonial ways of thinking to penal liberalism.

本文分析了霍华德联盟在20世纪中期英国殖民地反对死刑的运动。它考察了两个案例研究:霍华德联盟在20世纪30年代限制巴勒斯坦托管区死刑的运动,以及他们在20世纪50年代肯尼亚紧急状态期间对大规模处决的沉默。根据Ben Natan(2021)关于双重刑罚制度的概念,我们认为霍华德联盟将其干预集中在普通刑罚制度上,并将紧急刑罚制度界定为其利益和影响力范围之外。因此,它对殖民当局在反叛乱期间的过度惩罚保持沉默。犯罪学作为一门学科,在很大程度上与殖民战争、军国主义和紧急状态相关的刑事措施有着相同的界限,这些都超出了它的职权范围。将殖民惩罚的这些方面纳入犯罪学叙事,突显了殖民主义和殖民思维方式对刑罚自由主义的意义。
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引用次数: 2
Command and persuade: crime, law, and the state across history P. Baldwin, Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press. 2021. 480pp. $34.95 (hbk); $24.95 (pbk) ISBN: 9780262045629; 9780262546027 命令与说服:历史上的犯罪、法律和国家。:麻省理工学院出版社,2021。480页。34.95美元(hbk);$24.95 (pbk) ISBN: 9780262045629;9780262546027
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12500
Simon Devereaux

Forty years ago, when Daniel Boorstin (1983) published his now classic volume of popular history, The discoverers, a sceptical reviewer in Time magazine said that the book read like the work of a man whose suitcase full of looseleaf notes had burst open while he was running to catch a bus. A not dissimilar feeling sometimes came over me while reading Peter Baldwin's extraordinarily ambitious new survey of crime, law, punishment and policing across recorded human history. There is much here both to enjoy and admire, not least the astonishing scale and range of the secondary referencing: nearly 1,800 notes covering the last 78 pages of the book. Baldwin has certainly consulted a lot of scholarship.

The broad assertions of this book will not strike any reasonably well-informed historian of criminal justice as overly surprising. Over several millennia, Baldwin tells us, sin and crime – once seen as essentially indistinguishable – have come to be defined, far more rigorously, as distinctive categories of human behaviour. Much of the reason for this involves the advent of state power. Where once human beings relied upon divine intervention for the enforcement of moral and social norms, increasingly that task has fallen to the state. Early regimes, which were authoritarian in character, relied upon occasional examples of extreme penal severity – breaking on the wheel, decapitation, hangings on a sometimes enormous scale, and so forth – to deter potential wrongdoers. As states grew more democratic and humane, so too did the formal character of their penal sanctions. The advent of non-lethal punishments, notably banishment, fines, and finally large-scale imprisonment, enabled the state to relinquish its early reliance upon execution and other modes of bodily torment. Indeed, since the early 19th century, professionalised policing – now critically abetted by the extraordinary surveillance capacities afforded by modern technologies, and by the substantial abandonment of paper currency and coin – has enabled states to pursue more and more rigorous and effective means of preventing crimes from occurring in the first place. In many parts of the developed world, a person can go their whole life without being robbed or burgled.

If the general trend of all this sounds broadly and reassuringly humane, however, there is also an authoritarian paradox at work. Even as the capacity of modern societies to inspire wider and deeper adherence to social norms has taken hold, so too has the sheer volume of criminal offences as the compulsory capacities of the state have reached unprecedented levels. The US federal penal code, only eight pages long in 1875, now runs to almost 900 (p.22). About 40% of the new enactments were made in only a quarter century after 1970 (p.348), a dismal testimony to the cultural shocks of the 1960s and the prevailing sense – especially in America – that society was on the brink of collapse, a conviction

40年前,当丹尼尔•布尔斯廷(Daniel Boorstin, 1983)出版了他现在已成为经典的通俗历史著作《发现者》(The discoverers)时,《时代》杂志上一位持怀疑态度的评论家说,这本书读起来就像一个人在赶公交车的时候,装满了松散笔记的手提箱突然被打开了。在阅读彼得·鲍德温(Peter Baldwin)对有记载的人类历史上的犯罪、法律、惩罚和治安进行的雄心勃勃的新调查时,我有时也会产生一种类似的感觉。这本书有很多值得欣赏和欣赏的地方,尤其是次要参考文献的规模和范围惊人:近1800条注释覆盖了书的最后78页。鲍德温当然请教过很多学者。这本书的广泛主张不会让任何一个相当见多识广的刑事司法历史学家感到过于惊讶。鲍德温告诉我们,几千年来,罪恶和犯罪——曾经被视为本质上无法区分的——已经被更严格地定义为人类行为的不同类别。这在很大程度上与国家权力的出现有关。人类曾经依靠神的干预来执行道德和社会规范,但现在这项任务越来越多地落到了国家身上。早期的独裁政权,依靠偶尔的极端严厉的刑罚来震慑潜在的违法者,比如踩车轮、斩首、有时是大规模的绞刑等等。随着国家变得更加民主和人道,其刑事制裁的正式性质也随之改变。非致命刑罚的出现,特别是流放、罚款和最后的大规模监禁,使国家放弃了早期对死刑和其他身体折磨方式的依赖。事实上,自19世纪初以来,专业化的警务——如今受到现代技术提供的非凡监视能力的关键支持,以及纸币和硬币的大量废弃——使各国能够采取越来越严格和有效的手段,从一开始就预防犯罪的发生。在发达国家的许多地方,一个人可以一辈子不被抢劫或入室盗窃。如果这一切的总体趋势听起来广泛而令人放心的人性化,那么其中也存在着一种专制的悖论。就在现代社会激发人们更广泛、更深入地遵守社会规范的能力已经站稳脚跟的同时,随着国家的强制性能力达到前所未有的水平,刑事犯罪的绝对数量也在增加。1875年只有8页的美国联邦刑法,如今已达到近900页(第22页)。大约40%的新法规是在1970年之后的四分之一个世纪里制定的(第348页),这是20世纪60年代文化冲击和普遍感觉的一个令人沮丧的证据,特别是在美国,社会处于崩溃的边缘,当代世界无处不在的电子媒体维持了这种信念。曾经,由于缺乏能力,国家只惩罚少数罪行,而西方世界80%以上的罪犯都以某种方式受到惩罚(第265页)。人类变得越文明,他们似乎就越全面地期望既有权威来规范和压制违法行为。任何可能发生的暴力行为通常都是可以容忍的,因为绝大多数人天生遵纪守法,除了偶尔违反交通规则外,很少在任何情况下遇到警察。如今,只有一小部分人能感受到国家权力最尖锐的边缘,他们发现自己在社会、经济、甚至地理上都被全面边缘化。鲍德温讲故事的范围非常广泛,他善于提供生动的例子和引人注目的概括。然而,作为一名专业的历史学家,我有时会想知道解释和分析的细节,尤其是年代学和地理变化。鲍德温经常在一到两页的篇幅里,在古代世界、中世纪和现代早期、18、19和20世纪之间自由地来回穿梭,也跨越了许多国家和文化的界限。记录笔记的广度,以及为支持一般观点而整理笔记的雄心,有时令人敬畏。然而,因果关系往往很难辨别,更不用说特定发展在不同时间和地点的变化方式了——以及它们为什么会这样。像这样的书常常因为提供了跨越时间和空间的“比较”视角而受到赞赏。鲍德温的风格更多的是在性格上的累积,而不是真正的对比。并非所有人都认为这种方法有问题。众所周知,“聪明但无知的读者”会遇到大量有趣和有启发性的信息。 直到最后一章,鲍德温才摆出他的分析牌。经典的历史和社会学观点,最著名的是诺伯特·埃利亚斯(2000)的“文明过程”,将社会行为和国家监管的演变追溯到中世纪晚期,而米歇尔·福柯则专注于18世纪中叶以来的“启蒙运动”及其矛盾。鲍德温的时间和地理范围要大得多。对他来说,社会化的过程——现代社会的核心粘合剂——在狩猎采集者开始形成稳定的定居社区时就开始了。国家本身是所有这一切的后来者。这是一个引人注目的、具有启发性的概念框架,尽管受过传统训练的历史学家可能会与本文的评论员一样,本能地抵制那些证据基础远远超出传统证据和分析范围和实践的概括。这是一本值得重温和讨论的书。鲍德温大量的二次参考资料慷慨地为他在这本非凡的书中开始的讨论提供了材料。
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引用次数: 0
Life without parole: worse than death? , R. Kleinstuber, J. Coldsmith, M. Leigey & S. JoyAbingdon: Routledge. 2022. 256pp. £120.00 (hbk); £34.99 (pbk) ISBN: 9780367752712; 9780367752699 终身监禁不得假释:比死亡还可怕?柯德史密斯,克莱斯图伯,雷吉,乔亚宾顿:劳特利奇出版社,2022。256页。£120.00 (hbk);34.99英镑(pbk) ISBN: 9780367572712;9780367752699
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12501
Hannah Gilman

Internationally, whole life sentences are becoming an increasingly common sanction. They are supported by abolitionists of state executions and ‘tough on crime’ conservatives alike and, as a result, have flourished in recent years. The US has the highest number of persons serving whole life sentences anywhere in the world with an unprecedented 55,945 persons serving life without parole sentences in 2020 (p.94). Kleinstuber et al.’s Life without parole: worse than death? considers the purpose, development and impact of life without parole sentences in the US by focusing upon the increased use of life without parole sentences across the previous three decades. The authors examine the US's increasing dependency upon these sentences by considering arguments in support of their continued use and, in so doing, shine a light on the inhumane ‘pains’ suffered by those serving such sentences.

The book starts by considering the legitimacy of life without parole sentences, questioning whether life without parole sentences are humane and subsequently ‘just’ by considering the experiences of death row prisoners who – by most people's standards – are serving a significantly ‘worse’ sentence. The authors focus on ‘death penalty volunteers’ (p.21) (death row prisoners who purposely refuse to pursue any form of appeal so as to accelerate the execution process) in order to demonstrate the inhumane nature of life without parole sentences. The authors subsequently argue that the increasing number of ‘death penalty volunteers’ calls into question the notion that ‘life’ (without parole) is ‘better’ than death.

The second chapter continues to question the legitimacy of life without parole sentences by considering the experiences of life without parole prisoners. This chapter consolidates and builds upon existing literature on the pains of imprisonment (such as Sykes, 1958) and life without parole (e.g., Hartman, 2016; Johnson & McGunigall-Smith, 2008; Leigey, 2015; Zehr, 1996) further emphasising the cruel and ‘inhuman’ (p.61) nature of life without parole sentences.

In the third chapter, the authors draw upon Van Zyl Smit and Appleton's (2019) Life imprisonment: a global human rights analysis to expose the ‘degrading’ (p.61) nature of life and whole life sentences and argue – in the words of Judge Power-Forde (see Vinter and Others v. The UK [2013] ECHR 645) – that prisoners ‘ought not to be deprived entirely of … hope’ (p.54).

These early chapters collectively present a persuasive argument against the increasing use of life without parole sentences. Nevertheless, many of these arguments have been made by various scholars within recent decades but – due to their predominantly theoretical nature – have failed to have any significant consequence; life without parole has continued to increase in popularity among legislators, judiciaries and society,

在国际上,终身监禁正成为越来越普遍的制裁。他们得到了国家死刑废除主义者和“严厉打击犯罪”的保守派的支持,因此近年来蓬勃发展。美国是世界上被判终身监禁人数最多的国家,2020年被判终身监禁不得假释的人数达到前所未有的55,945人(p.94)。Kleinstuber等人的《不得假释的终身监禁:比死亡还糟糕?》通过关注在过去三十年中不断增加的无假释终身监禁判决的使用,考虑了美国无假释终身监禁判决的目的、发展和影响。作者通过考虑支持这些刑罚继续使用的论据,研究了美国对这些刑罚的日益依赖,并在这样做的过程中,照亮了那些服刑者所遭受的不人道的“痛苦”。这本书首先考虑了终身监禁不得假释判决的合法性,质疑终身监禁不得假释判决是否人道,然后考虑了死囚的经历——按照大多数人的标准——他们的刑期明显“更糟”。提交人把重点放在"死刑志愿人员"(第21页)(故意拒绝进行任何形式的上诉以加速执行程序的死囚)上,以证明无假释终身监禁判决的非人道性质。作者随后认为,“死刑志愿者”数量的不断增加,对“终身监禁”(不得假释)比死亡“好”的观念提出了质疑。第二章通过对无假释囚犯经历的分析,继续质疑无假释终身监禁判决的合法性。本章巩固并建立在现有的关于监禁之痛(如Sykes, 1958)和无假释终身监禁(如Hartman, 2016;约翰逊,McGunigall-Smith, 2008;Leigey, 2015;Zehr, 1996)进一步强调了无假释终身监禁判决的残酷和“不人道”的性质(第61页)。在第三章中,作者借鉴了Van Zyl Smit和Appleton(2019)的《终身监禁:全球人权分析》(Life prison: a global human rights analysis),以揭露终身监禁和终身监禁的“有辱人格”(第61页)的性质,并用Power-Forde法官的话(见Vinter等人诉英国[2013]ECHR 645)来论证囚犯“不应该完全被剥夺……希望”(第54页)。这些早期章节共同提出了一个有说服力的论点,反对越来越多地使用无假释终身监禁。然而,近几十年来,许多学者提出了许多这样的论点,但由于它们主要是理论性的,没有产生任何重大的后果;无假释终身监禁在立法者、司法机构和社会上的受欢迎程度持续上升,导致美国无假释终身监禁人数创历史新高。随后,第四章承认并讨论了无假释终身监禁(与死刑相比)受到的有限司法审查,尽管死囚和无假释终身监禁被认为是两种刑罚中"较差"的一种,从而有助于对该问题的废除观点。第五章审议了不得假释终身监禁的经济负担,加强了这一论点。传统上认为,国家执行死刑的成本更高,主要是因为一个人在被处决之前必须完成漫长的上诉程序;事实上,这一论点(将一个人监禁到其自然生命的剩余时间更便宜)经常被用来支持废除国家死刑。然而,Kleinstuber等人认为,国家执行死刑与终身监禁判决的成本之比被更多地使用终身监禁判决所抵消,从而确定终身监禁判决的总成本大于国家执行死刑的总成本。虽然作者的结论无可争议地支持了他们的废奴主义观点,但它也有鼓励国家执行死刑作为更具成本效益的制裁的风险。作者在本节最后的论点集中在无假释的生活作为一种形式的种族控制。Kleinstuber等人认为,由于“三振出局”法律的存在,无假释终身监禁针对的是弱势群体(在美国与少数族裔重叠)。第六章最后简要讨论了青少年终身监禁判决的新概念,根据数据显示62%的青少年终身监禁囚犯是非裔美国人(第127页),进一步支持了他们的论点,即终身监禁判决构成了一种种族化的控制形式。在第二部分中,Kleinstuber等人继续考虑终身无假释判决的“严厉打击犯罪”案例。 在国际上,终身监禁正成为越来越普遍的制裁。他们得到了国家死刑废除主义者和“严厉打击犯罪”的保守派的支持,因此近年来蓬勃发展。美国是世界上被判终身监禁人数最多的国家,2020年被判终身监禁不得假释的人数达到前所未有的55,945人(p.94)。Kleinstuber等人的《不得假释的终身监禁:比死亡还糟糕?》通过关注在过去三十年中不断增加的无假释终身监禁判决的使用,考虑了美国无假释终身监禁判决的目的、发展和影响。作者通过考虑支持这些刑罚继续使用的论据,研究了美国对这些刑罚的日益依赖,并在这样做的过程中,照亮了那些服刑者所遭受的不人道的“痛苦”。这本书首先考虑了终身监禁不得假释判决的合法性,质疑终身监禁不得假释判决是否人道,然后考虑了死囚的经历——按照大多数人的标准——他们的刑期明显“更糟”。提交人把重点放在"死刑志愿人员"(第21页)(故意拒绝进行任何形式的上诉以加速执行程序的死囚)上,以证明无假释终身监禁判决的非人道性质。作者随后认为,“死刑志愿者”数量的不断增加,对“终身监禁”(不得假释)比死亡“好”的观念提出了质疑。第二章通过对无假释囚犯经历的分析,继续质疑无假释终身监禁判决的合法性。本章巩固并建立在现有的关于监禁之痛(如Sykes, 1958)和无假释终身监禁(如Hartman, 2016;约翰逊,McGunigall-Smith, 2008;Leigey, 2015;Zehr, 1996)进一步强调了无假释终身监禁判决的残酷和“不人道”的性质(第61页)。在第三章中,作者借鉴了Van Zyl Smit和Appleton(2019)的《终身监禁:全球人权分析》(Life prison: a global human rights analysis),以揭露终身监禁和终身监禁的“有辱人格”(第61页)的性质,并用Power-Forde法官的话(见Vinter等人诉英国[2013]ECHR 645)来论证囚犯“不应该完全被剥夺……希望”(第54页)。这些早期章节共同提出了一个有说服力的论点,反对越来越多地使用无假释终身监禁。然而,近几十年来,许多学者提出了许多这样的论点,但由于它们主要是理论性的,没有产生任何重大的后果;无假释终身监禁在立法者、司法机构和社会上的受欢迎程度持续上升,导致美国无假释终身监禁人数创历史新高。随后,第四章承认并讨论了无假释终身监禁(与死刑相比)受到的有限司法审查,尽管死囚和无假释终身监禁被认为是两种刑罚中"较差"的一种,从而有助于对该问题的废除观点。第五章审议了不得假释终身监禁的经济负担,加强了这一论点。传统上认为,国家执行死刑的成本更高,主要是因为一个人在被处决之前必须完成漫长的上诉程序;事实上,这一论点(将一个人监禁到其自然生命的剩余时间更便宜)经常被用来支持废除国家死刑。然而,Kleinstuber等人认为,国家执行死刑与终身监禁判决的成本之比被更多地使用终身监禁判决所抵消,从而确定终身监禁判决的总成本大于国家执行死刑的总成本。虽然作者的结论无可争议地支持了他们的废奴主义观点,但它也有鼓励国家执行死刑作为更具成本效益的制裁的风险。作者在本节最后的论点集中在无假释的生活作为一种形式的种族控制。Kleinstuber等人认为,由于“三振出局”法律的存在,无假释终身监禁针对的是弱势群体(在美国与少数族裔重叠)。第六章最后简要讨论了青少年终身监禁判决的新概念,根据数据显示62%的青少年终身监禁囚犯是非裔美国人(第127页),进一步支持了他们的论点,即终身监禁判决构成
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引用次数: 0
Can probation be rehabilitated? 缓刑可以恢复吗?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-08 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12504
Gwen Robinson

This article is based on the 24th annual Bill McWilliams memorial lecture which was delivered at the Institute of Criminology in Cambridge on 9 June 2022. Coinciding with the first anniversary of the unification of probation services in England and Wales, the lecture considered the recent past, present and potential future of the service through the lens of a central concept in probation work: namely, rehabilitation. Three ways of understanding this concept are considered: rehabilitation as restoration; rehabilitation as a process of building back better; and looking-glass rehabilitation. It is argued that each perspective suggests a different orientation to, and a different set of issues and questions about, probation's future and the work that is needed to help the unified service move on from a traumatic recent past.

这篇文章是根据2022年6月9日在剑桥犯罪学研究所举行的第24届比尔·麦克威廉姆斯纪念讲座改编的。恰逢英格兰和威尔士缓刑服务统一一周年,讲座通过缓刑工作的一个中心概念,即康复,来考虑该服务的最近的过去,现在和潜在的未来。对这一概念的理解有三种方式:康复即恢复;康复是一个重建更好的过程;还有镜中康复。有人认为,每一种观点都表明了不同的方向,以及关于缓刑的未来和帮助统一服务从创伤性的过去中走出来所需要的工作的不同问题。
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引用次数: 2
Old keys do not open new doors: Twenty years of restorative justice in Northern Ireland prisons: An insight into making it happen 旧钥匙开不开新门:北爱尔兰监狱20年的恢复性司法:实现这一目标的见解
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12499
David Eagleson

This article outlines how restorative practices (RPs) were introduced into prisons in Northern Ireland (NI) over a period of 20 years. It explains the context of how this change was introduced, using real life case examples underpinned by an approach based on praxis (Freire, 1985; Schön, 1983). Through the synthesis of relevant theory and practice experience it identifies the barriers to bringing about effective and meaningful change to practice and ways of overcoming these at the micro, meso and macro level (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). The RIPPLE model is introduced as a means of successfully implementing and sustaining innovative and creative practice within a complex and potentially hostile environment. It is the success story of an accomplishment that has never been achieved before in any prison service.

本文概述了在过去20年中,恢复性实践(RPs)是如何引入北爱尔兰监狱的。它解释了这种变化是如何引入的背景,使用基于实践的方法支持的现实生活案例(Freire, 1985;肖恩,1983)。通过对相关理论和实践经验的综合,它确定了在微观、中观和宏观层面上实现有效和有意义的实践变革的障碍以及克服这些障碍的方法(Bronfenbrenner, 1979)。RIPPLE模型是作为在复杂和潜在敌对环境中成功实施和维持创新和创造性实践的一种手段而引入的。这是一个成功的故事,取得了前所未有的成就,在任何监狱服务。
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引用次数: 0
Anticipating prison face work: Dramaturgical risks anticipated by correctional officer recruits 预期监狱面貌工作:惩教人员招募人员预期的戏剧风险
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-28 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12497
Michael Adorjan, Rosemary Ricciardelli

There is increasing recognition that correctional officers (COs) serve a crucial role in their work in relation to communications underpinning discretion, especially regarding interactions with prisoners. This article examines attitudes and perceptions among Canadian federal correctional officer recruits (CORs) regarding what they anticipate are the greatest challenges they will face as new COs. We examine these discussions through the framework of Goffman's dramaturgical model of face work, especially face work within the ‘total institution’ of prisons. Our findings centre on anticipated challenges of building rapport with prisoners, including the requirements to monitor one's demeanour and ‘face work’. Characterisations of prisoners as inherently manipulative factor into CO anticipations of interactional challenges. We also consider the role that ‘soft power’ has in facilitating CO-prisoner rapport and trust, which, we argue, ultimately undergirds opportunities in prisons to facilitate prisoner social change and successful community reintegration and desistance from crime.

越来越多的人认识到,惩教人员在他们的工作中发挥着至关重要的作用,在沟通方面,特别是在与囚犯的互动方面,是自由裁量权的基础。本文考察了加拿大联邦狱警新兵(CORs)对于他们作为新狱警将面临的最大挑战的态度和看法。我们通过戈夫曼脸部工作的戏剧模型的框架来研究这些讨论,特别是在监狱的“整体制度”内的脸部工作。我们的调查结果集中在与囚犯建立融洽关系的预期挑战上,包括监督一个人的行为和“面部工作”的要求。囚犯的特征是CO对互动挑战的预期中固有的操纵因素。我们还考虑了“软实力”在促进共同囚犯关系和信任方面的作用,我们认为,这最终巩固了监狱促进囚犯社会变革、成功重返社区和制止犯罪的机会。
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引用次数: 1
Racial and ethnic disparities in sentencing: What do we know, and where should we go? 量刑中的种族和民族差异:我们知道什么,我们应该去哪里?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-25 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12496
Ana Veiga, Jose Pina-Sánchez, Sam Lewis

Strong evidence of racial and ethnic disparities has been documented in recent government-led reports, suggesting the presence of discrimination in sentencing, with Black and ethnic minority defendants being systematically sentenced more harshly than their white counterparts. However, we still do not know how these disparities come about as most of the sentencing research has relied on quantitative designs focused on documenting the problem, rather than exploring its causes. In this exploratory study we use qualitative interviews with criminal law barristers to explore the different mechanisms that may give rise to these disparities. From our interviews we identified two predominant causal mechanisms: the differential consideration of mitigating and aggravating factors and indirect discrimination arising from defendants’ socio-economic backgrounds and over-policing. Based on these findings, we suggest effective strategies such as explicitly listing social deprivation as a mitigating factor in the sentencing guidelines and increasing judicial diversity for redressing these disparities.

在最近由政府主导的报告中,有力地证明了种族和族裔差异,表明在量刑方面存在歧视,黑人和少数族裔被告被系统性地比白人被告受到更严厉的判决。然而,我们仍然不知道这些差异是如何产生的,因为大多数量刑研究都依赖于定量设计,专注于记录问题,而不是探索其原因。在这项探索性研究中,我们使用定性访谈刑法大律师来探索可能导致这些差异的不同机制。从我们的访谈中,我们确定了两个主要的因果机制:对减轻和加重因素的不同考虑,以及由被告的社会经济背景和过度监管引起的间接歧视。基于这些发现,我们提出了有效的策略,如明确将社会剥夺列为量刑指南中的减轻因素,并增加司法多样性,以纠正这些差异。
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引用次数: 2
Disrupting ‘healthy prisons’: Exploring the conceptual and experiential overlap between illness and imprisonment 破坏“健康监狱”:探索疾病和监禁之间概念和经验上的重叠
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-18 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12498
Thomas Ugelvik, Rose Elizabeth Boyle, Yvonne Jewkes, Pernille Søderholm Nyvoll

Our aim in this conceptual article is to theoretically reimagine the concept of ‘healthy prisons’ in a way that more thoroughly grounds it in the everyday experiences of prisoners. Our point of departure is the observation that there seems to be an intriguing conceptual and theoretical overlap between first-person oriented empirical studies of two spheres of human experience that are normally seen as separate: serious illness and imprisonment. Our analysis leads us to reimagine the term ‘healthy prisons’ in a way that increases its usefulness for anyone interested in making prisons healthier and more constructive and reinventive institutions.

在这篇概念性文章中,我们的目的是在理论上重新构想“健康监狱”的概念,以一种更彻底地立足于囚犯日常经历的方式。我们的出发点是观察到,在通常被视为独立的两个人类经验领域:严重疾病和监禁,以第一人称为导向的实证研究之间,似乎存在一种有趣的概念和理论重叠。我们的分析使我们重新构想“健康监狱”一词,以增加其对任何有兴趣使监狱更健康、更具建设性和创造性的机构的有用性。
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引用次数: 0
Do the reasons why people desist from crime vary by age, length of offending career or lifestyle factors? 人们停止犯罪的原因是否因年龄、犯罪时间长短、职业或生活方式等因素而异?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12494
Stephen Farrall, Joanna Shapland

Research into desistance from crime has progressed enormously in the past three decades. Despite this tremendous growth, some issues remain unexplored. Among these is the extent to which the reasons why people stop offending might vary by the age at which they stop, and their previous lifestyles. Herein we explore the extent to which the reasons why people desist are associated with their age, and the length and nature of their criminal career. We find that there are no particular associations between the reasons for their desistance and any of these variables, though social context is important. So particular social contexts are seen by those desisting as key to their wish to desist, but they may occur at different ages and it is when they are salient to that individual that they promote action. We close by discussing why this might be the case and the ramifications for theories of desistance.

在过去的三十年里,关于制止犯罪的研究取得了巨大的进展。尽管有如此巨大的增长,但仍有一些问题有待探索。其中之一是,人们停止犯罪的原因可能会因他们停止犯罪的年龄和以前的生活方式而有所不同。在这里,我们探讨了人们放弃犯罪的原因在多大程度上与他们的年龄、他们犯罪生涯的长短和性质有关。我们发现,尽管社会背景很重要,但这些因素与他们拒绝的原因之间没有特别的联系。所以特定的社会环境被那些想要放弃的人看作是他们想要放弃的关键,但它们可能发生在不同的年龄,只有当它们对个人来说很突出时,它们才会促进行动。最后,我们将讨论为什么会出现这种情况,以及抵制理论的后果。
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引用次数: 0
Women who die in custody: What Australian coroners’ reports tell us 在拘留期间死亡的女性:澳大利亚验尸官的报告告诉我们的
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-13 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12495
Tamara Walsh

Women's deaths in custody remain under-researched around the world. This article reports on a large-scale study on deaths in custody conducted in Australia that involved an analysis of 736 coroners’ inquest reports dated between 1991 and 2020. Women were substantially under-represented among this sample, comprising less than 5% of all deaths, but half of the women were Indigenous. While most of the women had a range of individual risk factors in common – such as a history of victimisation, mental illness and drug and alcohol use – the Indigenous women also experienced systemic racism from their custodians and the medical personnel to whom they were referred for treatment. While most coroners focused primarily on the cause of death, some made recommendations directed at addressing unconscious bias. This research supports calls for alternatives to detention for women and the decriminalisation of racialised offences such as public intoxication.

世界各地对妇女在拘留期间死亡的研究仍然不足。本文报道了在澳大利亚进行的一项关于拘留期间死亡的大规模研究,该研究分析了1991年至2020年期间736名验尸官的验尸报告。妇女在这一样本中的代表性明显不足,在所有死亡人数中所占比例不到5%,但一半的妇女是土著妇女。虽然大多数妇女有一系列共同的个人风险因素,如受害史、精神疾病、吸毒和酗酒史,但土著妇女也遭受了来自其监护人和被转介治疗的医务人员的系统性种族主义。虽然大多数验尸官主要关注死因,但一些验尸官提出了针对无意识偏见的建议。这项研究支持了对女性拘留的替代方案和对种族化犯罪(如公共场所醉酒)的非刑事化的呼吁。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Howard Journal of Crime and Justice
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