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Humor in conversation among bilinguals 双语者对话中的幽默
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.3.625
Marianthi Georgalidou, V. Kourtis-Kazoullis, Hasan Kaili
In this study, we analyse conversations recorded during ethnographic research in two bilingual communities on the island of Rhodes, Greece. We examine: (a) the bilingual in Greek and Turkish Muslim community of Rhodes (Georgalidou et al. 2010, 2013) and (b) the Greek-American/Canadian community of repatriated emigrant families of Rhodian origin (Kourtis-Kazoullis 2016). In particular, combining interactional and conversation analytic frameworks (Auer 1995; Gafaranga 2007), we examine contemporary approaches to bi-/multilingualism focusing on the pragmatics of humour in conversations among bilinguals. We scrutinise aspects of the overall and sequential organisation of talk as well as instances of humour produced by speakers of different ethnic origin, generation, and social groups. We focus on the construction of “otherness,” which reflects the dynamic interplay between the micro-level of conversational practices and the macro-level of discourse involving contrasting categorisations and identities pertaining to differently orientated ethnic and social groups. Based on the analysis, we will show a) how humorous targeting orients in-groups versus out-groups, and b) mediates the dynamic process of constructing the identity of speakers who, being members of minority linguistic communities, represent “otherness.” 
在这项研究中,我们分析了在希腊罗兹岛的两个双语社区进行民族志研究时记录的对话。我们研究了:(a)罗得岛的希腊和土耳其穆斯林社区的双语者(Georgalidou等人,20102013)和(b)罗得岛裔遣返移民家庭的希腊裔美国人/加拿大社区(Kouttis Kazullis,2016)。特别是,结合互动和对话分析框架(Auer 1995;Gafaranga 2007),我们研究了双语/多语的当代方法,重点是双语者对话中幽默的语用学。我们仔细研究了谈话的整体和顺序组织,以及不同种族、世代和社会群体的演讲者所产生的幽默实例。我们关注“另类”的构建,它反映了会话实践的微观层面和话语的宏观层面之间的动态相互作用,涉及与不同取向的种族和社会群体相关的对比分类和身份。基于分析,我们将展示a)幽默定向是如何在群体内与群体外定向的,以及b)中介构建说话者身份的动态过程,这些说话者是少数民族语言社区的成员,代表着“另类”
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引用次数: 0
Transcreating humour for (re)dubbing into Arabic 将幽默翻译成阿拉伯语
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.3.681
Rashid Yahiaoui
The transfer of humorous elements in audio-visual texts is a challenging task as verbal expressions heavily rely on witty wordplay and are visually bound. To overcome such a challenge, the translator has to have two particular skills: creativity and a thorough understanding of the context and/or intended meanings. This paper aims at investigating the realisation of humour in dubbing animation vis-à-vis register variation and creativity by comparing the Egyptian dub with the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) re-dub of Disney’s Monster’s Inc. Drawing on House’s (2015) translation quality assessment model, the data analysis reveals that resorting to colloquialism as a covert translation strategy provided a functionally adequate, nuanced leeway for the translator to capture the essence situational humour of the source text by relying on the on-screen visuals. Therefore, the translator quasi-assumes the role of an author to communicate interpersonal meanings as effectively and humorously as possible. Meanwhile, resorting to the standard variation as an overt translation strategy significantly deflated and sacrificed verbal humour due to the translator’s literal style and Al-Jazeera’s ideological orientation that shuns functional equivalence for the sake of linguistic homogenisation.
幽默元素在视听文本中的转移是一项具有挑战性的任务,因为言语表达严重依赖于诙谐的文字游戏,并且受到视觉的束缚。为了克服这样的挑战,译者必须具备两项特殊技能:创造力和对上下文和/或预期意义的透彻理解。本文旨在通过对埃及配音与迪斯尼电影《怪物公司》现代标准阿拉伯语配音的比较,探讨幽默在动画配音中对-à-vis register variation and creativity的实现。根据House(2015)的翻译质量评估模型,数据分析表明,将口语作为一种隐蔽的翻译策略,为译者提供了一个功能充足、微妙的余地,使他们能够依靠屏幕上的视觉效果来捕捉源文本的情境幽默本质。因此,译者扮演了作者的角色,尽可能有效和幽默地传达人际意义。与此同时,由于译者的文字风格和半岛电视台为了语言同质化而回避功能对等的意识形态取向,将标准变异作为一种公开的翻译策略大大削弱和牺牲了言语幽默。
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引用次数: 0
Face reading the emotions of gelotophobes toward disparaging humorous advertising 看脸恐惧症患者对轻蔑幽默广告的情绪
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.3.631
Maria C. Voutsa, L. Hatzithomas, E. Tsichla, Christina Boutsouki
Prior research has indicated that gelotophobia, people’s fear of being laughed at, influences their emotions toward a disparaging humorous event. Based on two experiments with a sample of 50 Greek participants each, the present study employed face recognition software to explore the emotions of gelotophobes, when exposed to an advertisement. It further examined the moderating role of the type of advertisement (i.e. a disparaging humorous ad vs. a non-disparaging non-humorous ad) and identification with the victim of the joke, on gelotophobes' emotions. At higher levels of identification with the victim, gelotophobes indicated lower levels of joy, joyful (Duchenne) smile, and a positive emotional valence toward a disparaging-humorous advertisement as opposed to non-gelotophobes. Joy was also found to mediate the negative effects of gelotophobia on attitude toward the ad.
先前的研究表明,恐笑症,即人们害怕被嘲笑,会影响他们对轻蔑幽默事件的情绪。目前的研究基于两个实验,每个实验有50个希腊参与者,使用面部识别软件来探索面孔恐惧症患者在看到广告时的情绪。它进一步研究了广告类型(即一个贬低的幽默广告与一个非贬低的非幽默广告)和对笑话受害者的认同对恐笑者情绪的调节作用。在对受害者的较高认同水平上,与非恐绘者相比,恐绘者表现出较低水平的快乐、快乐(杜兴式)微笑和对贬损幽默广告的积极情感价。研究还发现,快乐可以调节恐光症对广告态度的负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Humour and belonging 幽默感和归属感
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.2.643
Reza Arab, Jessica Milner Davis
Serving as introduction to this Special Issue, this article presents a thematic review of topics involved in studies on humour and belonging. It briefly elaborates on the intricacies of concepts such as humour, sense of humour and belonging and their relationships. It then provides a selective review of some major relevant studies. Finally, the themes and contents of the Special Issue are introduced.
作为本期特刊的引子,本文对幽默和归属感研究的主题进行了专题综述。简要阐述了幽默、幽默感、归属感等概念的复杂性及其相互关系。然后,它对一些主要的相关研究进行了选择性的回顾。最后介绍了特刊的主题和内容。
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引用次数: 0
role of ‘familiarity’ in Mandarin Chinese speakers’ metapragmatic evaluations of Australian conversational humour “熟悉度”在汉语普通话使用者对澳大利亚会话幽默的元语用评价中的作用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.2.651
W. Chang, Valeria Sinkeviciute
Although research on humorous practices of Anglo-Australians has received much attention, the understanding of those practices by members of various multilingual communities in Australia has not been much studied. In this paper, we look at metapragmatic comments on concept familiarity in relation to conversational humour, particularly focusing on Mandarin Chinese speakers’ perceptions of conversational humour in Australian English. In order to explore what role ‘familiarity’ plays in (inter-)cultural conceptualisation of humour, we analyse interview data where speakers of Mandarin Chinese provide their metapragmatic comments on humorous exchanges among Australians. Drawing on approximately 8.2 hours of interview data elicited by a segment from the reality television gameshow Big Brother 2012, i.e., a teasing sequence between two acquainted persons, it is suggested that the concept of familiarity is the one most frequently alluded to in the theme of how participants ‘draw the boundary’ between intimates and acquaintances. From the analysis it emerged that Mandarin Chinese speakers’ evaluations of humorous exchanges in Australian English are driven by their culturally-informed perceptions that are conceptualised through various emic notions, e.g. guanxi (‘interpersonal relationship’), various labels for classifying different relational distance, and qiji (‘opportune moment’). The findings of this exploratory paper suggest that the role of ‘familiarity’ in relation to humour is crucial in the perception of appropriateness of humorous practices in interaction, especially across cultures.
尽管对英裔澳大利亚人幽默行为的研究受到了广泛关注,但澳大利亚不同语言社区成员对这些行为的理解却没有得到太多研究。在本文中,我们研究了概念熟悉度与会话幽默之间的元语用评论,特别是关注中国普通话使用者对澳大利亚英语会话幽默的感知。为了探索“熟悉”在幽默的(跨)文化概念化中扮演的角色,我们分析了访谈数据,其中普通话使用者对澳大利亚人之间的幽默交流提供了元语言评论。根据真人秀游戏节目《老大哥2012》中的一段约8.2小时的采访数据,即两个熟人之间的调侃序列,可以看出,在参与者如何“划定亲密关系和熟人之间的界限”这一主题中,熟悉的概念是最常被提及的概念。从分析中可以看出,讲普通话的人对澳大利亚英语幽默交流的评价是由他们的文化认知驱动的,这些认知是通过各种主位概念概念化的,例如关系(“人际关系”)、用于分类不同关系距离的各种标签和奇吉(“机遇时刻”)。这篇探索性论文的研究结果表明,“熟悉度”在幽默中的作用对幽默实践在互动中的适当性至关重要,尤其是在不同文化之间。
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引用次数: 0
"It only hurts when I laugh" “只有当我笑的时候才会疼”
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.2.645
B. Plester, T. Bentley, Emily M. Brewer
Our study examines the impacts on workers when organisational humour is repeated, sustained, dominating, and potentially harmful, and thus can be considered to be bullying. In an ethnographic study of an idiosyncratic New Zealand IT company, we observed humour that was sexualised, dominating, and perpetrated by the most powerful organizational members. We argue that the compelling need for belonging in this extreme organizational culture influenced workers to accept bullying humour as just a joke and therefore acceptable and harmless even when it contravened societal workplace norms. Our contribution is in identifying and extending the significant theoretical relationship between workplace humour and bullying that, to date, is not well-explored in organizational research.
我们的研究考察了当组织幽默被重复、持续、主导和潜在有害时,对员工的影响,因此可以被认为是欺凌。在对一家特殊的新西兰IT公司的人种志研究中,我们观察到幽默是由最有权势的组织成员性化的、支配性的和实施的。我们认为,在这种极端的组织文化中,对归属感的迫切需求影响了员工将欺凌幽默视为一个笑话,因此即使它违反了社会工作场所规范,也可以接受且无害。我们的贡献是识别和扩展工作场所幽默和欺凌之间的重要理论关系,到目前为止,在组织研究中还没有得到很好的探索。
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引用次数: 0
role of laughter in establishing solidarity and status 笑在建立团结和地位中的作用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.2.650
A. McLachlan
Drawing on a range of American, Australian, British and Scandinavian research into laughter, the current paper will use the form of pragmatic analysis typically found in qualitative research and apply it to data produced by the quantitative methodology common in the author’s own discipline of psychology. Laughter will be examined as an indexical that serves both a discourse deictic function, designating the utterance in which it occurs as non-serious, and a social deictic function, marking the laughing person’s preference for social proximity with fellow interlocutors. The paper will then analyse examples and data pertaining to three types of laughter bout derived from taking laughter as an indexical. First, solitary listener laughter will be argued to signify a deferential acknowledgement of continued solidarity with the speaker. Second, solitary speaker laughter will be suggested to mark a simple preference for solidarity. Third, joint laughter will be accepted as a signifier of actual solidarity that may also be used to mark status depending on which party typically initiates the joint laughter. Joint laughter thus acts in a manner closely analogous to the exchange of another set of indexicals, the T and V versions of second person pronouns in European languages. Finally, the paper will conclude by examining the problematic case of laughing at another interlocutor, before briefly considering the implications of this pragmatic perspective for traditional accounts of laughter as well as for future research.
借鉴美国、澳大利亚、英国和斯堪的纳维亚对笑声的一系列研究,本文将使用定性研究中典型的语用分析形式,并将其应用于作者自己的心理学学科中常见的定量方法产生的数据。我们将把笑作为一种指标来研究,它既具有话语指示功能,指明它发生的话语是非严肃的,也具有社会指示功能,标志着笑的人对与其他对话者的社会接近的偏好。然后,本文将分析与三种类型的笑声有关的例子和数据,这些笑声来源于笑声作为索引。首先,单独听者的笑声会被认为是对继续与说话者团结一致的恭敬的承认。其次,单独说话者的笑声将被认为是对团结的简单偏好。第三,联合笑将被接受为实际团结的象征,也可以用来标志地位,这取决于哪一方通常发起联合笑。因此,共同的笑声在某种程度上类似于另一组索引的交换,即欧洲语言中第二人称代词的T和V版本。最后,本文将通过研究对另一个对话者大笑的问题案例来结束,然后简要考虑这种实用主义观点对传统笑声账户以及未来研究的影响。
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引用次数: 1
On the "Dark Side" 在“黑暗面”
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr2022.10.2.644
K. Mullan
This study examines the use of online humour in a subversive local community Facebook group set up in 2017 by disgruntled members banned from a similar group “in opposition to [the original group’s] arbitrarily-applied rules, [its] enforced happiness, and [its] suppression of any post that isn't about giving away lemons or asking to borrow small appliances”. The dissatisfaction with the guidelines and the administration of the original Facebook group provides rich material for humorous posts in the new group, many with varying degrees of aggression directed at the founder and certain members of the “Dark Side”, as the original group is frequently referred to. This article will demonstrate how the use of humour in this new rival Facebook group is used for the purposes of inclusion and exclusion, and how it contributes to a sense of belonging in this online community of practice (Lave & Wenger 1991) created by a small group of self-declared dissidents. It will be shown how the humour shapes the identity of the group through the members’ shared ideologies and beliefs (Tanskanen 2018), and how the humorous messages intended to denigrate and belittle the “Dark Side” reinforce unity among the group members, since the feeling of superiority over those being ridiculed coexists with a feeling of belonging (Billig 2005).Fifteen single comments or multi-post threads were chosen for analysis. These appeared during the first twenty months of this rival group’s existence, and included primarily affiliative and/or aggressive humour (Meyer 2015) directed at the original group. The analysis was carried out using elements of computer-mediated discourse analysis (Herring 2004), and an insider participant-observer online ethnographic approach. The examples chosen illustrate how the humour is used to unite the members of this subversive group by dividing them from the original one, to create the joking culture (Fine and de Soucey 2005) of the new group, and in so doing, creates and sustains the members’ shared identity as irreverent breakaway troublemakers.
这项研究调查了一个颠覆性的当地社区Facebook群组中网络幽默的使用情况,该群组由被禁止加入类似群组的心怀不满的成员于2017年成立,“反对[原始群组]任意应用的规则,[其]强制执行的快乐,以及[其]压制任何与赠送柠檬或要求借用小电器无关的帖子”。对原Facebook群组的指导方针和管理的不满为新群组中的幽默帖子提供了丰富的素材,其中许多帖子都对“黑暗面”的创始人和某些成员进行了不同程度的攻击,这篇文章将展示这个新的竞争对手Facebook群组中幽默的使用是如何被用于包容和排斥的目的的,以及它是如何在这个由一小群自称持不同政见者创建的在线实践社区(Lave&Wenger,1991)中产生归属感的。它将展示幽默如何通过成员共同的意识形态和信仰塑造群体的身份(Tanskanen 2018),以及旨在诋毁和贬低“黑暗面”的幽默信息如何加强群体成员之间的团结,因为与被嘲笑者相比的优越感与归属感共存(Billig 2005)。选择了15条单评论或多帖子进行分析。这些出现在这个竞争对手团体存在的前二十个月,主要包括针对原始团体的附属和/或攻击性幽默(Meyer 2015)。该分析使用了计算机介导的话语分析(Herring 2004)和内部参与者-观察者在线民族志方法。所选的例子说明了幽默是如何通过将这个颠覆性团体的成员与原来的团体分开来团结他们,创造新团体的玩笑文化(Fine and de Soucey 2005),并在这样做的过程中创造和维持成员们作为不敬的分裂麻烦制造者的共同身份。
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引用次数: 0
Laughter, bonding and biological evolution 笑声,亲密关系和生物进化
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.2.668
C. Goddard, David Lambert
This paper combines perspectives from evolutionary biology and linguistics to discuss the early evolution of laughter and the possible role of laughter-like vocalisation as a bonding mechanism in hominins and early human species. From the perspective of evolutionary biology, we here emphasise several things: the role of exaptation, the typically very slow pace of evolutionary change, and the danger of projecting backwards from the current utilities of laughter to infer its earlier function, hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of years ago. From the perspective of linguistics, we examine both the semantics of the word ‘laugh’ and the vocal mechanics of human laughter production, arguing that greater terminological care is needed in talking about the precursors of laughter in the ancient evolutionary past. Finally, we turn to hypotheses about how laughter-like vocalisations may have arisen, long before articulate language as we know it today. We focus in particular on Robin Dunbar’s hypothesis that laughter-like vocalisation, which stimulated endorphin production, might have functioned as a bonding mechanism (a kind of “vocal grooming”) among hominins and early human species.The paper contributes to the special issue theme (Humour and Belonging) by casting a long look backwards in time to laughter-like vocalisation as a distant evolutionary precursor of humour, and to bonding as an evolutionary precursor to cognitively and socially modern forms of “belonging”. At the same time, it cautions against casual theorising about the evolutionary origins of laughter.
本文结合进化生物学和语言学的观点,讨论了笑声的早期进化,以及类似笑声的发声在古人类和早期人类中作为一种联系机制的可能作用。从进化生物学的角度来看,我们在这里强调几件事:兴奋的作用,典型的非常缓慢的进化变化的步伐,以及从现在的笑的效用向后推算它的早期功能的危险,几十万年前,甚至几百万年前。从语言学的角度来看,我们研究了“笑”这个词的语义和人类产生笑声的声音机制,认为在古代进化过程中,在谈论笑的前身时需要更大的术语关注。最后,我们转而假设,在我们今天所知道的清晰语言出现很久之前,类似笑声的声音是如何出现的。我们特别关注罗宾·邓巴的假设,即笑声般的发声刺激内啡肽的产生,可能是古人类和早期人类之间的一种联系机制(一种“声音修饰”)。这篇论文对特刊主题(幽默和归属感)做出了贡献,通过对笑声般的发声作为幽默的遥远进化先驱的时间进行了长时间的回顾,并将结合作为认知和社会现代形式“归属感”的进化先驱。同时,它也提醒人们不要随意地将笑的进化起源理论化。
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引用次数: 0
idea of national humour and Americanisation in Australia and Britain 澳大利亚和英国的民族幽默与美国化
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-11 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr.2022.10.2.689
Mark Rolfe
The widespread notion of a unique national humour involves an impulse to apply the commonplace assumptions of national identity that demand uniqueness of identity, history, language and culture for a political society. What is deemed true and distinctive of the nation must be also be true and distinctive of its national humour, goes the thinking.However, such cultural exclusivity has not been reconciled with cultural exchanges between nations. Paradoxically, conceptions of national humour have been formulated in dynamic tension with such exchanges during the various phases of globalization that have taken place since the 19th century. The Americanisation of humour, in particular, has been an important component of such transmissions and resulted from the commercial popular culture dominated by America since the nineteenth century. Australia is a prime example examined here along with examples from Britain. To complicate matters of transmission, Americanisation sometimes arrived in Australia via Britain as well as directly from America itself. Australians and Britons periodically reacted against American culture, including humour, as a threat to national identity. But this was part of a dynamic tension played out between modern and traditional, imported and local in their selections and adaptations of humour imports from America.There is a huge and historic complexity of cultural anxiety and cultural transfer lying behind the apparent cultural comforts of belonging to a nation-state. Moreover, humour has played its part in the continual discursive recreation of the nation in the form of constant searches for the unique national humour of a people.
独特的民族幽默的广泛概念涉及一种冲动,即应用对民族身份的常见假设,这些假设要求政治社会具有身份、历史、语言和文化的独特性。人们认为,一个国家的真实和独特之处,也必须是其民族幽默的真实和与众不同之处。然而,这种文化排他性并没有与国家之间的文化交流相调和。矛盾的是,自19世纪以来,在全球化的各个阶段,民族幽默的概念是在这种交流的动态张力中形成的。尤其是幽默的美国化,是这种传播的重要组成部分,也是自19世纪以来美国主导的商业流行文化的结果。澳大利亚是一个主要的例子,在这里审查的例子来自英国。使传播问题复杂化的是,美国化有时经由英国抵达澳大利亚,也直接从美国本土抵达。澳大利亚人和英国人定期对包括幽默在内的美国文化做出反应,认为这是对国家身份的威胁。但这是现代与传统、进口与本地之间动态紧张关系的一部分,他们对从美国进口的幽默进行了选择和改编。在属于一个民族国家的明显文化舒适感背后,隐藏着巨大的文化焦虑和文化转移的历史复杂性。此外,幽默在国家不断的话语娱乐中发挥了作用,不断寻找一个民族独特的民族幽默。
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引用次数: 0
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European Journal of Humour Research
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