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Spontaneous humour and Malaysia’s democratic breakthrough in 2018 自发幽默与马来西亚2018年的民主突破
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.7592/ejhr2021.9.3.526
Shanon Shah
The 2018 Malaysian general election was the first democratic change of government in the nation’s modern history. The victory of the Pakatan Harapan (Alliance of Hope – PH) coalition surprised several observers within and outside the country, especially considering the intensified repression employed by the outgoing Barisan Nasional (National Front – BN) ruling coalition leading up to the polls, including media censorship, the silencing of political opponents, and the manipulation of Islamism and ethnic Malay nationalism. This article examines the role of spontaneous, conversational humour in constructing a viable political identity for the PH. It does this by considering humorous moments during press conferences and similar media events held by the PH coalition, led by its designated choice for prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad. This article aims to contribute to the scholarship on the role of humour in identity construction and political campaigning.
2018年马来西亚大选是马来西亚现代史上第一次民主政府更迭。希望联盟的胜利令国内外的几位观察家感到惊讶,尤其是考虑到即将离任的国民阵线执政联盟在投票前加强了镇压,包括媒体审查、压制政治对手、,以及操纵伊斯兰主义和马来民族主义。这篇文章探讨了自发的对话幽默在为人民党构建可行的政治身份方面的作用。它通过考虑新闻发布会和类似媒体活动期间的幽默时刻来做到这一点,人民党联盟由其指定的总理人选马哈蒂尔·穆罕默德领导。本文旨在为研究幽默在身份建构和政治竞选中的作用做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Basilios Bessarion on George of Trebizond’s translation of Plato’s Laws 贝萨里翁论特拉比松的乔治对柏拉图《法律》的翻译
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.7592/EJHR2021.9.2.480
Maria V. Semikolennykh
George of Trebizond (1395-1472) has spent a significant part of his life translating Greek books into Latin. The bulk of his translations is impressive: from Ptolemy’s Almagest to John Chrysostom’s homilies and works by Cyril of Alexandria, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, and Aristotle. He was quite an experienced translator, who had worked out an elaborated method explained in several writings. At the height of his career, George rather hastily translated Plato’s Laws. The haste and, probably, George’s bias against Plato and Platonism resulted in numerous inaccuracies of translation. Several years later, Basilios Bessarion closely scrutinized these faults in the fifth book of his In Calumniatorem Platonis, a comprehensive work aiming to refute the arguments set out in George of Trebizond’s anti-Platonic treatise Comparatio Philosophorum Aristotelis et Platonis. The paper analyses the use of such rhetorical devices as sarcasm and irony in Bessarion’s In Calumniatorem Platonis and especially in his commentary on George’s translation of Laws; it also aims to demonstrate how Bessarion turns George of Trebizond into a comic figure, thus compromising both the opponent and his interpretation of Plato’s doctrine.
特雷比宗的乔治(1395-1472)一生中大部分时间都在将希腊书籍翻译成拉丁语。他的大部分译本都令人印象深刻:从托勒密的《Almagest》到约翰·克里索斯托姆的布道,以及亚历山大的西里尔、巴西尔大帝、尼萨的格雷戈里和亚里士多德的作品。他是一位经验丰富的翻译家,在几篇著作中都阐述了一种详尽的翻译方法。在他职业生涯的巅峰时期,乔治相当匆忙地翻译了柏拉图的《律法》。匆忙,也许还有乔治对柏拉图和柏拉图主义的偏见,导致了翻译中的许多不准确之处。几年后,Basilios Bessarion在他的《诽谤柏拉图》第五本书中仔细审视了这些错误,这本书是一本综合性的著作,旨在反驳特雷比宗的乔治的反柏拉图论文《比较哲学亚里士多德与柏拉图》中提出的论点。本文分析了贝萨里翁在《柏拉图的诽谤》一书中,特别是在他对乔治翻译《法律》的评论中使用的讽刺、反讽等修辞手法;它还旨在展示贝萨里翁如何将特雷比宗的乔治变成一个喜剧人物,从而妥协对手和他对柏拉图学说的解释。
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引用次数: 0
Laughing with machines 和机器一起笑
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.7592/EJHR2021.9.2.443
Jarno Hietalahti
This article will analyse the preconditions of sense of humour for artificial intelligence. Can artificial intelligence have a sense of humour? Is there a difference between human and machine laughter? Some machines already fulfil certain conditions which are associated with the human sense of humour: on the most superficial level machines appear to laugh and produce jokes, and they recognize sarcasm and punchlines, and they can evaluate funniness. In short, artificial intelligence is already able to recognize humour, and reacts to it accordingly. Furthermore, people laugh with humorous machines. However, it is still uncertain whether artificial intelligence can have a sense of humour or not, at least in comparison to a human sense of humour. To build bridges between AI research and philosophy of humour, this article proposes that there are (at least) five notable philosophical issues to be addressed if we are to accept that machines can have a (humanlike) sense of humour. These principles are: 1) worldview, 2) self-consciousness, 3) self-reflection, 4) self-criticism, and 5) losing control.
本文将分析人工智能幽默感的前提条件。人工智能能有幽默感吗?人类的笑声和机器的笑声有区别吗?一些机器已经满足了与人类幽默感相关的某些条件:在最肤浅的层面上,机器似乎会笑并制造笑话,它们会识别讽刺和笑点,并且可以评估幽默性。简而言之,人工智能已经能够识别幽默,并对其做出相应的反应。此外,人们用幽默的机器大笑。然而,人工智能是否能有幽默感仍然不确定,至少与人类的幽默感相比是这样。为了在人工智能研究和幽默哲学之间架起桥梁,本文提出,如果我们要接受机器可以具有(类人的)幽默感,那么(至少)有五个值得注意的哲学问题需要解决。这些原则是:1)世界观,2)自我意识,3)自我反思,4)自我批评,5)失控。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding of comical texts in people with different types of attitudes towards humour 不同幽默态度人群对喜剧文本的理解
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.7592/EJHR2021.9.2.456
Daniil Rivin, O. Shcherbakova
This study aimed to test a hypothesis about the correlation between levels of gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism and understanding of Internet memes as a specific form of humour. Participants were 45 native speakers of Russian (aged 18 – 30; 73,3 % female). The levels of Internet memes understanding were assessed independently by two judges with the use of criteria based on the results of a series of semi-structured in-depth interviews. Gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism were assessed with PhoPhiKat <30> questionnaire. J. Raven’s “Standard Progressive Matrices” test was used to control the level of psychometric intelligence. Concordance of judges’ scores for the understanding of memes was assessed with Kendall’s W and ranged from 0.71 to 0.84. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test the main hypothesis. We found no correlation between the scores for gelotophobia, gelotophilia, and katagelasticism and understanding of Internet memes. Presumably, the type of attitude towards humour does not play a significant role in the understanding of comical texts. The qualitative content analysis of the interview protocols revealed some specific features of cognitive mechanisms of Internet memes understanding. Namely, successful participants with higher levels of understanding of Internet memes reflected more on their thinking process than those with lower levels of understanding of Internet memes, easily switched from an abstract level of reasoning to a concrete one, and tended to consistently develop detailed mental representations of the memes.
这项研究旨在检验一个假设,即恐凝胶症、恐凝胶症和强弹性症的水平与对网络模因作为一种特定幽默形式的理解之间的相关性。参与者为45名母语为俄语的人(年龄在18-30岁之间;73.3%为女性)。两名法官根据一系列半结构化深度访谈的结果,使用标准独立评估了互联网迷因的理解水平。使用PhoPhiKat问卷对凝胶恐惧症、凝胶过敏症和卡他弹性症进行评估。J.Raven的“标准渐进矩阵”测试被用来控制心理测量智力的水平。评委理解模因的得分与Kendall的W相一致,范围从0.71到0.84。Spearman秩相关系数用于检验主要假设。我们发现,凝胶恐惧症、凝胶癖、卡他弹性症的得分与对互联网模因的理解之间没有相关性。据推测,对幽默的态度类型在理解滑稽文本中并没有起到重要作用。访谈协议的定性内容分析揭示了网络模因理解认知机制的一些具体特征。也就是说,与对互联网模因理解水平较低的参与者相比,对网络模因理解程度较高的成功参与者更多地反映了他们的思维过程,很容易从抽象的推理水平转换到具体的推理水平,并倾向于持续发展模因的详细心理表征。
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引用次数: 0
Gelotophobia, attitudes to illness and self-stigmatisation in patients with non-psychotic mental disorders and brain injuries 非精神病性精神障碍和脑损伤患者的恐惧、疾病态度和自我污名化
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.7592/EJHR2021.9.2.439
D. Shunenkov, Victoria Vorontsova, Alyona Ivanova
Gelotophobia, or the fear of being laughed at, has been described as an inability to enjoy humour and laughter in social interaction. A number of studies have shown its increased levels under various mental disorders. Gelotophobia in psychiatric patients may appear either as a primary syndrome, or as a secondary disorder connected to the patient’s reaction to their social position (self-stigmatization). In turn, self-stigmatization is closely related to the personality of the patient and, in particular, to their attitudes to illness. Since the fear of being laughed at has been studied within both the clinical concept and the continual model of individual differences, the question of differentiation between normal and pathological fear of being laughed at is topical, while borderline groups are of particular interest. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between gelotophobia, attitudes to illness, and self-stigmatization in patients with minor, non-psychotic mental disorders, as well as those with brain injuries, who also had mild mental disorders, without having the status of psychiatric patients. The sample consisted of 73 patients with non-psychotic mental disorders, and 30 patients with brain injuries. The methods used included PhoPhiKat-30, ISMI-9 (Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Inventory), and TOBOL (Types of the Attitudes to Disease). The results revealed at least a slight level of gelotophobia in 31% patients with non-psychotic mental disorders, and 20% in those with brain injuries. Gelotophobia correlated with certain types of attitude to illness in each group. Subjects displaying high levels of gelotophobia were in general characterized by disadvantageous attitudes to illness. In the group of psychiatric patients, gelotophobia was associated with self-stigmatization, whereas in the group of neurological patients it was not. Thus, in this study gelotophobia was examined for the first time in patients with non-psychotic mental disorders, as well as in those with brain injuries. Different mechanisms of gelotophobia development were suggested for the two groups.
笑恐症,或害怕被嘲笑,被描述为在社交互动中无法享受幽默和笑声。许多研究表明,在各种精神障碍中,它的水平会增加。精神病人的恐光症可能表现为原发性综合征,也可能表现为与病人对其社会地位的反应(自我污名化)有关的继发性障碍。反过来,自我污名化与患者的个性密切相关,特别是与他们对疾病的态度密切相关。由于对被嘲笑的恐惧已经在临床概念和个体差异的连续模型中进行了研究,因此区分正常和病理性的被嘲笑恐惧的问题是一个热门话题,而边缘群体则特别感兴趣。本研究的目的是研究轻度非精神病性精神障碍患者以及轻度精神障碍的脑损伤患者,对疾病的态度和自我污名化之间的关系,这些患者也有轻度精神障碍,但没有精神病患者的地位。样本包括73名非精神病性精神障碍患者和30名脑损伤患者。采用的方法包括phphikat -30、ISMI-9(精神疾病内化污名量表)和TOBOL(疾病态度类型量表)。结果显示,31%的非精神病性精神障碍患者至少有轻微的恐光症,20%的脑损伤患者有轻微的恐光症。在每一组中,恐光症与某些类型的疾病态度相关。表现出高度恐惧的受试者通常以对疾病持不利态度为特征。在精神病患者组中,恐光症与自我污名化有关,而在神经系统患者组中则没有。因此,在这项研究中,恐光症首次在非精神病性精神障碍患者以及脑损伤患者中进行了检查。两组儿童恐光症的发展机制不同。
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引用次数: 0
Laughter in the context of urban soundscapes 城市声景背景下的笑声
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.7592/EJHR2021.9.2.474
Daria Vasileva
Fifty people compiled diaries in which they described the sounds of their daily life in cities around the world. Of the 940 hours of observation there were 200 entries that referred to sounds of laughter, both live and recorded. The participants of the research always identified laughter sounds explicitly, unlike other urban sounds. The sound of laughter has a powerful cultural-symbolic superstructure. Learning how we use laughter, what we hear and how we react when someone laughs can help us to understand the key processes taking place in the urban space today. Laughter can at once attract and repel, signal danger and relieve social tension. It can lead equally to social agents’ inclusion and exclusion in the situation of interaction, and can largely determine the form and extent of their inclusion. A citizen’s interpretation of the sound of laughter depends directly on the media technologies which predominate in the urban environment and channel their cultural experience and sonic imagination.
50人整理了日记,在日记中描述了他们在世界各地城市的日常生活。在940个小时的观察中,有200个条目涉及现场和录音的笑声。研究的参与者总是明确地识别出笑声,这与其他城市声音不同。笑声具有强大的文化象征性上层建筑。学习我们如何使用笑声,我们听到什么,以及当有人笑时我们如何反应,可以帮助我们理解当今城市空间中发生的关键过程。笑可以同时吸引和排斥,发出危险信号,缓解社会紧张。它可以平等地导致社会主体在互动情况下的包容和排斥,并在很大程度上决定其包容的形式和程度。市民对笑声的解读直接取决于在城市环境中占主导地位的媒体技术,并引导他们的文化体验和声音想象。
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引用次数: 0
When Homer ceased laughing 当荷马不再大笑时
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.7592/EJHR2021.9.2.476
F. Shcherbakov
Since the very beginning of its proliferation, the Homeric epic has been subject to various ways of interpretation and modes of understanding. Particular attention has been paid to those passages from Homeric poems in which the gods commit obscene, absurd, or comical actions. In the opinion of critics of Iliad and Odyssey, such myths were not worthy of the appropriate faith in the Greek gods. Therefore, my article focuses on the third, “comical” group of these Homeric grey areas, and deals with the following questions: how and why did Homer’s comical passages move from a discourse of the ridiculous and the funny to a discourse of the serious by means of philosophical interpretation over the centuries? I will try to uncover the general principles and conditions of that hermeneutical mechanism which made it possible to translate Homer’s comical plots from the language of Olympic “domestic” nonsense into the language of the most important physical, ethical, and metaphysical truths. To achieve this task, my article will conditionally distinguish two ways of transition from the comical to the serious: the first, which was carried out in ancient allegorism, was to directly produce a translation, and to declare that the “superficial” meaning of the myth is false, and its deep level is true. The second way – ancient symbolism – was to turn the comical into the serious through the immediate translation of comical myths into the religious discourse of the sacred, which did not imply a stark contrast between the comical and the serious but, on the contrary, harmonized them.
荷马史诗从一开始就受到各种解读方式和理解方式的制约。人们特别注意荷马诗中那些众神做出淫秽、荒谬或滑稽行为的段落。在《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的批评家看来,这样的神话配不上对希腊众神应有的信仰。因此,我的文章聚焦于荷马灰色地带中的第三个“滑稽”群体,并处理了以下问题:几个世纪以来,荷马的滑稽段落是如何以及为什么通过哲学解释从荒谬和滑稽的话语转变为严肃的话语的?我将试图揭示解释学机制的一般原则和条件,这种机制使荷马的滑稽情节能够从奥运会“国内”的胡言乱语翻译成最重要的物理、伦理和形而上学真理的语言。为了实现这一任务,我的文章将有条件地区分从滑稽到严肃的两种过渡方式:第一种是在古代寓言中进行的,直接进行翻译,并宣称神话的“表面”意义是虚假的,其深层意义是真实的。第二种方式——古代象征主义——是通过将滑稽神话立即翻译成神圣的宗教话语,将滑稽变成严肃,这并不意味着滑稽和严肃之间的鲜明对比,相反,却协调了它们。
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引用次数: 0
Is parody dangerous? 模仿危险吗?
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.7592/EJHR2021.9.2.517
S. Troitskiy
This article arose from the scandal which broke out in Russia in 2018, when Ulyanovsk cadets made an amateur video clip parodying the Benny Benassi’s musical video (2003). Soon, this video had more than a million views. But official Russian media sharply reproached the cadets’ performance, and even Russian authorities discussed the video. The Russian Internet community issued a lot of videos in support of the cadets. The reaction of Russian media on the cadets’ parody was mainly strong and not always adequate. I am interested in the reasons behind the fear of parody because, in my opinion, the official discourse had nothing to fear. My analysis is based on the Russian theories of parody and the medieval cultural experience. Can parody be dangerous? Why did the official media overreact?
这篇文章源于2018年俄罗斯爆发的丑闻,当时乌里扬诺夫斯克军校学员模仿本尼·贝纳西的音乐视频(2003年)制作了一段业余视频片段。很快,这段视频的浏览量就超过了100万。但俄罗斯官方媒体严厉谴责了这些学员的表现,就连俄罗斯当局也在讨论这段视频。俄罗斯网络社区发布了许多支持学员的视频。俄罗斯媒体对学员模仿的反应主要是强烈的,但并不总是充分的。我对害怕恶搞背后的原因很感兴趣,因为在我看来,官方话语没有什么可害怕的。我的分析是基于俄罗斯的戏仿理论和中世纪的文化经验。模仿会有危险吗?为什么官方媒体反应过度?
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引用次数: 1
Irony and heroism 讽刺与英雄主义
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.7592/EJHR2021.9.2.497
M. Prikhodko
In the article we investigate the Christian – pagan polemic of Origen's treatise “Contra Celsum” in fragment 7.53-58, where the problem of the correlation of irony and heroism reveals the contrast between false and true deeds, for which divine honours are given. The irony that Celsus uses to attack Christians serves as a kind of “divide” that marks a contrast between pagan ideas about heroism, as a principle of deification of people, and the principles on which, from Celsus’ point of view of, Christians consider Jesus to be God. A special subject of the article is Celsus’ reflection on the ironic motive of the Book of Jonah, the story of the gourd (Jonah 4, 5-11), and the salvation of the prophet Daniel from the lion's den (Dan. 6, 16-23). Origen’s response to Celsus’ speech shows a certain similarity to the text of a pagan author in structural, stylistic and lexical aspects. Such factor reveals a rhetorical content of the response of Origen. In the field of rhetorica, Origen uses irony against his opponent: pagan heroes and philosophers now appear funny or not serious enough, whereas the Old Testament prophets are revealed as genuinely great and as a source of miracles. In light of this, Origen’s response to Celsus replaces Celsus’ ironic allusion to the gourd story from the fourth chapter of the Book of Jonah with the first verse of the second chapter, which opens the episode of Jonah’s stay in the belly of the whale. An analysis of this substitution, based on the hermeneutic principles of Origen, shows the role of Biblical irony as a specific aspect of the spiritual meaning of the sacred text. It is hypothesized that the essence of this specificity is the creation of a contrast that sets any feat of any person in the light of the historical life of Jesus Christ, who completely and exceptionally realized God's providence. This reveals a pattern or principle of going beyond the limits of human virtue to the sphere of divine being. To compare any feats with the earthly life and the death of the Saviour renders the opposition of ironic and heroic no longer a contrast between false and true: any heroism, even the exploits of the Old Testament prophets, becomes ironic / ridiculous. Thus Origen’s Christian irony is not only an instrument of rhetorical discourse, but a philosophical and literary device that allows transcending, or elevating to an unattainable level, the heroism of the life and death of the Saviour.
在这篇文章中,我们调查了奥利金论文《反塞尔苏姆》(Contra Celsum)中7.53-58片段中的基督教-异教论战,其中讽刺和英雄主义的相关性问题揭示了虚假和真实行为之间的对比,为此给予了神圣的荣誉。塞尔苏斯用来攻击基督徒的讽刺是一种“分歧”,标志着异教徒关于英雄主义的思想(一种对人的神化原则)与基督徒认为耶稣是上帝的原则之间的对比。这篇文章的一个特殊主题是塞尔苏对《约拿书》的讽刺动机、葫芦的故事(约拿书4,5-11)和先知但以理从狮子窝中拯救出来(但书6,16-23)的反思。Origen对Celsus演讲的回应在结构、风格和词汇方面与异教作家的作品有一定的相似性。这一因素揭示了奥里金回应的修辞内容。在修辞领域,奥里金对他的对手使用了讽刺:异教徒英雄和哲学家现在看起来很有趣或不够严肃,而《旧约》中的先知被揭示为真正伟大的,是奇迹的源泉。有鉴于此,Origen对Celsus的回应用第二章的第一节取代了《约拿书》第四章中Celsus对葫芦故事的讽刺,开启了约拿在鲸鱼肚子里的故事。基于奥里金的解释学原理,对这种替代的分析表明,圣经讽刺作为神圣文本精神意义的一个特定方面的作用。据推测,这种特殊性的本质是创造了一种对比,将任何人的任何成就都与耶稣基督的历史生活相结合,耶稣基督完全而异常地实现了上帝的天意。这揭示了一种超越人类美德极限进入神圣存在领域的模式或原则。将任何壮举与救世主的现世生活和死亡进行比较,都会使讽刺和英雄的对立不再是虚假和真实的对比:任何英雄主义,甚至是旧约先知的功绩,都会变得讽刺/荒谬。因此,奥里金的基督教讽刺不仅是一种修辞话语的工具,而且是一种哲学和文学手段,可以超越或提升到一个无法达到的水平,即救世主生死的英雄主义。
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引用次数: 0
Laughter, carnival and religion in ancient Egypt 笑声、狂欢和古埃及的宗教
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-20 DOI: 10.7592/EJHR2021.9.2.437
A. Murashko
The article highlights the problem of interaction of the ancient Egypt laughter culture with the category of sacred. A person is confronted with the fact that the examples in question can often be phenomena of a different order, and the use of terms such as “carnival” or even “religion”, “temple” or “priest” in relation to ancient Egypt requires an additional explanation. We find “funny” images on the walls of tombs and in the temples, where the Egyptians practiced their cult. In the Ramesside period (1292-1069 BC) a huge layer of the culture of laughter penetrated a written tradition in a way that Mikhail Bakhtin called the carnivalization of literature. Incredible events are described in stories and fairy tales in a burlesque, grotesque form, and great gods are exposed as fools. Applying of the Bakhtinian paradigm to the material of the Middle and New Kingdom allows to reveal the ambivalent character of the Ancient Egyptian laughter: the Egyptians could joke on the divine and remain deeply religious.
文章着重分析了古埃及笑文化与神圣范畴的互动问题。一个人面对的事实是,所讨论的例子往往是不同顺序的现象,并且使用诸如“狂欢节”甚至“宗教”,“寺庙”或“牧师”之类的术语与古埃及有关,需要额外的解释。我们在坟墓的墙上和埃及人进行崇拜的庙宇里发现了“滑稽”的图像。在Ramesside时期(公元前1292-1069年),笑文化以一种米哈伊尔·巴赫金称之为文学狂欢化的方式渗透到书面传统中。不可思议的事件在故事和童话中以滑稽、怪诞的形式被描述,伟大的神被暴露为傻瓜。将巴赫蒂尼范式应用到中古王国和新王国的材料中,可以揭示出古埃及人笑声的矛盾特征:埃及人可以开神的玩笑,同时保持深深的宗教信仰。
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引用次数: 0
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European Journal of Humour Research
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