Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.37394/23201.2023.22.9
R. Melnyk, R. Kvit
The known K-means clustering, flood-filling, and thinning algorithms are used to find coordinates of contacts in PCB images. Images of different types and colors are considered. The clustering algorithm is used to reduce the number of colors, to get uniform colors in the PCB image. The thinning algorithm is used to build skeletons and find pixels of contacts. The flood-fill algorithm is used to mark and separate chains, defect connectivity, and metal defects. Different subtraction operations are applied to original, transformed, and distributed cumulative histogram images.
{"title":"Defects Detection in Printed Circuit Boards by Separation and Comparison of Chains","authors":"R. Melnyk, R. Kvit","doi":"10.37394/23201.2023.22.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2023.22.9","url":null,"abstract":"The known K-means clustering, flood-filling, and thinning algorithms are used to find coordinates of contacts in PCB images. Images of different types and colors are considered. The clustering algorithm is used to reduce the number of colors, to get uniform colors in the PCB image. The thinning algorithm is used to build skeletons and find pixels of contacts. The flood-fill algorithm is used to mark and separate chains, defect connectivity, and metal defects. Different subtraction operations are applied to original, transformed, and distributed cumulative histogram images.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131719888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.37394/23201.2023.22.8
F. Himmelstoss
The inrush current of the Boost converter can reach high values when attached to a stable input source like a car battery or a battery buffered micro-grid. To avoid the inrush current, a modification of the converter by placing the capacitor between the output and input can be done. To reduce the switching losses, the quasi resonant zero current switching QRZCS concept is used. The active switch of the converter has a constant on-time and a variable off-time or frequency. The inrush current is studied and the function of the QRZCS converter is treated with the help of mathematical descriptions and with the uZi diagram. LTSpice simulations are used to prove the considerations.
{"title":"Quasi Resonant Zero Current Switching Modified Boost Converter (QRZCSMBC)","authors":"F. Himmelstoss","doi":"10.37394/23201.2023.22.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2023.22.8","url":null,"abstract":"The inrush current of the Boost converter can reach high values when attached to a stable input source like a car battery or a battery buffered micro-grid. To avoid the inrush current, a modification of the converter by placing the capacitor between the output and input can be done. To reduce the switching losses, the quasi resonant zero current switching QRZCS concept is used. The active switch of the converter has a constant on-time and a variable off-time or frequency. The inrush current is studied and the function of the QRZCS converter is treated with the help of mathematical descriptions and with the uZi diagram. LTSpice simulations are used to prove the considerations.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117319977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-08DOI: 10.37394/23201.2023.22.7
G. Divya, V. S
Considering technological advancements and international standards mandating reduced greenhouse gas emissions, automobile manufacturers have shifted their focus toward innovative technologies related to fuel-cell electric vehicles. Despite having an all-electric powertrain, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) utilize a fuel cell stack as their energy source, which runs on hydrogen and results in the emission of only water and heat. Due to the absence of tailpipe pollutants, fuel-cell electric vehicles are considered zero-emission vehicles. Among fuel cell types, low-temperature and low-pressure fuel cells, such as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), are well-suited for vehicular applications as they exhibit high power density, operate at lower temperatures (60-80°C), and are less prone to corrosion than other types of fuel cells. The main objective of this paper is to investigate solar-assisted electric fuel cell vehicles that efficiently integrate the fuel cell system with an electrolyzer and solar power to fulfill the fluctuating power demands of the electric motor and auxiliary systems. A novel EV configuration with a fuel cell, electrolyzer and onboard PV cell is proposed. An onboard PV cell can assist the fuel cell when the irradiation is enough to generate the power. During the idle conditions of vehicles, PV-generated power can be converted into chemical energy using an electrolyzer and generated hydrogen can be stored in a hydrogen tank. To match the voltage required by the motor and sources a quadratic bidirectional buck-boost converter is employed. The proposed configuration is examined by considering variable irradiance and variable speed values. To obtain the maximum power output from the photovoltaic (PV) panel, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is employed to regulate the PV system. To enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of PV systems, an enhanced version of the incremental conductance algorithm is utilized as the MPPT control strategy. Outer voltage and inner current control are adopted to regulate the DC output voltage of the QBBC converter. An indirect vector-controlled induction motor is used as vehicle drive. Simulations are performed to investigate the proposed EV configuration in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
{"title":"Design and Modeling of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powered by Solar and Fuel Cell Energy with Quadratic Buck/Boost Converter","authors":"G. Divya, V. S","doi":"10.37394/23201.2023.22.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2023.22.7","url":null,"abstract":"Considering technological advancements and international standards mandating reduced greenhouse gas emissions, automobile manufacturers have shifted their focus toward innovative technologies related to fuel-cell electric vehicles. Despite having an all-electric powertrain, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) utilize a fuel cell stack as their energy source, which runs on hydrogen and results in the emission of only water and heat. Due to the absence of tailpipe pollutants, fuel-cell electric vehicles are considered zero-emission vehicles. Among fuel cell types, low-temperature and low-pressure fuel cells, such as Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), are well-suited for vehicular applications as they exhibit high power density, operate at lower temperatures (60-80°C), and are less prone to corrosion than other types of fuel cells. The main objective of this paper is to investigate solar-assisted electric fuel cell vehicles that efficiently integrate the fuel cell system with an electrolyzer and solar power to fulfill the fluctuating power demands of the electric motor and auxiliary systems. A novel EV configuration with a fuel cell, electrolyzer and onboard PV cell is proposed. An onboard PV cell can assist the fuel cell when the irradiation is enough to generate the power. During the idle conditions of vehicles, PV-generated power can be converted into chemical energy using an electrolyzer and generated hydrogen can be stored in a hydrogen tank. To match the voltage required by the motor and sources a quadratic bidirectional buck-boost converter is employed. The proposed configuration is examined by considering variable irradiance and variable speed values. To obtain the maximum power output from the photovoltaic (PV) panel, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is employed to regulate the PV system. To enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of PV systems, an enhanced version of the incremental conductance algorithm is utilized as the MPPT control strategy. Outer voltage and inner current control are adopted to regulate the DC output voltage of the QBBC converter. An indirect vector-controlled induction motor is used as vehicle drive. Simulations are performed to investigate the proposed EV configuration in MATLAB/SIMULINK.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114498549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.37394/23201.2023.22.5
Mostafa A. Hosny, S. Ibrahim
This work presents a fast transient boost converter in 40nm CMOS technology. The converter is fully integrated and utilizes MOS+ MOM capacitors to minimize the area. The unique pseudo-6-bit Analog to digital converter helps the system achieve its fast trainset load changes. The design also utilizes 32-phases of operation to achieve small ripples though it uses a relatively small output capacitor. The converter generates a 3 V supply from a 1.8 V input and achieves a fast transient response of 1mA to 24mA, and vice versa, in 100 ps with an undershoot and overshoot not exceeding 4% of the regulator’s output and ripples less than 40mV peak-to-peak.
{"title":"A Fast Transient, 24 mA Switched Capacitor Boost Regulator in 40 nm CMOS Technology","authors":"Mostafa A. Hosny, S. Ibrahim","doi":"10.37394/23201.2023.22.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2023.22.5","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a fast transient boost converter in 40nm CMOS technology. The converter is fully integrated and utilizes MOS+ MOM capacitors to minimize the area. The unique pseudo-6-bit Analog to digital converter helps the system achieve its fast trainset load changes. The design also utilizes 32-phases of operation to achieve small ripples though it uses a relatively small output capacitor. The converter generates a 3 V supply from a 1.8 V input and achieves a fast transient response of 1mA to 24mA, and vice versa, in 100 ps with an undershoot and overshoot not exceeding 4% of the regulator’s output and ripples less than 40mV peak-to-peak.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114755245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-25DOI: 10.37394/23201.2023.22.6
H. Fan
Capacitor charging and discharging is basic knowledge in electromagnetic education. This work proposes an innovative course teaching method of “self-learning as the mainstay, supplemented by circuit examples”, which can improve the student’s knowledge absorption and enthusiasm in the class. The simulation tool Multisim is used as an auxiliary software to strengthen the connection between theory and practice, which reviews the knowledge they have learned and helps students to develop the habit of using simulation software to assist their learning. This innovative course teaching method improves the role of students in the classroom and cultivates the ability of students to learn independently and practice automatically, lays a foundation for the design of electromagnetic theories in the future.
{"title":"A Case Study about Innovative Electromagnetic Engineering Education based on Capacitor Charging and Discharging","authors":"H. Fan","doi":"10.37394/23201.2023.22.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2023.22.6","url":null,"abstract":"Capacitor charging and discharging is basic knowledge in electromagnetic education. This work proposes an innovative course teaching method of “self-learning as the mainstay, supplemented by circuit examples”, which can improve the student’s knowledge absorption and enthusiasm in the class. The simulation tool Multisim is used as an auxiliary software to strengthen the connection between theory and practice, which reviews the knowledge they have learned and helps students to develop the habit of using simulation software to assist their learning. This innovative course teaching method improves the role of students in the classroom and cultivates the ability of students to learn independently and practice automatically, lays a foundation for the design of electromagnetic theories in the future.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115303642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.37394/23201.2023.22.4
S. Fenni, F. Haddad, A. Slimane, R. Touhami, W. Rahajandraibe
In this paper, different topologies of RF self-oscillating mixers (SOM), stacking the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and the mixer on top of each other, are assessed. Their design considerations to address sub-mW operation suitable to ultra-low power applications are presented. Two configurations of SOM circuits are implemented in 130nm CMOS technology. The obtained results are presented and performances in terms of gain, noise, linearity, area, power consumption and stability over process and mismatch are compared and discussed.
{"title":"Design of Monolithic RF CMOS Sub-mW Self-Oscillating-Mixers","authors":"S. Fenni, F. Haddad, A. Slimane, R. Touhami, W. Rahajandraibe","doi":"10.37394/23201.2023.22.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2023.22.4","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, different topologies of RF self-oscillating mixers (SOM), stacking the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and the mixer on top of each other, are assessed. Their design considerations to address sub-mW operation suitable to ultra-low power applications are presented. Two configurations of SOM circuits are implemented in 130nm CMOS technology. The obtained results are presented and performances in terms of gain, noise, linearity, area, power consumption and stability over process and mismatch are compared and discussed.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133253978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-11DOI: 10.37394/23201.2023.22.3
Xiuqiong Hu
An optimal power flow model as well as algorithm is provided for interconnected power systems considering active power constraints of transmission interfaces. To ensure the optimum operation of an interconnected power system, the optimal goal of the proposed model is minimizing the loss of active power. For satisfying transaction power constraints, the active power constraints of transmission interfaces are taken into account as inequality constraints. Considering the multi-area characteristic of interconnected power systems, a decomposition-coordination optimal model is proposed on the base of the model previously established. And the decomposition-coordination interior point method is used to solve the decomposition-coordination optimal model. Simulations of two test systems illustrate that the proposed model as well as the algorithm can improve computational efficiency, which can provide operation schedule decisions for interconnected power systems.
{"title":"A New Optimal Power Flow Model Considering the Active Power Constraints of Transmission Interfaces","authors":"Xiuqiong Hu","doi":"10.37394/23201.2023.22.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2023.22.3","url":null,"abstract":"An optimal power flow model as well as algorithm is provided for interconnected power systems considering active power constraints of transmission interfaces. To ensure the optimum operation of an interconnected power system, the optimal goal of the proposed model is minimizing the loss of active power. For satisfying transaction power constraints, the active power constraints of transmission interfaces are taken into account as inequality constraints. Considering the multi-area characteristic of interconnected power systems, a decomposition-coordination optimal model is proposed on the base of the model previously established. And the decomposition-coordination interior point method is used to solve the decomposition-coordination optimal model. Simulations of two test systems illustrate that the proposed model as well as the algorithm can improve computational efficiency, which can provide operation schedule decisions for interconnected power systems.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115396644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.37394/23201.2023.22.2
R. Skuratovskii
In this article, for Markov ciphers, we prove that they are resistant to differential cryptanalysis and some statements made for MS are obtained. The upper estimates of the probabilities of integer differentials are significantly improved when compared to previously known results. Our differential cryptanalytic algorithm finds weak subkeys that have more than 80 bits and 128 bits for 128-bit keys.
{"title":"Differential Analysis of Non-Markov Ciphers","authors":"R. Skuratovskii","doi":"10.37394/23201.2023.22.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2023.22.2","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, for Markov ciphers, we prove that they are resistant to differential cryptanalysis and some statements made for MS are obtained. The upper estimates of the probabilities of integer differentials are significantly improved when compared to previously known results. Our differential cryptanalytic algorithm finds weak subkeys that have more than 80 bits and 128 bits for 128-bit keys.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122308347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.37394/23201.2023.22.1
M.I. Abu El-Sebah, F.A. Syam, Emad A. Sweelem, Mohamed M. El-sotouhy, Mohamed M. El Sotouhy
Many research have observable development in the automated vehicle driving field during the last few decades. This research proposed a simple optimum Intelligent PID (SO PID) controller to simplify the automated vehicle motion control. Control of an autonomous vehicle’s steering routines plays an essential key role. Several steering control procedures are proposed that improve automated vehicle performance. The design of secure embedded control systems must overcome the difficulties associated with designing both computing and control systems. Also, this research introduces a model of the autonomous car prototype controlled via an Arduino microcontroller board and the GPS Module to receive the car coordinates. The car moves safely, and autonomously consequently avoiding the risk of human faults. Several algorithms such as angle and distance calculations to the waypoint and obstacle detection are combined to control the car movement.
{"title":"A Proposed Controller for an Autonomous Vehicles Embedded System","authors":"M.I. Abu El-Sebah, F.A. Syam, Emad A. Sweelem, Mohamed M. El-sotouhy, Mohamed M. El Sotouhy","doi":"10.37394/23201.2023.22.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2023.22.1","url":null,"abstract":"Many research have observable development in the automated vehicle driving field during the last few decades. This research proposed a simple optimum Intelligent PID (SO PID) controller to simplify the automated vehicle motion control. Control of an autonomous vehicle’s steering routines plays an essential key role. Several steering control procedures are proposed that improve automated vehicle performance. The design of secure embedded control systems must overcome the difficulties associated with designing both computing and control systems. Also, this research introduces a model of the autonomous car prototype controlled via an Arduino microcontroller board and the GPS Module to receive the car coordinates. The car moves safely, and autonomously consequently avoiding the risk of human faults. Several algorithms such as angle and distance calculations to the waypoint and obstacle detection are combined to control the car movement.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132871082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.37394/23201.2022.21.28
Fengde Chen, Han Lin, Qun Zhu, Qianqian Li
A nonautonomous single-species model with stage structure and feedback control is revisited in this paper. By applying the differential inequality theory, a set of delay-dependent conditions ensures the permanence of the system is obtained; Next, by further developing the analytical technique of Chen et al, we prove that the system is always permanent. Numeric simulation supports our findings. Also, the numeric simulation shows that the feedback control variable harms the final density of the species, and this may increase the chance of the extinction of the species. Our results supplement and complement some known results.
{"title":"The Permanence of a Nonautonomous Single-species Model with Stage- Structure and Feedback Control","authors":"Fengde Chen, Han Lin, Qun Zhu, Qianqian Li","doi":"10.37394/23201.2022.21.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37394/23201.2022.21.28","url":null,"abstract":"A nonautonomous single-species model with stage structure and feedback control is revisited in this paper. By applying the differential inequality theory, a set of delay-dependent conditions ensures the permanence of the system is obtained; Next, by further developing the analytical technique of Chen et al, we prove that the system is always permanent. Numeric simulation supports our findings. Also, the numeric simulation shows that the feedback control variable harms the final density of the species, and this may increase the chance of the extinction of the species. Our results supplement and complement some known results.","PeriodicalId":376260,"journal":{"name":"WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131780821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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