The influence of environmental drivers and management strategies on crops growth is a focal point to deal with the potential impact of the climate changes on forest yields. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation and fertilization on growth dynamics of ‘Imola’ clone, an elite poplar crossed from Populus deltoides Bartr. and Populus nigra L. for short rotation coppice purposes. Using a split-plot design with three replications, two treatments were applied (irrigation and fertilization) with two levels each one: ‘no’ and ‘yes’; 4 theses were considered: irrigation-only (IRR), fertilization-only (FRT) and the irrigation with fertilization (IRF) and control (CRT). At the end of the first 5-year cycle the average yield, in dry matter, was 36.8 Mg ha -1 for non-irrigated plots and 80.8 Mg ha -1 for irrigated plots. While no statistical evidence was detectable for fertilization treatment, a Linear Mixed Model analysis applied to data highlighted the Summer (June-August) as key season for the irrigation of trees. Conversely, interaction between irrigation and fertilization negatively affected growth in the same period. Overall, this trial demonstrated a low impact of fertilization on growth dynamics. Water availability was confirmed as the most important factor for poplar growth, in such site, focusing on the importance of studying alternative, less impacting methods for irrigating such crops.
{"title":"Growth dynamics of ‘Imola’ poplar clone (Populus ×canadensis Mönch) under different cultivation inputs","authors":"S. Bergante, G. Facciotto, M. Marchi","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1934","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of environmental drivers and management strategies on crops growth is a focal point to deal with the potential impact of the climate changes on forest yields. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation and fertilization on growth dynamics of ‘Imola’ clone, an elite poplar crossed from Populus deltoides Bartr. and Populus nigra L. for short rotation coppice purposes. Using a split-plot design with three replications, two treatments were applied (irrigation and fertilization) with two levels each one: ‘no’ and ‘yes’; 4 theses were considered: irrigation-only (IRR), fertilization-only (FRT) and the irrigation with fertilization (IRF) and control (CRT). At the end of the first 5-year cycle the average yield, in dry matter, was 36.8 Mg ha -1 for non-irrigated plots and 80.8 Mg ha -1 for irrigated plots. While no statistical evidence was detectable for fertilization treatment, a Linear Mixed Model analysis applied to data highlighted the Summer (June-August) as key season for the irrigation of trees. Conversely, interaction between irrigation and fertilization negatively affected growth in the same period. Overall, this trial demonstrated a low impact of fertilization on growth dynamics. Water availability was confirmed as the most important factor for poplar growth, in such site, focusing on the importance of studying alternative, less impacting methods for irrigating such crops.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"71-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43572207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Floris, Michelina Pusceddu, Roberto Mannu, F. Buffa, M. Quaranta, A. Satta
Eucalyptus species are important worldwide as melliferous plants, as a source of nectar and pollen, and contribute to the production of large quantities of honey, especially in summer when E. Camaldulensis Dhnh., the most common eucalyptus species in the Mediterranean area, flowers. Its honey yield potential exceeds 200 kg/ha, sometimes accounting for more than 50% of total apiary production. In Italy, eucalyptus plantations cover at least 50,000 hectares, corresponding to a potential production of 10,000 tons of honey per year. Since 2000 several invasive eucalyptus pests have spread and settled in the Mediterranean. Of these, psyllids Blastopsylla occidentalis Taylor and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore have become major threats to eucalyptus plantations. The main objective of this study was to verify the impact of sap-sucking insects unifloral eucalyptus honey production and quality in Northern Sardinia (Italy). Our results show that a pronounced decrease in honey production occurred after 2011, with no production at all in 2012 and 2013, partial recovery in 2014-2016 and a further increase in 2017 and 2018. Moreover, the incidence of honeydew produced by psyllids has led to modifications in the chemical-physical characteristics and pollen spectrum of unifloral eucalyptus honey.
桉树是世界范围内重要的蜜源植物，是花蜜和花粉的来源，并有助于生产大量的蜂蜜，特别是在夏季，当E. Camaldulensis Dhnh。，地中海地区最常见的桉树品种，花。它的蜂蜜产量潜力超过200公斤/公顷，有时占蜜蜂总产量的50%以上。在意大利，桉树种植园至少覆盖了5万公顷，相当于每年可能生产1万吨蜂蜜。自2000年以来，几种入侵的桉树害虫在地中海蔓延并定居下来。其中，木虱(Blastopsylla occidentalis Taylor)和木虱(Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore)已成为桉树人工林的主要威胁。本研究的主要目的是验证吸吮昆虫对意大利北撒丁岛单花桉树蜂蜜产量和质量的影响。我们的研究结果表明，2011年后蜂蜜产量明显下降，2012年和2013年完全没有生产，2014-2016年部分恢复，2017年和2018年进一步增加。此外，木虱产生的蜜露的发生导致了单花桉树蜂蜜的化学物理特性和花粉谱的改变。
{"title":"Impact of sap-sucking insect pests (Blastopsylla occidentalis Taylor and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on unifloral eucalyptus honey","authors":"I. Floris, Michelina Pusceddu, Roberto Mannu, F. Buffa, M. Quaranta, A. Satta","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1848","url":null,"abstract":"Eucalyptus species are important worldwide as melliferous plants, as a source of nectar and pollen, and contribute to the production of large quantities of honey, especially in summer when E. Camaldulensis Dhnh., the most common eucalyptus species in the Mediterranean area, flowers. Its honey yield potential exceeds 200 kg/ha, sometimes accounting for more than 50% of total apiary production. In Italy, eucalyptus plantations cover at least 50,000 hectares, corresponding to a potential production of 10,000 tons of honey per year. Since 2000 several invasive eucalyptus pests have spread and settled in the Mediterranean. Of these, psyllids Blastopsylla occidentalis Taylor and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore have become major threats to eucalyptus plantations. The main objective of this study was to verify the impact of sap-sucking insects unifloral eucalyptus honey production and quality in Northern Sardinia (Italy). Our results show that a pronounced decrease in honey production occurred after 2011, with no production at all in 2012 and 2013, partial recovery in 2014-2016 and a further increase in 2017 and 2018. Moreover, the incidence of honeydew produced by psyllids has led to modifications in the chemical-physical characteristics and pollen spectrum of unifloral eucalyptus honey.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"66-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48685206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Second generation of walnut planted forests in EU","authors":"J. F. Moya, I. Martinez","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1945","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48179985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In terms of market, the colour of Walnut timber and veneer is the one from Juglans Regia . That colour is darker than the one from Hybrid European Walnut. This fact is a barrier for market success of Hybrid European Walnut plantations. There are different methods for modifying the colour such as vaporising, dyeing, thermal modification, etc. Digital printing is an innovative technology that can be used for changing the colour of wooden surfaces. Using transparent inks makes possible to maintain the grain and figure while the colour is modified. In addition to this, digital printing makes possible not just to apply a flat colour but a texture. The review details the colour coordinates allowing that transformation under a certain printing device. It also explains further opportunities of that technology.
{"title":"Changing the colour of European Hybrid Walnut by means of digital printing","authors":"E. Cueto","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1930","url":null,"abstract":"In terms of market, the colour of Walnut timber and veneer is the one from Juglans Regia . That colour is darker than the one from Hybrid European Walnut. This fact is a barrier for market success of Hybrid European Walnut plantations. There are different methods for modifying the colour such as vaporising, dyeing, thermal modification, etc. Digital printing is an innovative technology that can be used for changing the colour of wooden surfaces. Using transparent inks makes possible to maintain the grain and figure while the colour is modified. In addition to this, digital printing makes possible not just to apply a flat colour but a texture. The review details the colour coordinates allowing that transformation under a certain printing device. It also explains further opportunities of that technology.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"47-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47095974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many walnut ( Juglans spp.) planted forests oriented for timber production have been established during the last decades. These plantations usually have a relatively low initial density (250-400 trees ha -1 ) and 1 or 2 thinnings are needed for valuable timber production (75-150 trees ha -1 for final harvesting). Hence, forest managers need to design when to perform the thinnings and how to do it. Analyzing the trees crown area is a very helpful and easy-to-use tool to evaluate the competence between trees and design the thinnings. The present study proposes two statistical models to estimate Crown Diameter (CD) and Crown Competence Factor (CCF) as a function of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) for hybrid walnut ( Juglans x intermedia ) Mj209xRa planted forests, within a DBH range between 5 cm (min) and 33 cm (max). CD and DBH were measured in 702 trees at the Bosques Naturales SA walnut planted forests in Cuenca, Girona and A Coruna (Spain). The CCF model is a tool to evaluate the Crown Competition Factor as a function of measured DBH in a plantation, and, accordingly, decide if a thinning should be done or not yet and design it.
{"title":"Estimation of crown competition factor for hybrid walnut (Juglans x intermedia) Mj209xRa planted forests in Spain","authors":"J. Fernández-Moya, I. Urbán-Martínez","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1931","url":null,"abstract":"Many walnut ( Juglans spp.) planted forests oriented for timber production have been established during the last decades. These plantations usually have a relatively low initial density (250-400 trees ha -1 ) and 1 or 2 thinnings are needed for valuable timber production (75-150 trees ha -1 for final harvesting). Hence, forest managers need to design when to perform the thinnings and how to do it. Analyzing the trees crown area is a very helpful and easy-to-use tool to evaluate the competence between trees and design the thinnings. The present study proposes two statistical models to estimate Crown Diameter (CD) and Crown Competence Factor (CCF) as a function of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) for hybrid walnut ( Juglans x intermedia ) Mj209xRa planted forests, within a DBH range between 5 cm (min) and 33 cm (max). CD and DBH were measured in 702 trees at the Bosques Naturales SA walnut planted forests in Cuenca, Girona and A Coruna (Spain). The CCF model is a tool to evaluate the Crown Competition Factor as a function of measured DBH in a plantation, and, accordingly, decide if a thinning should be done or not yet and design it.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"24-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42217968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Pelleri, G. Castro, M. Marchi, J. Fernández-Moya, Pier Mario Chiararbaglio, A. Giorcelli, S. Bergante, M. Gennaro, M. Manetti, M. Plutino, C. Bidini, D. Sansone, Ignazio Urbán-Martínez
Walnut tree species ( Juglans spp.) are commonly used for high-quality wood production in plantation forestry. In this paper, the most relevant walnut plantations in Italy and Spain have been reviewed and analysed under a geographic and technician management point of view. Between 2016 and 2019 a total of 96 plantations (15 - 25 years old) were visited distributed in the North-western part of the Mediterranean basin. A statistical analysis (linear model no interaction and PCA) was then performed to evaluate the relative importance of some environmental and management variables for walnut trees in analysed plantations. Results highlighted a variable situation with many different adopted planting schemes across the regions as well as a not standardised spatial layout and management type (thinning). Lower densities and smaller trees were adopted in Italy with about 200 trees ha -1 versus 330 trees ha -1 in Spain. In addition to the age of the plantation as one of the most influencing parameters also the plantation density and the average crown diameter were highly statistically significant. Overall, the interesting potentiality of walnut for timber production with active management in suitable areas was detected as the focal point for a successful timber production from walnut trees.
{"title":"The walnut plantations (Juglans spp.) in Italy and Spain: main factors affecting growth","authors":"F. Pelleri, G. Castro, M. Marchi, J. Fernández-Moya, Pier Mario Chiararbaglio, A. Giorcelli, S. Bergante, M. Gennaro, M. Manetti, M. Plutino, C. Bidini, D. Sansone, Ignazio Urbán-Martínez","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1935","url":null,"abstract":"Walnut tree species ( Juglans spp.) are commonly used for high-quality wood production in plantation forestry. In this paper, the most relevant walnut plantations in Italy and Spain have been reviewed and analysed under a geographic and technician management point of view. Between 2016 and 2019 a total of 96 plantations (15 - 25 years old) were visited distributed in the North-western part of the Mediterranean basin. A statistical analysis (linear model no interaction and PCA) was then performed to evaluate the relative importance of some environmental and management variables for walnut trees in analysed plantations. Results highlighted a variable situation with many different adopted planting schemes across the regions as well as a not standardised spatial layout and management type (thinning). Lower densities and smaller trees were adopted in Italy with about 200 trees ha -1 versus 330 trees ha -1 in Spain. In addition to the age of the plantation as one of the most influencing parameters also the plantation density and the average crown diameter were highly statistically significant. Overall, the interesting potentiality of walnut for timber production with active management in suitable areas was detected as the focal point for a successful timber production from walnut trees.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"14-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41443204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Fernández-Moya, R. Licea-Moreno, I. Urbán-Martínez, Ruth M. Castro-Fernandez, Cristina Ramirez Lopes-Ramallal
The success of walnut ( Juglans sp.) planted forests for timber production have been very variable and genetic material is considered as one of the main drivers (together with site selection and forest management) for the success or failure of the plantations, as the performance of the trees from seed material is very variable. Considering the relevance of this genetic material, several clones have been selected and research have been conducted in order to improve micropropagation procedures. The objective of the present study is to analyze the effects of different clones in the rooting and acclimation rates for in-vitro micropropagation in hybrid walnut ( Juglans x intermedia Mj 209). The results show a significative effect of clones on the rooting and the total micropropagation efficiency rates, but not on the acclimation rate. The efficiency rate of D-117 (65%) is considered statistically higher than the one for D-15 (38%), caused by a higher rooting rate of D-117 (73%) compared with D-15 (55%), because acclimation rate (57%) did not show any clone effect. Considering these differences in the micropropagation success, it might be considered (together with other factors) for clone selection to increase the general performance of the plant production units in large-scale propagation.
核桃(Juglans sp.)人工林用于木材生产的成功是非常多变的，遗传物质被认为是人工林成功或失败的主要驱动因素之一(连同选址和森林管理)，因为树木的表现从种子材料是非常多变的。考虑到这种遗传物质的相关性，已经选择了几个克隆并进行了研究，以改进微繁殖程序。本研究的目的是分析不同无性系对核桃杂种(Juglans x intermedia Mj 209)离体微繁生根和驯化率的影响。结果表明，无性系对生根率和总增殖率有显著影响，但对驯化率无显著影响。D-117的效率(65%)在统计学上高于D-15的效率(38%)，这是因为D-117的生根率(73%)高于D-15(55%)，而驯化率(57%)没有表现出无性系效应。考虑到这些差异，可以考虑(连同其他因素)进行无性系选择，以提高植物生产单位在大规模繁殖中的一般性能。
{"title":"Clonal effect on rooting and acclimation rates for in-vitro micropropagation in hybrid walnut (Juglans x intermedia Mj 209): preliminary observations","authors":"J. Fernández-Moya, R. Licea-Moreno, I. Urbán-Martínez, Ruth M. Castro-Fernandez, Cristina Ramirez Lopes-Ramallal","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1929","url":null,"abstract":"The success of walnut ( Juglans sp.) planted forests for timber production have been very variable and genetic material is considered as one of the main drivers (together with site selection and forest management) for the success or failure of the plantations, as the performance of the trees from seed material is very variable. Considering the relevance of this genetic material, several clones have been selected and research have been conducted in order to improve micropropagation procedures. The objective of the present study is to analyze the effects of different clones in the rooting and acclimation rates for in-vitro micropropagation in hybrid walnut ( Juglans x intermedia Mj 209). The results show a significative effect of clones on the rooting and the total micropropagation efficiency rates, but not on the acclimation rate. The efficiency rate of D-117 (65%) is considered statistically higher than the one for D-15 (38%), caused by a higher rooting rate of D-117 (73%) compared with D-15 (55%), because acclimation rate (57%) did not show any clone effect. Considering these differences in the micropropagation success, it might be considered (together with other factors) for clone selection to increase the general performance of the plant production units in large-scale propagation.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"41-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41705666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Challenging the market uptake of European Walnut in Europe","authors":"E. Cueto","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1946","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44808088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intensive production of timber from walnuts is mainly hampered by the scarcity of varieties for this purpose. While the hybrid progeny Mj209xRa is considered suitable for timber production in Europe, problems associated with its recalcitrance, the low ability for rooting and the high mortality of acclimated vitroplants, limit the reproduction of elite trees. This research was aimed to assess the influence of two methods for the in vitro introduction of several walnut genotypes, to determine the effects of temporary immersion systems (TIS) on proliferation and rooting, and to reduce the random losses of acclimated vitroplants. Hence, trees from Mj209xRa progeny as well as some common walnuts were used. As an outstanding result, the in vitro establishment of 6 out of 7 trees was obtained. Also important was the improving of quality of microshoots, the multiplication ratios and the rooting using TIS through the management of the kind of bioreactor, the volume of culture media, and the kind of explant inoculated. The direct transplant to field nursery of acclimated vitroplants considerably increased their quality, while mortality was highly reduced. Certainly, these results represent a great contribution to the current micropropagation protocol, especially with the potential introduction of TIS for massive plant production
{"title":"Micropropagation of valuable walnut genotypes for timber production: new advances and insights","authors":"R. Licea-Moreno, A. Fira, Georgi Chocov","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1932","url":null,"abstract":"The intensive production of timber from walnuts is mainly hampered by the scarcity of varieties for this purpose. While the hybrid progeny Mj209xRa is considered suitable for timber production in Europe, problems associated with its recalcitrance, the low ability for rooting and the high mortality of acclimated vitroplants, limit the reproduction of elite trees. This research was aimed to assess the influence of two methods for the in vitro introduction of several walnut genotypes, to determine the effects of temporary immersion systems (TIS) on proliferation and rooting, and to reduce the random losses of acclimated vitroplants. Hence, trees from Mj209xRa progeny as well as some common walnuts were used. As an outstanding result, the in vitro establishment of 6 out of 7 trees was obtained. Also important was the improving of quality of microshoots, the multiplication ratios and the rooting using TIS through the management of the kind of bioreactor, the volume of culture media, and the kind of explant inoculated. The direct transplant to field nursery of acclimated vitroplants considerably increased their quality, while mortality was highly reduced. Certainly, these results represent a great contribution to the current micropropagation protocol, especially with the potential introduction of TIS for massive plant production","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"5-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42289544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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