Beatriz de la Parra, Sergio Armenteros, J. Cuesta, Jaime Olaizola, Luís Santos, Vincente Monleón, Celia Herrero
Removal of stumps and suppression of sprouts after harvesting by conventional methods, such as using heavy machinery or herbicides, alters the physico-chemical characteristics of soil, may cause environmental damage and can be very costly. In this study, the performance of inoculation with edible fungi as a biological alternative for stump degradation, has been examined in walnut plantations of five Spanish provinces. Stumps were inoculated with two species of edible fungi: Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Ex Fr.) P. Kumm and Lentinula edodes (Berk) Pene. Compared with untreated controls, the two biological treatments resulted in a significant and evident reduction of the sprouting probability, which was stronger than the result obtained with chemical treatments. Inoculated stumps also produced edible sporocarps, averaging 15.58 g per stump during the first year. This article constitutes the basis for the development of a sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective product, which is a bioeconomy-based solution for stump degradation in intensive plantations.
用传统的方法，如使用重型机械或除草剂，在收获后清除树桩和抑制发芽，会改变土壤的物理化学特性，可能造成环境破坏，而且成本很高。在本研究中，接种食用菌作为树桩降解的生物替代品，在西班牙五个省的核桃种植园进行了研究。在树桩上接种两种食用菌:平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus);前Fr. P. Kumm和香菇(Berk) Pene。与未处理的对照相比，两种生物处理均显著降低了发芽率，且效果强于化学处理。接种后的树桩也产生可食用的子果皮，在第一年平均每树桩15.58克。本文为开发一种可持续、环境友好和具有成本效益的产品奠定了基础，这是一种基于生物经济的解决集约化人工林树桩退化的方法。
{"title":"Sprouting suppression and mushroom production after inoculation of Juglans x intermedia stumps with edible fungi species","authors":"Beatriz de la Parra, Sergio Armenteros, J. Cuesta, Jaime Olaizola, Luís Santos, Vincente Monleón, Celia Herrero","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1936","url":null,"abstract":"Removal of stumps and suppression of sprouts after harvesting by conventional methods, such as using heavy machinery or herbicides, alters the physico-chemical characteristics of soil, may cause environmental damage and can be very costly. In this study, the performance of inoculation with edible fungi as a biological alternative for stump degradation, has been examined in walnut plantations of five Spanish provinces. Stumps were inoculated with two species of edible fungi: Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. Ex Fr.) P. Kumm and Lentinula edodes (Berk) Pene. Compared with untreated controls, the two biological treatments resulted in a significant and evident reduction of the sprouting probability, which was stronger than the result obtained with chemical treatments. Inoculated stumps also produced edible sporocarps, averaging 15.58 g per stump during the first year. This article constitutes the basis for the development of a sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective product, which is a bioeconomy-based solution for stump degradation in intensive plantations.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"30-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47608278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most Italian research concerning the conversion of coppices analyse growth response at the stand level and adopt absolute growth as reference metric. Nonetheless, inter-individual interactions are lost when averaging tree level information at the stand level. Moreover, absolute growth ignores the initial size of individuals under comparison, the growth of large trees will thus always outperform that of small trees, and nothing can be inferred about tree-to-tree competition. We modelled the growth response after conversion thinning at the tree level using relative growth rate as a function of the initial diameter of individuals, stand density and time. Twenty years later, thinned treatments still yielded larger growth than the reference unthinned aged coppice. In the first 10-year period, the relative growth rate in all treatments decreased with increasing tree size. In the second 10-year period, the relative growth rate still decreased with increasing tree size in thinned treatments, whereas in the unthinned aged coppice, it increased with increasing tree size. The model we applied shows to what extent released individuals have grown in relation to their size and, at same time, provides information on their competitive state in relation to the overall density of stands over time.
{"title":"Growth analysis of an aged Turkey oak coppice under conversion into high forest","authors":"Monica Notarangelo, O. L. Marca","doi":"10.12899/ASR-2176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-2176","url":null,"abstract":"Most Italian research concerning the conversion of coppices analyse growth response at the stand level and adopt absolute growth as reference metric. Nonetheless, inter-individual interactions are lost when averaging tree level information at the stand level. Moreover, absolute growth ignores the initial size of individuals under comparison, the growth of large trees will thus always outperform that of small trees, and nothing can be inferred about tree-to-tree competition. We modelled the growth response after conversion thinning at the tree level using relative growth rate as a function of the initial diameter of individuals, stand density and time. Twenty years later, thinned treatments still yielded larger growth than the reference unthinned aged coppice. In the first 10-year period, the relative growth rate in all treatments decreased with increasing tree size. In the second 10-year period, the relative growth rate still decreased with increasing tree size in thinned treatments, whereas in the unthinned aged coppice, it increased with increasing tree size. The model we applied shows to what extent released individuals have grown in relation to their size and, at same time, provides information on their competitive state in relation to the overall density of stands over time.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66121319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jimena Forero Montaña, J. Zimmerman, Thrity Vakil, M. Nelson, M. Pérez, Joaquín Medín
Forest management planning requires forest growth models that provide a reliable way to forecast growth, calculate yield, and examine the effects of silviculture. Here we used a size stem frequency approach based on differential equations to developed a growth simulator system to guide the management of mahoe ( Talipariti elatum (SW.) Fryxell) in a small plantation in Puerto Rico. We estimated the optimal harvest age using the Faustmann model, and evaluated alternative harvesting schemes using sensitivity analyses. The growth simulator system predicted that tree volume at first rises quickly, reaches a maximum value, and then decreases because of a lack of natural regeneration in the plantation. Thus, harvesting must be followed by replanting and large and healthy trees must be maintained as seed sources. The optimal harvest age was 43 years for a discount rate of 2.5% and 19 years for 5% interest. Analysis for alternative management schemes based on selective harvesting of the largest tress showed that 5%, 15%, or 30% of the trees ≥54.5 cm dbh could be harvested in cycles of 1, 5 or 10 years respectively, without drastically decreasing the basal area. The sustainability of these management schemes will depend on the costs of management, as well as the responses of mahoe to selective harvesting.
森林管理规划要求森林生长模型提供可靠的方法来预测生长、计算产量和检查造林的效果。本文采用基于微分方程的茎干大小频率方法，开发了一个生长模拟系统，以指导毛毡(Talipariti elatum (SW.))的管理。在波多黎各的一个小种植园里。我们使用Faustmann模型估计最佳采收年龄，并使用敏感性分析评估备选采收方案。生长模拟系统预测，由于人工林缺乏自然更新，树木蓄积量先快速上升，达到最大值，然后下降。因此，收获后必须重新种植，必须保持大而健康的树木作为种子来源。在贴现率为2.5%的情况下，最佳采收年龄为43年;在利率为5%的情况下，最佳采收年龄为19年。基于最大林木选择性采伐的替代管理方案分析表明，≥54.5 cm dbh的树木中，5%、15%和30%可分别在1年、5年和10年的周期内采伐，而不会显著减少基材面积。这些管理计划的可持续性将取决于管理费用，以及mahoe对选择性采伐的反应。
{"title":"A narrow size diameter class model for tree growth and yield simulation in a mahoe (Talipariti elatum (SW.) Fryxell, Malvaceae) plantation in Puerto Rico","authors":"Jimena Forero Montaña, J. Zimmerman, Thrity Vakil, M. Nelson, M. Pérez, Joaquín Medín","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1850","url":null,"abstract":"Forest management planning requires forest growth models that provide a reliable way to forecast growth, calculate yield, and examine the effects of silviculture. Here we used a size stem frequency approach based on differential equations to developed a growth simulator system to guide the management of mahoe ( Talipariti elatum (SW.) Fryxell) in a small plantation in Puerto Rico. We estimated the optimal harvest age using the Faustmann model, and evaluated alternative harvesting schemes using sensitivity analyses. The growth simulator system predicted that tree volume at first rises quickly, reaches a maximum value, and then decreases because of a lack of natural regeneration in the plantation. Thus, harvesting must be followed by replanting and large and healthy trees must be maintained as seed sources. The optimal harvest age was 43 years for a discount rate of 2.5% and 19 years for 5% interest. Analysis for alternative management schemes based on selective harvesting of the largest tress showed that 5%, 15%, or 30% of the trees ≥54.5 cm dbh could be harvested in cycles of 1, 5 or 10 years respectively, without drastically decreasing the basal area. The sustainability of these management schemes will depend on the costs of management, as well as the responses of mahoe to selective harvesting.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43457705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crown-stem diameter relationship is important for sustainable forest management. Effective forest management requires routine inventory data of tree crops for decision making. Therefore, in this study, crown-stem diameter relationship was modelled for the management of Tectonia grandis L. f. plantation in Nigeria. The dataset consists of 1919 trees measured from 35 sample plots. Three methods including ordinary least square (OLS), quantile regression (QR) and linear mixed model (LMM) were used to model the relationship between crown diameter (CD) and diameter at breast height (DBH). The model was used to estimate the limiting density, growing space and projection area. The result shows that the model from LMM was more suitable than OLS and QR. It explained 0.622 of the variation in CD with root mean squared error of 0.736. The study also shows e.g., that T. grandis trees of 25 cm DBH would occupy an equivalent area 36.32 m 2 and to avoid inter-tree competition the stand density should not exceed 275 Nha -1 . And if the plantation is to be thinned and clear-felled when mean DBH is 50 cm, density remaining after thinning would be 115 Nha -1 with average growing space of 9.3 m. This information would help in the management of the plantation.
{"title":"Modelling Crown-Stem Diameters Relationship for the Management of Tectona grandis Linn f. Plantation in Omo Forest Reserve, Western Nigeria","authors":"F. N. Ogana","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1865","url":null,"abstract":"Crown-stem diameter relationship is important for sustainable forest management. Effective forest management requires routine inventory data of tree crops for decision making. Therefore, in this study, crown-stem diameter relationship was modelled for the management of Tectonia grandis L. f. plantation in Nigeria. The dataset consists of 1919 trees measured from 35 sample plots. Three methods including ordinary least square (OLS), quantile regression (QR) and linear mixed model (LMM) were used to model the relationship between crown diameter (CD) and diameter at breast height (DBH). The model was used to estimate the limiting density, growing space and projection area. The result shows that the model from LMM was more suitable than OLS and QR. It explained 0.622 of the variation in CD with root mean squared error of 0.736. The study also shows e.g., that T. grandis trees of 25 cm DBH would occupy an equivalent area 36.32 m 2 and to avoid inter-tree competition the stand density should not exceed 275 Nha -1 . And if the plantation is to be thinned and clear-felled when mean DBH is 50 cm, density remaining after thinning would be 115 Nha -1 with average growing space of 9.3 m. This information would help in the management of the plantation.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"89-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46642711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Khodaverdi, M. Amiri, D. Kartoolinejad, J. Mohammadi
Canopy gaps play an important role in forest ecology helping to preserve biodiversity, influence nutrient cycles, maintain the complex stand structure, and also they substantially contribute to regeneration of forests. To survey the characteristics of canopy gaps in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran, three main old-growth and intact stands were studied. For each canopy gap, two parameters were measured: the length (L) as the longest distance within the gap and the width (W) as the largest distance perpendicular to the length. The gap maker (DBH≥20 cm) was considered to be a tree from the upper tree layer whose death caused an opening in the canopy. A total of 89 canopy gaps were studied in three old-growth stands (48 gaps in hornbeam-ironwood, 21 in hornbeam, and 19 in beech-hornbeam stands). The given canopy gaps cover 5.4% of the land area with an average of eight gaps per hectare. The mean size of the canopy gaps were 291, 353 and 565m 2 for hornbeam-ironwood, hornbeam, and beech-hornbeam stands, respectively. Frequency distribution of the gap sizes the mentioned three forest stands showed a lognormal distribution. The number of gap makers ranged from one to eight with a median of 4.5. Amongst the studied 261 gap makers in all canopy gaps, 61.2% belonged to hornbeam-ironwood stand. Also, there were canopy gaps formed by one to four gap makers within the three forest types, while gaps formed by five, six and eight gap makers were only observed within hornbeam stand. The results showed that the characteristics of the canopy gaps were different in terms of the composition, complexly of structure, environmental characteristics, size, number and species of gap makers in different forests. As a whole, hornbeam-ironwood stands present in lower altitudes, are more susceptible to wind-throw and create smaller gaps but more gap makers.
{"title":"Canopy gaps characteristics of pure and mixed stands in the Hyrcanian forests of north Iran.","authors":"S. Khodaverdi, M. Amiri, D. Kartoolinejad, J. Mohammadi","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1882","url":null,"abstract":"Canopy gaps play an important role in forest ecology helping to preserve biodiversity, influence nutrient cycles, maintain the complex stand structure, and also they substantially contribute to regeneration of forests. To survey the characteristics of canopy gaps in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran, three main old-growth and intact stands were studied. For each canopy gap, two parameters were measured: the length (L) as the longest distance within the gap and the width (W) as the largest distance perpendicular to the length. The gap maker (DBH≥20 cm) was considered to be a tree from the upper tree layer whose death caused an opening in the canopy. A total of 89 canopy gaps were studied in three old-growth stands (48 gaps in hornbeam-ironwood, 21 in hornbeam, and 19 in beech-hornbeam stands). The given canopy gaps cover 5.4% of the land area with an average of eight gaps per hectare. The mean size of the canopy gaps were 291, 353 and 565m 2 for hornbeam-ironwood, hornbeam, and beech-hornbeam stands, respectively. Frequency distribution of the gap sizes the mentioned three forest stands showed a lognormal distribution. The number of gap makers ranged from one to eight with a median of 4.5. Amongst the studied 261 gap makers in all canopy gaps, 61.2% belonged to hornbeam-ironwood stand. Also, there were canopy gaps formed by one to four gap makers within the three forest types, while gaps formed by five, six and eight gap makers were only observed within hornbeam stand. The results showed that the characteristics of the canopy gaps were different in terms of the composition, complexly of structure, environmental characteristics, size, number and species of gap makers in different forests. As a whole, hornbeam-ironwood stands present in lower altitudes, are more susceptible to wind-throw and create smaller gaps but more gap makers.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"62-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43690735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The strategies of two evergreen Mediterranean tree species ( Arbutus unedo L. and Quercus ilex L.) to face annual temperature variability and extreme event responses has been monitored in continuum by leaf fluorescence and reflectance. The effect of chilling spells and the accumulation of cold days with chilling and freezing temperatures on winter photo-inhibition was discussed in terms of modulation capacity for fluorescence parameters to daily temperature and irradiance conditions. Throughout the winter Q. ilex resulted less photoinhibited than A. unedo , showing a more dynamic response in all fluorescence parameters and a higher non-photochemical quenching capacity. These characteristics effectively act to maintain a higher electron transport capacity in Q. ilex than in A. unedo .
{"title":"High-frequency seasonal variation of leaf fluorescence and reflectance in Mediterranean forest species under natural environmental conditions","authors":"S. Raddi, F. Magnani","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1851","url":null,"abstract":"The strategies of two evergreen Mediterranean tree species ( Arbutus unedo L. and Quercus ilex L.) to face annual temperature variability and extreme event responses has been monitored in continuum by leaf fluorescence and reflectance. The effect of chilling spells and the accumulation of cold days with chilling and freezing temperatures on winter photo-inhibition was discussed in terms of modulation capacity for fluorescence parameters to daily temperature and irradiance conditions. Throughout the winter Q. ilex resulted less photoinhibited than A. unedo , showing a more dynamic response in all fluorescence parameters and a higher non-photochemical quenching capacity. These characteristics effectively act to maintain a higher electron transport capacity in Q. ilex than in A. unedo .","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"71-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43778905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Grotti, W. Mattioli, B. Ferrari, A. Tomao, P. Merlini, P. Corona
The dataset supplied in this article provides data from continuous forest inventory carried out in the Castel di Guido estate, located in the Italian Tyrrhenian coast. The reforestation project started over 30 years ago using native and non-native species: 29 forested plot areas have been surveyed in 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2011, 2013 and 2017 where information about species and stem diameters have been collected for a total of 2’215 tree stems. The dataset also contains height-diameter curves modelled for 1997, 2006 and 2017 years to let the user to estimate growing stock and total biomass easily. These data can be exploited to assess net primary productivity, pollutant uptake, and as comparisons with other European artificial reforestations programs with similar species. The database is finalized to narrow the knowledge gap on long-term growth pattern of urban and peri-urban reforestations, providing comparative data on different species performances, grown in pure and mixed stands. Dataset and metadata here presented are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2633972 .
本文提供的数据集提供了在意大利第勒尼安海岸的Castel di Guido庄园进行的连续森林清查的数据。该重新造林项目始于30多年前，使用本地和非本地物种：1997年、2000年、2003年、2006年、2011年、2013年和2017年对29个森林地块进行了调查，共收集了2'215个树干的物种和树干直径信息。该数据集还包含1997年、2006年和2017年建模的高度-直径曲线，使用户可以轻松估计生长中的种群和总生物量。这些数据可用于评估净初级生产力、污染物吸收，并与其他具有类似物种的欧洲人工造林项目进行比较。该数据库的定稿是为了缩小关于城市和城市周边重新造林长期生长模式的知识差距，提供在纯林和混合林中生长的不同物种表现的比较数据。此处提供的数据集和元数据可在https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2633972。
{"title":"A multi-temporal dataset of forest mensuration of reforestations: a case study in peri-urban Rome, Italy","authors":"M. Grotti, W. Mattioli, B. Ferrari, A. Tomao, P. Merlini, P. Corona","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1854","url":null,"abstract":"The dataset supplied in this article provides data from continuous forest inventory carried out in the Castel di Guido estate, located in the Italian Tyrrhenian coast. The reforestation project started over 30 years ago using native and non-native species: 29 forested plot areas have been surveyed in 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2011, 2013 and 2017 where information about species and stem diameters have been collected for a total of 2’215 tree stems. The dataset also contains height-diameter curves modelled for 1997, 2006 and 2017 years to let the user to estimate growing stock and total biomass easily. These data can be exploited to assess net primary productivity, pollutant uptake, and as comparisons with other European artificial reforestations programs with similar species. The database is finalized to narrow the knowledge gap on long-term growth pattern of urban and peri-urban reforestations, providing comparative data on different species performances, grown in pure and mixed stands. Dataset and metadata here presented are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2633972 .","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"97-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47476307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
http://dx.doi.org/10.12899/asr-1827 1 CREA Research Centre for Forestry and Wood 1. The rapidity of the global change and the complexity of the phenomena involved make any forecast of future environmental conditions rather uncertain: the only thing we can be sure of is that the future will be different from the present and that most ecosystems will be living in conditions never experienced before. The awareness of an uncertain but certainly different future motivates the search for innovative solutions for a sustainable management of forest systems. Distinctively, accepting that the future will be different from both the past and the present makes it necessary to develop flexible management strategies to promote the proper adaptation. Therefore, it is expedient to fully recover the experimental character of silviculture. From a scientific point of view, one of the most important premises under this perspective has been to consider the forest as a complex biological system (Ciancio 1996). From this approach, some guiding principles for forest management in times of global change have been derived worldwide (references in: Messier et al. 2013, Nocentini et al. 2017), among which: promoting the structural and compositional diversity of forest stands by adapting silvicultural treatment to the variety of structural and microsite conditions of the forest; exploiting the self-organizing potential of forest stands to increase their resistance and resilience; adopting flexible planning approaches; involving the stakeholders in decision-making processes, on the various operational scales.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12899/asr-18271 CREA林业和木材研究中心1。全球变化的速度和所涉及现象的复杂性使得对未来环境条件的任何预测都相当不确定：我们唯一可以确定的是，未来将与现在不同，大多数生态系统将生活在前所未有的条件下。对不确定但肯定不同的未来的认识促使人们寻求可持续管理森林系统的创新解决方案。与众不同的是，接受未来将不同于过去和现在，就有必要制定灵活的管理战略，以促进适当的适应。因此，有利于全面恢复造林的实验性质。从科学的角度来看，从这个角度来看，最重要的前提之一是将森林视为一个复杂的生物系统（Ciancio 1996）。从这种方法中，世界各地都得出了全球变化时期森林管理的一些指导原则（参考文献：Messier et al.2013，Nocentini et al.2017），其中：通过使造林处理适应森林的各种结构和微观条件，促进林分的结构和组成多样性；利用林分的自组织潜力，提高其抵抗力和复原力；采用灵活的规划方法；让利益攸关方参与各种业务规模的决策过程。
{"title":"Global change and silvicultural research","authors":"P. Corona","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1827","url":null,"abstract":"http://dx.doi.org/10.12899/asr-1827 1 CREA Research Centre for Forestry and Wood 1. The rapidity of the global change and the complexity of the phenomena involved make any forecast of future environmental conditions rather uncertain: the only thing we can be sure of is that the future will be different from the present and that most ecosystems will be living in conditions never experienced before. The awareness of an uncertain but certainly different future motivates the search for innovative solutions for a sustainable management of forest systems. Distinctively, accepting that the future will be different from both the past and the present makes it necessary to develop flexible management strategies to promote the proper adaptation. Therefore, it is expedient to fully recover the experimental character of silviculture. From a scientific point of view, one of the most important premises under this perspective has been to consider the forest as a complex biological system (Ciancio 1996). From this approach, some guiding principles for forest management in times of global change have been derived worldwide (references in: Messier et al. 2013, Nocentini et al. 2017), among which: promoting the structural and compositional diversity of forest stands by adapting silvicultural treatment to the variety of structural and microsite conditions of the forest; exploiting the self-organizing potential of forest stands to increase their resistance and resilience; adopting flexible planning approaches; involving the stakeholders in decision-making processes, on the various operational scales.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48635330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poplar cultivation in Italy since its early stages has been conditioned and orientated by biotic and abiotic adversities. Spontaneous hybrids between European black poplar ( Populus nigra L.) and Eastern cottonwood ( Populous deltoides W. Bartram (Marshall)) were empirically introduced into cultivation for their suitable characters of branchiness, rooting and tolerance to root rots; nevertheless, the first true scientific programme of genetic improvement began after leaf and shoot blight epidemics from Venturia populina during the second and third decades of the twentieth century. The resulting selection of resistant ‘I-214’ clone fostered poplar cultivation in Italy, but at the same time «crystallised» it in a condition of delay with respect to other European countries. With the arrival of leaf spot disease from Marssonina brunnea in the Sixties, phytoiatric treatments were introduced rather than diversifying with more resistant genotypes. Similarly, the increased virulence of leaf rusts from Melampsora spp. starting from about twenty years later, did not succeed in undermining the near monopolisation of ‘I-214’. At present, Marssonina leaf spot and leaf rusts are the most incident diseases: fungicide treatments are carried out mainly on the plantation against the former and mainly in the nursery against the latter. The woolly aphid ( Phloeomyzus passerinii ) is the most constant and incident pest in plantations. Besides, persisting problems are associated with new pests mainly of exotic origin, especially with the brown marmorated stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ). Experiences in other important European poplar cultivation systems highlight the suitability of genetic control, together with a diversification of planted material and efficient agronomic practices. It is advisable to undertake research programmes for vertical and horizontal or quantitative (QTL) resistances, recurring to molecular markers, associated with studies on epigenetics and on microbial communities of various tissues through the new approach offered by metagenomics. The complexity of poplar agrosystems should be increased promoting a homeostatic control of pathogens and pests through antibiotic or competitive features triggered by other microbiota components.
意大利的杨树栽培从早期开始就受到生物和非生物逆境的制约和引导。将欧洲黑杨(Populus nigra L.)与东部棉杨(Populous deltoides W. Bartram (Marshall))的自发杂交品种以适宜的枝性、生根性和耐根腐性等特点引入栽培;然而，第一个真正的科学遗传改良计划是在20世纪第二和第三个十年期间，在白斑病(Venturia populina)的叶枯萎病和梢枯萎病流行之后开始的。由此产生的抗“I-214”无性系培育了意大利的杨树栽培，但与此同时，它在相对于其他欧洲国家的延迟条件下“结晶”。随着60年代褐马曲菌叶斑病的到来，植物治疗被引入，而不是多样化的更具抗性的基因型。同样，从大约20年后开始，黑霉菌的叶锈病毒力增加，并没有成功地破坏I-214的近乎垄断。目前，马松病叶斑病和叶锈病是最常见的病害，对前者的杀菌剂处理主要在人工林进行，对后者的杀菌剂处理主要在苗圃进行。毛蚜(Phloeomyzus passerinii)是人工林中最常见和最常见的害虫。此外，持续存在的问题与主要来自外来的新害虫有关，特别是褐纹臭虫(Halyomorpha halys)。其他重要的欧洲杨树栽培系统的经验强调了遗传控制的适用性，以及种植材料的多样化和有效的农艺实践。建议开展垂直和水平或定量(QTL)抗性的研究计划，重复到分子标记，通过宏基因组学提供的新方法与表观遗传学和各种组织微生物群落的研究相关。应增加杨树农业系统的复杂性，通过抗生素或其他微生物群成分引发的竞争特征来促进病原体和害虫的稳态控制。
{"title":"The biotic adversities of poplar in Italy: a reasoned analysis of factors determining the current state and future perspectives","authors":"M. Gennaro, A. Giorcelli","doi":"10.12899/ASR-1817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12899/ASR-1817","url":null,"abstract":"Poplar cultivation in Italy since its early stages has been conditioned and orientated by biotic and abiotic adversities. Spontaneous hybrids between European black poplar ( Populus nigra L.) and Eastern cottonwood ( Populous deltoides W. Bartram (Marshall)) were empirically introduced into cultivation for their suitable characters of branchiness, rooting and tolerance to root rots; nevertheless, the first true scientific programme of genetic improvement began after leaf and shoot blight epidemics from Venturia populina during the second and third decades of the twentieth century. The resulting selection of resistant ‘I-214’ clone fostered poplar cultivation in Italy, but at the same time «crystallised» it in a condition of delay with respect to other European countries. With the arrival of leaf spot disease from Marssonina brunnea in the Sixties, phytoiatric treatments were introduced rather than diversifying with more resistant genotypes. Similarly, the increased virulence of leaf rusts from Melampsora spp. starting from about twenty years later, did not succeed in undermining the near monopolisation of ‘I-214’. At present, Marssonina leaf spot and leaf rusts are the most incident diseases: fungicide treatments are carried out mainly on the plantation against the former and mainly in the nursery against the latter. The woolly aphid ( Phloeomyzus passerinii ) is the most constant and incident pest in plantations. Besides, persisting problems are associated with new pests mainly of exotic origin, especially with the brown marmorated stink bug ( Halyomorpha halys ). Experiences in other important European poplar cultivation systems highlight the suitability of genetic control, together with a diversification of planted material and efficient agronomic practices. It is advisable to undertake research programmes for vertical and horizontal or quantitative (QTL) resistances, recurring to molecular markers, associated with studies on epigenetics and on microbial communities of various tissues through the new approach offered by metagenomics. The complexity of poplar agrosystems should be increased promoting a homeostatic control of pathogens and pests through antibiotic or competitive features triggered by other microbiota components.","PeriodicalId":37733,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Silvicultural Research","volume":"43 1","pages":"41-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42441926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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