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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): new poplar clones allow an environmentally sustainable cultivation 生命周期评估(LCA):新的杨树无性系可以进行环境可持续的种植
Pub Date : 2020-08-03 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-2017
P. Chiarabaglio, A. Deidda, S. Bergante, G. Castro, Gianni Faciotto, A. Giorcelli, S. Pagliolico, Corrado Carbonaro
In Italy 72 poplar clones ( Populus spp.)  are registered for commercialization. They were selected for fast growth, stem shape and disease resistance. The new selections (named MSA) includes genotypes with very high resistance to all the main diseases and to one insect, Phloeomizus passerinii (Sign.). Fast growth and disease resistance allow to produce wood with low environmental and economic costs; for this reason in some Italian Regions the introduction of a percentage of these clones in poplar stand is mandatory to obtain funding for their establishment (Rural Development Plan). To better understand the environmental advantages deriving from the use of these clones, in comparison with the old genotypes (particularly ‘I-214’), a ‘Life Cycle Assessment’ approach was applied considering as impact indicator the CO 2 equivalent emissions; from stoolbed to commercial stand, primary data were collected from an Italian experience. Firstly with the Inventory Analysis all the raw material, energy, wastes and emissions related were collected for each cultivation phase. The Analysis showed a reduction of 9% of CO 2 eq. ha -1 emitted, growing MSA instead of ‘I-214’. Considering the emissions per volume of wood, ‘I-214’ requests 47.5 kg CO 2 eq. per m 3 , compared with MSA that request 36.6 kg CO 2 eq. per m 3 .
在意大利,72个杨树无性系(Populus spp.)已登记商业化。选择它们是为了快速生长、茎形和抗病性。新选择(命名为MSA)包括对所有主要疾病和一种昆虫(Phloeomizus passerinii,Sign.)具有非常高抗性的基因型。快速生长和抗病性使生产木材的环境和经济成本较低;因此,在意大利的一些地区,必须在杨树林中引入一定比例的无性系,以获得建立这些无性系的资金(农村发展计划)。为了更好地了解使用这些克隆产生的环境优势,与旧基因型(特别是“I-214”)相比,采用了“生命周期评估”方法,将二氧化碳当量排放量作为影响指标;从炉灶到商业摊位,主要数据都是从意大利的经验中收集的。首先,通过库存分析,收集了每个种植阶段的所有原材料、能源、废物和排放物。分析表明,排放的二氧化碳当量ha-1减少了9%,增加了MSA而不是“I-214”。考虑到每体积木材的排放量,“I-214”要求每立方米47.5千克二氧化碳当量,而MSA要求每立方米36.6千克二氧化碳当量。
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引用次数: 4
Evaluation of different wood harvesting systems in typical Mediterranean small-scale forests: a Southern Italian case study 地中海典型小规模森林中不同木材采伐系统的评估:意大利南部的一个案例研究
Pub Date : 2020-07-21 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-1883
M. Cataldo, A. Proto, G. Macrì, G. Zimbalatti
Use of small-scale harvesting equipment in forestry is increasing in many regions of the world and tractor-based systems are the most common type of small-scale forestry equipment. This equipment is smaller, less expensive and less productive than advanced forestry machines and the choice of method depends on forest site-specific conditions. In southern Italy the prevailing conditions are those characteristic of small-scale forestry: harvested areas and volume are limited and ground-based extraction is still the most common harvesting technique. Two harvesting systems conventionally adopted in Italian small-scale forestry are those using either winch or grapple fitted farm tractors for wood extraction. A continuous time study was adopted to determine productivity rates and wood extraction costs and develop skidding time prediction models for these two different wood harvesting systems as used in typical Mediterranean forests, in chestnut and silver fir thinning operations. Comparing winch and grapple extraction revealed considerable differences in productivity (2.91 and 5.92 m3 h-1 respectively). Factors significantly affecting productivity differences were extraction distance and payload per turn. The study concluded that farm tractors can be used for small scale harvesting operations and its results can be used to set piece rates, design and rationalize work and estimate costs. In order to sustain small-scale harvesting equipment effectiveness, skid trails should be planned in forests. The use of farm tractors needs to be encouraged as an alternative self-sufficient productivity method in small-scale forestry operations.
在世界许多地区,小型采伐设备在林业中的使用正在增加,以拖拉机为基础的系统是最常见的小型林业设备类型。这种设备比先进的林业机器更小、更便宜、生产力更低,方法的选择取决于森林的具体情况。在意大利南部,主要条件是小规模林业的特点:采伐面积和数量有限,地面开采仍然是最常见的采伐技术。意大利小规模林业传统上采用的两种收割系统是使用绞盘或配有抓斗的农用拖拉机进行木材提取的收割系统。采用连续时间研究来确定生产率和木材提取成本,并为这两种不同的木材采伐系统开发打滑时间预测模型,这两种系统用于典型的地中海森林、栗树和银杉疏伐作业。绞车和抓斗提取的比较显示生产率存在显著差异(分别为2.91和5.92 m3 h-1)。显著影响生产率差异的因素是提取距离和每转有效载荷。该研究得出结论,农用拖拉机可用于小规模收割作业,其结果可用于设定计件率、设计和合理化工作以及估计成本。为了维持小规模收割设备的有效性,应在森林中规划滑行道。需要鼓励使用农用拖拉机,将其作为小规模林业作业中自给自足的另一种生产力方法。
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引用次数: 7
Whole tree system evaluation of thinning a pine plantation in southern Italy 意大利南部松树林疏伐的全树系统评价
Pub Date : 2020-07-21 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-1849
A. Proto, V. Bernardini, M. Cataldo, G. Zimbalatti
In Italy, some silvicultural treatment as thinning could be carried out in an economic way adopting systems based on small-scale mechanization. This paper examines the productivity standards of wood biomass in coniferous plantation thinning in Southern Italy under the conditions of small-scale forestry. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the incidence of different silvicultural treatments on productivity and harvesting costs and create productivity models for typical harvesting system used for wood thinned from Calabrian pine. Three different sites were monitored on the Sila Massif forest, and the experimental plan included three area tests, subjected in the last thirty years to intermediate cuttings with different thinning grade: light thinning (A thesis), moderate thinning (B thesis), heavy thinning (C thesis). The authors developed a productivity model for motor-manual felling and skidding timber with wheeled farm tractors, equipped with winch using a time motion study. Whole tree extraction system in coniferous plantation applied with typical felling system traditional has guaranteed productivity standards at a reasonable cost reducing high operational cost per unit harvested. The results, therefore, underlined that it economic possible to wood biomass harvest relatively small-diameter from thinning stands favoring moderate and heavy thinning.
在意大利,可以采用以小规模机械化为基础的系统,以经济的方式进行一些造林处理,如疏林。本文研究了意大利南部针叶林在小规模林业条件下的木材生物量生产力标准。本研究的目的是评价不同造林处理对生产力和采伐成本的影响,并为卡拉布里亚松材的典型采伐系统建立生产力模型。在Sila地块上对3个不同地点进行监测,试验计划包括3个区域试验,在过去30年中对不同间伐程度的中间插枝进行了试验:轻度间伐(A论文)、中度间伐(B论文)、重度间伐(C论文)。通过时间运动研究,建立了农用轮式拖拉机带绞车的机动-手动采伐和打滑木材的生产效率模型。针叶林整树采伐系统采用传统的典型采伐系统,以合理的成本保证了生产力标准,降低了单位采伐的高运营成本。因此,研究结果强调,从疏伐林分中收获相对小直径的木材生物量在经济上是可能的,有利于中度和重度疏伐。
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引用次数: 4
Long-term monitoring and microbiological control programs against lepidopteran defoliators in Sardinian cork oak forests (Italy) 意大利撒丁岛栓皮栎林鳞翅目剥叶虫的长期监测与微生物防治
Pub Date : 2020-07-21 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-1846
A. Lentini, Roberto Mannu, A. Cocco, Pino Angelo Ruio, Anna Carboneschi, P. Luciano
The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), and the tent caterpillar, Malacosoma neustrium (L.), are the main cork oak, Quercus suber L., pests in the Mediterranean area and cause complete defoliation in large forest districts. In order to control infestations, large scale aerial applications of insecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki ( Btk ) have been carried out in Sardinia (Italy) since 2001. This paper evaluated the frequency of outbreaks in forest districts with varying homogeneity of land use, forest areas annually exposed to defoliation and the effectiveness of control programs based on Btk insecticide applications. The volume of areas annually exposed to defoliation depends on forest homogeneity, as infestations are more frequent in cork oak areas with a lower than 25% canopy cover rate. The microbiological control programme efficiently protected cork oaks from lepidopteran defoliators and caused an overall annual mean mortality of over 60%, with maximum rates of 89.9 and 98.0% for L. dispar and M. neustrium , respectively. To date, approximately 180,000 hectares of cork oak forests have been protected by spraying Btk -based insecticides.
舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar (L.)和帐篷毛虫Malacosoma neustrium (L.)是地中海地区栓皮栎(Quercus subber L.)的主要害虫,在大片林区造成完全落叶。为了控制虫害,苏云金芽孢杆菌亚种杀虫剂在空中的大规模应用。自2001年以来,kurstaki (Btk)在撒丁岛(意大利)进行。本文评估了不同土地利用均匀性的林区的暴发频率、每年暴露于落叶的森林面积以及基于Btk杀虫剂应用的控制方案的有效性。每年暴露于落叶的面积取决于森林的均匀性,因为在冠层覆盖率低于25%的栓皮栎区,虫害更为频繁。微生物防治方案有效地保护了栓皮栎免受鳞翅目天敌的侵害,使栓皮栎的年平均总死亡率达到60%以上,其中异差松松和neustrium的最高死亡率分别为89.9和98.0%。迄今为止,大约18万公顷的栓皮栎林已通过喷洒Btk类杀虫剂得到保护。
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引用次数: 7
Comparison between two and five years rotation models in poplar, willow and black locust Short Rotation Coppices (SRC) in North West Italy 意大利西北部杨树、柳树和刺槐短轮作灌木林2年和5年轮作模式的比较
Pub Date : 2020-07-21 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-1962
G. Facciotto, S. Bergante, L. Rosso, G. Minotta
Currently, SRC plantations should produce multiple assortments, both for industrial and energetic uses, for being economically profitable. SRC trials comparing two different cultivation models (very high density model -– vHDM, 8,333 trees ha -1 with 2 years rotation; high density model -– HDM, 1,667 trees ha -1 with 5 years rotation) were established in 2005 in two sites (Casale Monferrato and Cavallermaggiore), on agricultural land with alluvial soils in the Western Po Valley (Italy). Both models were applied to poplar (clone 83.141.020), willow (clone S76-008) and black locust (provenance Energy). After 6 years from planting, the two treatments did not show significant differences in terms of cumulative biomass yield, with poplar being the most productive species at Casale Monferrato (64.65 and 63.76 Mg ha -1 with HDM and vHDM, respectively). Poplar production potential was confirmed at Cavallermaggiore (105.83 and 57.22 Mg ha -1 , respectively). Black locust showed the lower yield at both sites. In HDM poplar exhibited the highest stem DBH, at both sites, reaching mean values of 15.0 and 17.8 cm at Casale Monferrato and Cavallermaggiore, respectively. In HDM, poplar was the only species capable to reach stem dimensions compatible with industrial destinations at the end of the first 5- years rotation.
目前,SRC种植园应该生产多种品种,既用于工业用途,也用于能源用途,以获得经济效益。SRC试验比较了两种不同的种植模式(非常高密度模型- vHDM, 8,333棵树/公顷,轮作2年;高密度模型(HDM)于2005年在两个地点(Casale Monferrato和Cavallermaggiore)建立,该地点位于意大利西波河流域具有冲积土壤的农业用地上。两种模式分别应用于杨树(无性系83.141.020)、柳树(无性系S76-008)和刺槐(种源Energy)。种植6年后,两种处理的累积生物量产量差异不显著,其中杨树是Casale Monferrato地区产量最高的树种(HDM和vHDM分别为64.65和63.76 Mg ha -1)。Cavallermaggiore的杨树生产潜力分别为105.83和57.22 Mg ha -1。两个试验点刺槐产量均较低。在高海拔地区,蒙费拉托和马焦雷分别以15.0 cm和17.8 cm的平均值最高。在HDM中,杨树是唯一能够在第一个5年轮作结束时达到与工业目的地相适应的茎尺寸的树种。
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引用次数: 4
The evolution in time of the concept of fast growing tree species: is it possible to use a definition applicable to all environmental conditions? 快速生长树种概念在时间上的演变:是否有可能使用一个适用于所有环境条件的定义?
Pub Date : 2020-06-09 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-1967
E. Badalamenti, S. Sferlazza, Ds La Mela Veca, F. Maetzke, G. Sala, T. Mantia
Although the expression “fast-growing species” (FGS) referred to tree species has been since long time used, a clear definition has not been adopted for decades. Starting from the Italian historical background, we searched for the definitions of FGS formulated over time at a national and international level. The mean annual increment (MAI) of 10 m 3 ha -1 , identified by the FAO, has been the most commonly considered threshold until recently. Subsequently, experimental activities and research efforts have consistently enhanced the productivity of FGS, and other definitions have been proposed accordingly. Hence, FGS should provide annual wood yields of 15-25 m 3 ha -1 with rotations of less than 25-30 years. In Europe, the maximum MAI can reach about 20-25 m 3 ha -1 , while in fast-growing tropical plantations the MAI frequently exceeds 30-35 m 3 ha -1 . However, we deem that the threshold of 10 m 3 ha -1 year -1 is still reliable for Mediterranean conditions. Since the fast-growing is a relative concept, strongly affected by species’ traits, environmental conditions and cultural practices, a future increase in the productivity levels of wood plantations can be expected.
尽管“速生物种”(FGS)一词用于指代树种已经有很长一段时间了,但几十年来一直没有一个明确的定义。从意大利的历史背景出发,我们搜索了在国家和国际层面上制定的FGS定义。粮农组织确定的年平均增加量(MAI)为10 m 3 ha -1,直到最近才被普遍认为是阈值。随后,实验活动和研究努力不断提高了FGS的生产率,并相应地提出了其他定义。因此,FGS应在轮作少于25-30年的情况下提供15-25立方米3公顷的年木材产量。在欧洲,最大MAI可达20-25平方米3公顷-1,而在快速生长的热带人工林中,MAI经常超过30-35平方米3公顷-1。然而,我们认为10米3公顷-1年-1的阈值对于地中海条件仍然是可靠的。由于速生是一个相对的概念,受物种特征、环境条件和栽培方式的强烈影响,因此可以预期未来人工林的生产力水平会有所提高。
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引用次数: 1
Which are Southern Italy’s fastest growing tree species? Lessons from the past for future perspectives, with a special focus on Sicily 哪些是意大利南部生长最快的树种?从过去吸取教训,展望未来,特别关注西西里岛
Pub Date : 2020-06-09 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-1845
E. Badalamenti, S. Sferlazza, D. L. M. Veca, F. Maetzke, G. Sala, T. Mantia
Fast growing tree species can generate high wood production in a short time frame. However, maximum productivity is dependent on environmental and management conditions as well as intrinsic plant traits. Within this framework, our research was into tree species with the highest Mean Annual Increments (MAIs) in southern Italy, particularly in Sicily. Eucalyptus spp., Acacia saligna Labill. H. L. Wendl., Ailanthus altissima Mill. (Swingle) , Pinus halepensis Mill. (including Pinus brutia Ten.), Pinus  canariensis C.Sm. and Pinus radiata D. Don. were identified . In particularly suitable conditions, the MAI of eucalypt coppices ranged from 8 to 12 m 3 ha -1 , and from 13 to 19 m 3 ha -1 , in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. , respectively. The MAI of E. camaldulensis high forests was slightly over 6 m 3 ha -1 , while that of E. globulus high forests was very similar to its coppice value. Considering the preliminary data, Acacia saligna Labill. H. L. Wendl. can achieve good wood production. Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus  brutia (Ten.) Holmboe achieved MAIs of 5-7 m 3 ha -1 . Other species may be promising but either data is very limited or their invasive potential requires careful consideration. This historical review has shown that with optimal tree species-planting site-cultivation technique combinations, tree species can achieve wood yields typical of fast-growing species in Mediterranean Italy, too.
快速生长的树种可以在短时间内产生高木材产量。然而,最大生产力取决于环境和管理条件以及植物的内在性状。在此框架内,我们的研究对象是意大利南部,特别是西西里岛平均年增量(MAIs)最高的树种。桉树属,金合欢。h·l·温德尔。、臭椿。(单),松halepensis Mill。(包括野松)、加那利松(Pinus canariensis C.Sm.)。D. Don。被确认。在特别适宜的条件下,桉树样地的MAI在8 ~ 12 m3 ha -1之间,camaldulensis Dehnh在13 ~ 19 m3 ha -1之间。和蓝桉。,分别。camaldulensis高山林的MAI略高于6 m 3 ha -1,而globulus高山林的MAI与其灌木林值非常相似。考虑到初步数据,金合欢。h·l·温德尔。可以实现良好的木材生产。松林和松(10)。Holmboe的MAIs为5-7 m 3 ha -1。其他物种可能很有希望,但要么是数据非常有限,要么是它们的入侵潜力需要仔细考虑。这一历史回顾表明,在最佳树种-种植地点-栽培技术组合下,树种也可以达到意大利地中海速生树种的典型木材产量。
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引用次数: 2
Pros and cons of open access journals: paying to read or paying to publish? 开放获取期刊的利弊:付费阅读还是付费出版?
Pub Date : 2020-04-03 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-1981
P. Corona
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引用次数: 1
An innovative environmental risk assessment approach to a Mediterranean coastal forest: the Presidential Estate of Castelporziano (Rome) case study 地中海沿海森林的创新环境风险评估方法:卡斯泰尔波尔齐亚诺总统庄园(罗马)案例研究
Pub Date : 2020-04-03 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-1884
F. Recanatesi, Chiara Giuliani, Matteo Piccinno, Benedetta Cucca, Carlo Maria Rossi, M. Ripa
Thanks to their ability to generate ecosystem services, forest ecosystems have a significant social, economic and environmental impact on the development of many regions in the world, especially those located in urban and peri-urban areas. Today, increased forest vulnerability is reflected in an increased number of episodes of severe decline associated mainly with drought. In this context, the Mediterranean area shows high forest vulnerability and a subsequent decline in its natural renewal rate. In this scenario, the aim of this research is to assess the sustainability of a protected pristine deciduous oak forest near Rome via the development of a forest health condition monitoring tool based on the application of multispectral satellite data and the identification of silvicultural models suitable to promoting natural forest renewal. Data and results from research in the case study area, the Natural State Reserve of Castelporziano (Rome), have potential as an important decision making tool in sustainable forest management.
森林生态系统由于能够提供生态系统服务,对世界上许多地区的发展,特别是城市和近郊地区的发展产生了重大的社会、经济和环境影响。如今,森林脆弱性的增加反映在主要与干旱有关的严重衰退次数的增加上。在这方面,地中海地区的森林脆弱性很高,自然更新率随之下降。在这种情况下,这项研究的目的是通过开发一种基于多光谱卫星数据应用的森林健康状况监测工具,并确定适合促进自然森林更新的造林模式,评估罗马附近受保护的原始落叶橡树林的可持续性。案例研究地区卡斯特尔波齐亚诺自然国家保护区(罗马)的研究数据和结果有可能成为可持续森林管理的重要决策工具。
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引用次数: 2
The Open Data Kit suite, Mobile Data Collection technology as an opportunity for forest mensuration practices 开放数据套件,移动数据收集技术作为森林测量实践的机会
Pub Date : 2020-04-03 DOI: 10.12899/ASR-1852
S. Campus, Roberto Scotti, Irene Piredda, Ilenia Murgia, Antonio Ganga, F. Giadrossich
This paper examines the potential for using Mobile Data Collection (MDC) as an effective database supported technology to substantially improve forest mensuration practices. Open source Open Data Kit (ODK) procedures and tools were used during a survey campaign that initiated a local forest monitoring process in the Marganai forest (Sardinia). The ODK suite is practical to use and its procedures allow authoring and use of digital survey forms without users needing software development expertise. Form design enables a high degree of customization to be achieved by means of specifying a wide range of data flow control mechanisms. ODK has proved to be a valid tool for data coherence and completeness improvements. As forestry’s contribution to regional Gross Domestic Product has dramatically decreased, forest mensuration practices have been reduced. Meeting the increased need to monitor environmental assets such as forests requires these practices to be re-evaluated. If regional public institutions took an active part in the process of enhancing forest mensuration, by contributing with open database systems acting as repositories and knowledge engines, support for MDC tools like ODK would potentially be a great opportunity to disseminate the use of the system and boost its development.
本文探讨了使用移动数据采集(MDC)作为一种有效的数据库支持技术来大幅改进森林测定实践的潜力。在一次调查活动中使用了开源开放数据包程序和工具,该活动启动了马加奈森林(撒丁岛)的当地森林监测进程。ODK套件使用起来很实用,其程序允许用户在不需要软件开发专业知识的情况下编写和使用数字调查表格。表单设计通过指定广泛的数据流控制机制来实现高度的定制。ODK已被证明是提高数据一致性和完整性的有效工具。随着林业对地区国内生产总值的贡献急剧下降,森林测定方法也减少了。为了满足日益增长的监测森林等环境资产的需要,需要重新评估这些做法。如果区域公共机构积极参与加强森林测定的进程,以开放数据库系统作为储存库和知识引擎,那么对ODK等MDC工具的支持可能是传播该系统的使用并促进其发展的大好机会。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Annals of Silvicultural Research
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