Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-151-159
S. Nefedov
The article is devoted to clarifying the reasons for Russia’s economic lag in 1825–1875. In this context, the analysis of economic policy in 1866–1875 is important. During this period, it was carried out under the predominant influence of the Minister of Finance M. Reutern. It included a program for the accelerated construction of railways on a concession basis. The initial motivation for the adoption of the program was the need to stabilize the ruble exchange rate through large-scale stimulation of exports. Another motive was the military threat from the Western powers during the Polish crisis of 1863–1865. The author shows that the main disadvantage of the program was excessive haste in its implementation. This haste led to a focus on the import of railway equipment and the gates were opened to free trade. While in the West the railways construction was a powerful incentive for industrial development, Russian industry was virtually deprived of this incentive. Reutern’s mistake was the assumption that concessionaires would eventually begin to replenish the railway fund, from which loans for the construction of roads were issued. Ultimately, a lack of funds for imports forced the finance minister to change course, and after 1875 vigorous measures were taken to replace imports by placing orders with Russian factories. However, time was lost, and Russia’s lag behind the Western countries increased.
{"title":"THE MISTAKES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE’S ECONOMIC POLICY (1866–1875)","authors":"S. Nefedov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-151-159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-151-159","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to clarifying the reasons for Russia’s economic lag in 1825–1875. In this context, the analysis of economic policy in 1866–1875 is important. During this period, it was carried out under the predominant influence of the Minister of Finance M. Reutern. It included a program for the accelerated construction of railways on a concession basis. The initial motivation for the adoption of the program was the need to stabilize the ruble exchange rate through large-scale stimulation of exports. Another motive was the military threat from the Western powers during the Polish crisis of 1863–1865. The author shows that the main disadvantage of the program was excessive haste in its implementation. This haste led to a focus on the import of railway equipment and the gates were opened to free trade. While in the West the railways construction was a powerful incentive for industrial development, Russian industry was virtually deprived of this incentive. Reutern’s mistake was the assumption that concessionaires would eventually begin to replenish the railway fund, from which loans for the construction of roads were issued. Ultimately, a lack of funds for imports forced the finance minister to change course, and after 1875 vigorous measures were taken to replace imports by placing orders with Russian factories. However, time was lost, and Russia’s lag behind the Western countries increased.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69597641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-182-189
Mikhail G. Agapov
The article considers a little examined aspect of the history of Russian entrepreneurship associated with the risky nature of commercial and industrial development of the Russian imperial northern periphery. The central plot of the study is the business partnership of the famous navigator and scientist, Admiral P. I. Kruzenshtern and prominent figures of the Russian northern entrepreneurship of gold miners and merchants V. N. Latkin and M. K. Sidorov within the framework of the Pechora-Ob Company formed by them in 1858 for the development of industry, shipping and trade in the Northern Ocean along the Pechora and Ob rivers. Based on a detailed analysis of the company’s design, organizational and logistics activities, it is concluded that the reasons for its collapse in the mid-1860s cannot be explained only by objective factors noted in historiography such as insufficient support from the state, opposition from officials and competitors. The bankruptcy of the company was largely due to subjective reasons. Thus, the idea of the excessive wealth of natural resources of Russia’s North and the possibility of their easy extraction prevented P. I. Kruzenshtern, V. N. Latkin and M. K. Sidorov from adequately assessing the complexity of the organizational and logistical tasks facing them. The propensity of the partners to being visionary, their reliance on luck and mutual accusations of the failure of the enterprise without analyzing their own miscalculations are no less important part of the history of the Pechora-Ob company. Without taking account of such subjective factors in the implementation of innovative commercial projects, the enormous experience of domestic northern entrepreneurship cannot be analyzed comprehensively and used by the next generations of entrepreneurs in full measure.
本文考虑了与俄罗斯帝国北部外围商业和工业发展的风险性相关的俄罗斯企业家精神的历史的一个小检查方面。该研究的中心情节是著名的航海家和科学家海军上将p.i. Kruzenshtern与俄罗斯北方企业家的杰出人物，即黄金矿工和商人V. N. Latkin和M. K. Sidorov在1858年成立的佩霍拉-奥布公司的框架内的商业伙伴关系，该公司旨在沿着佩霍拉河和奥布河发展北洋的工业、航运和贸易。通过对该公司的设计、组织和后勤活动的详细分析，本文得出结论，该公司在19世纪60年代中期倒闭的原因不能仅仅用史学中提到的客观因素来解释，如国家支持不足、官员和竞争对手的反对。这家公司的破产在很大程度上是由于主观原因。因此，俄罗斯北部自然资源的过度丰富和开采的可能性的想法阻碍了P. I. Kruzenshtern, V. N. Latkin和M. K. Sidorov充分评估他们面临的组织和后勤任务的复杂性。合伙人有远见的倾向，他们对运气的依赖，以及在不分析自己的错误判断的情况下相互指责企业的失败，这些都是Pechora-Ob公司历史上同样重要的一部分。在商业创新项目的实施过程中，如果不考虑这些主观因素，国内北方创业的巨大经验就无法全面分析，并为下一代企业家充分利用。
{"title":"THE ADMIRAL AND THE MERCHANTS: FROM THE HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PECHORA AND OB IN THE 1840S–1860S","authors":"Mikhail G. Agapov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-182-189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-182-189","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers a little examined aspect of the history of Russian entrepreneurship associated with the risky nature of commercial and industrial development of the Russian imperial northern periphery. The central plot of the study is the business partnership of the famous navigator and scientist, Admiral P. I. Kruzenshtern and prominent figures of the Russian northern entrepreneurship of gold miners and merchants V. N. Latkin and M. K. Sidorov within the framework of the Pechora-Ob Company formed by them in 1858 for the development of industry, shipping and trade in the Northern Ocean along the Pechora and Ob rivers. Based on a detailed analysis of the company’s design, organizational and logistics activities, it is concluded that the reasons for its collapse in the mid-1860s cannot be explained only by objective factors noted in historiography such as insufficient support from the state, opposition from officials and competitors. The bankruptcy of the company was largely due to subjective reasons. Thus, the idea of the excessive wealth of natural resources of Russia’s North and the possibility of their easy extraction prevented P. I. Kruzenshtern, V. N. Latkin and M. K. Sidorov from adequately assessing the complexity of the organizational and logistical tasks facing them. The propensity of the partners to being visionary, their reliance on luck and mutual accusations of the failure of the enterprise without analyzing their own miscalculations are no less important part of the history of the Pechora-Ob company. Without taking account of such subjective factors in the implementation of innovative commercial projects, the enormous experience of domestic northern entrepreneurship cannot be analyzed comprehensively and used by the next generations of entrepreneurs in full measure.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135701177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-59-68
R. Gilmintinov
The article analyzes the development of the rent theory in the Soviet Union in the 1930–1950s which would later become a conceptual basis for the environmental economics in the USSR. Its primary goal is to answer the question of why, after heated debates of the NEP era, the issue of rent completely disappeared from the academic discourse for almost fifteen years. The answer I offer is based on the analysis of the end of history ideologeme — the utopian idea that the development of planning by itself solves all economic and social problems in the country, including all forms of rent. The return of the rent problem back in the economic discourse in the late Stalin period should be understood in the context of the emergent political economy of socialism, a discipline aimed at the overcoming the utopian and antiscientific nature of the end of history ideology. This research also analyzes in a great detail the key article for the development of the rent theory in that period — I. D. Laptev’s “The collective farms’ revenue and differential rent” (1944). The result of the work is the conclusion that the reemergence of the rent theory in the Soviet economic discourse of the Stalin period was accompanied by its normalization — whereas in the 1920s, rent was understood as a heritage of capitalism violating such a key principle of socialism as the distribution according to labor, for I. D. Laptev, it was nothing but a “gift of nature”.
{"title":"POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SPACE: THE PROBLEM OF RENT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE USSR’S ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN THE 1930–1950s","authors":"R. Gilmintinov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-59-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-59-68","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the development of the rent theory in the Soviet Union in the 1930–1950s which would later become a conceptual basis for the environmental economics in the USSR. Its primary goal is to answer the question of why, after heated debates of the NEP era, the issue of rent completely disappeared from the academic discourse for almost fifteen years. The answer I offer is based on the analysis of the end of history ideologeme — the utopian idea that the development of planning by itself solves all economic and social problems in the country, including all forms of rent. The return of the rent problem back in the economic discourse in the late Stalin period should be understood in the context of the emergent political economy of socialism, a discipline aimed at the overcoming the utopian and antiscientific nature of the end of history ideology. This research also analyzes in a great detail the key article for the development of the rent theory in that period — I. D. Laptev’s “The collective farms’ revenue and differential rent” (1944). The result of the work is the conclusion that the reemergence of the rent theory in the Soviet economic discourse of the Stalin period was accompanied by its normalization — whereas in the 1920s, rent was understood as a heritage of capitalism violating such a key principle of socialism as the distribution according to labor, for I. D. Laptev, it was nothing but a “gift of nature”.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-72-81
M. Klinova
The paper analyzes the policy of remuneration of various professional groups of the urban society of the RSFSR in 1946–1953 to determine the specifics and extent of wage differentiation, its conditionality with the tasks of the mobilization strategy of the state. The policy of remuneration of urban dwellers was characterized by a high level of differentiation. In accordance with the main link principle, in urban society “priority” groups were identified, in relation to which positive material incentives (salary increases, payments, etc.) were more actively applied. In relation to the rest of the townspeople, methods of negative financial incentives were more widely used (increasing production rates, reducing piece rates). Differentiated wage policy was a tool for solving state tasks: securing personnel in priority industries, increasing labor productivity, stimulating scientific research, etc. On the other hand, it contributed to the material polarization of Soviet society. In assessing the scale of material inequality, the system of estimating coordinates plays a decisive role. Contemporaries noted a significant level of material stratification of Soviet society, interpreting it as a violation of the principle of socialist distribution. According to T. Piketty, F. Novokmet and G. Zucman, the coefficient of material inequality in the post-war USSR was quite low (in comparison with the pre-revolutionary, post-Soviet, foreign levels), but on the scale of the Soviet period, this indicator reached its maximum precisely in the post-war years.
{"title":"THE POLICY OF REMUNERATION OF THE RSFSR’S URBAN DWELLERS IN 1946–1953: A MOBILIZATION TOOL AND MATERIAL INEQUALITY FACTOR","authors":"M. Klinova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-72-81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-72-81","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyzes the policy of remuneration of various professional groups of the urban society of the RSFSR in 1946–1953 to determine the specifics and extent of wage differentiation, its conditionality with the tasks of the mobilization strategy of the state. The policy of remuneration of urban dwellers was characterized by a high level of differentiation. In accordance with the main link principle, in urban society “priority” groups were identified, in relation to which positive material incentives (salary increases, payments, etc.) were more actively applied. In relation to the rest of the townspeople, methods of negative financial incentives were more widely used (increasing production rates, reducing piece rates). Differentiated wage policy was a tool for solving state tasks: securing personnel in priority industries, increasing labor productivity, stimulating scientific research, etc. On the other hand, it contributed to the material polarization of Soviet society. In assessing the scale of material inequality, the system of estimating coordinates plays a decisive role. Contemporaries noted a significant level of material stratification of Soviet society, interpreting it as a violation of the principle of socialist distribution. According to T. Piketty, F. Novokmet and G. Zucman, the coefficient of material inequality in the post-war USSR was quite low (in comparison with the pre-revolutionary, post-Soviet, foreign levels), but on the scale of the Soviet period, this indicator reached its maximum precisely in the post-war years.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-88-96
D. Nechiporuk, S. N. Shcherbich
The focus of the article is the scholar and journalistic activities of American geographer Theodore Shabad during the Cold War. It is noted that from the very beginning of his scientific career Shabad was interested in the geography of the USSR, as well as in the current state of Soviet geography. He contributed much to the dissemination and popularization of the works of Soviet geographers among the Anglo-American peers in the 1950s–1980s. Shabad’s main research interest was the study of the industrial localization in the USSR, in particular, on the undeveloped territories of Siberia. Analyzing the Soviet policy of economic regionalization, he emphasized its internal incoherence. On the one hand, the Soviet policy towards regional self-sufficiency of administrative-territorial units led to the shrinkage of interregional economic relations. On the other hand, regional industrial specialization stimulated interregional interactions. The authors conclude that Shabad did much for the development of Soviet-American scientific relations as a journalist as well as a founder of several natural science journals, which in the 1960s–1980s published translations of articles by leading Soviet scholars in various fields of geography.
{"title":"THEODORE SHABAD AND THE STUDY OF SOVIET ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE COLD WAR","authors":"D. Nechiporuk, S. N. Shcherbich","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-88-96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-88-96","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of the article is the scholar and journalistic activities of American geographer Theodore Shabad during the Cold War. It is noted that from the very beginning of his scientific career Shabad was interested in the geography of the USSR, as well as in the current state of Soviet geography. He contributed much to the dissemination and popularization of the works of Soviet geographers among the Anglo-American peers in the 1950s–1980s. Shabad’s main research interest was the study of the industrial localization in the USSR, in particular, on the undeveloped territories of Siberia. Analyzing the Soviet policy of economic regionalization, he emphasized its internal incoherence. On the one hand, the Soviet policy towards regional self-sufficiency of administrative-territorial units led to the shrinkage of interregional economic relations. On the other hand, regional industrial specialization stimulated interregional interactions. The authors conclude that Shabad did much for the development of Soviet-American scientific relations as a journalist as well as a founder of several natural science journals, which in the 1960s–1980s published translations of articles by leading Soviet scholars in various fields of geography.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-38-50
I. Garskova
One of the most important questions in the study of income inequality in the 1920s is evolution of the differentiation of workers’ wages. Salary policy during this period was very controversial. Along with measures in the field of labor incentives, there were also opposite trends: from the mid-1920s the state and trade unions began to pursue a policy of wages equalization, one of the elements of which was its equalization by branches of labor. This reflected both popular beliefs about socialism and the demand of low-paid workers for higher wages. This article aims at analyzing the differentiation of workers’ wages in the second half of the 1920s. It focuses on the study of sources and approbation of the methodology for assessing the differentiation in the wages of workers using statistical methods. The use of different methods for assessing inequality is largely related to the nature of the information in the sources on wages. Diverse information allows us to study the dynamics of average values (monthly and daily wages of industrial workers in general and in various industries, as well as by professions within industries), the ratio of wages of highly skilled and unskilled workers. More complex methods are also used — the calculation of the decile coefficient and the Gini index. The article identifies the main trends in the dynamics of differentiation of wages of various categories of workers in the NEP years.
{"title":"DYNAMICS OF WAGES INEQUALITY IN SOVIET INDUSTRY IN THE NEP YEARS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS","authors":"I. Garskova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-38-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-38-50","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important questions in the study of income inequality in the 1920s is evolution of the differentiation of workers’ wages. Salary policy during this period was very controversial. Along with measures in the field of labor incentives, there were also opposite trends: from the mid-1920s the state and trade unions began to pursue a policy of wages equalization, one of the elements of which was its equalization by branches of labor. This reflected both popular beliefs about socialism and the demand of low-paid workers for higher wages. This article aims at analyzing the differentiation of workers’ wages in the second half of the 1920s. It focuses on the study of sources and approbation of the methodology for assessing the differentiation in the wages of workers using statistical methods. The use of different methods for assessing inequality is largely related to the nature of the information in the sources on wages. Diverse information allows us to study the dynamics of average values (monthly and daily wages of industrial workers in general and in various industries, as well as by professions within industries), the ratio of wages of highly skilled and unskilled workers. More complex methods are also used — the calculation of the decile coefficient and the Gini index. The article identifies the main trends in the dynamics of differentiation of wages of various categories of workers in the NEP years.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-121-130
Evgeny V. Kamenev
The article examines culturally determined meanings of the “natural sciences” concept in the mid-1950s Soviet historiography of the Decembrists. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work is connotative semiotics, developed by the French semiologist Roland Barthes. It is shown that the concept of natural sciences in the Soviet historiography of Decembrism has not only a direct denotative meaning, referring to the activity of obtaining verified knowledge about nature. This concept within the Soviet culture of the mid-20th century had an additional connotative semantic level. The narrative of Soviet historians about the study of nature by members of secret societies connoted, within the Soviet cultural code, the idea of the undoubted revolutionary nature of the Decembrists. Thanks to these connotations, the main goal of the Soviet historical narrative was achieved — the confirmation of Lenin’s thesis about the Decembrists as the first Russian revolutionaries who started the work that the Bolsheviks had completed. The study of the connotative semantics of the concept of natural sciences based on the semiotic approach allows us to speak about the mechanism of the conceptualization of Decembrism in Soviet historiography. Conceptualization was carried out at the level of a secondary sign system due to intertextual connections. The historical narrative through the signs of the active subject, applied aspect of natural science research, materialism, enlightenment, atheism was correlated with texts precedent for Soviet culture. Due to these correlations, the story about the Decembrists acquired an additional semantic level. The theoretical and methodological apparatus of semiotics is quite applicable to the history of concepts, since it allows reading semantics at all levels of the text — both denotative and connotative. Semiotics provides precise tools for analyzing the semantics of concepts in the context of their parent culture.
{"title":"IDEOLOGICAL ORIENTATION OF THE “NATURAL SCIENCES” CONCEPT IN THE MID-1950S SOVIET HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE DECEMBRIST MOVEMENT","authors":"Evgeny V. Kamenev","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-121-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-121-130","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines culturally determined meanings of the “natural sciences” concept in the mid-1950s Soviet historiography of the Decembrists. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work is connotative semiotics, developed by the French semiologist Roland Barthes. It is shown that the concept of natural sciences in the Soviet historiography of Decembrism has not only a direct denotative meaning, referring to the activity of obtaining verified knowledge about nature. This concept within the Soviet culture of the mid-20th century had an additional connotative semantic level. The narrative of Soviet historians about the study of nature by members of secret societies connoted, within the Soviet cultural code, the idea of the undoubted revolutionary nature of the Decembrists. Thanks to these connotations, the main goal of the Soviet historical narrative was achieved — the confirmation of Lenin’s thesis about the Decembrists as the first Russian revolutionaries who started the work that the Bolsheviks had completed. The study of the connotative semantics of the concept of natural sciences based on the semiotic approach allows us to speak about the mechanism of the conceptualization of Decembrism in Soviet historiography. Conceptualization was carried out at the level of a secondary sign system due to intertextual connections. The historical narrative through the signs of the active subject, applied aspect of natural science research, materialism, enlightenment, atheism was correlated with texts precedent for Soviet culture. Due to these correlations, the story about the Decembrists acquired an additional semantic level. The theoretical and methodological apparatus of semiotics is quite applicable to the history of concepts, since it allows reading semantics at all levels of the text — both denotative and connotative. Semiotics provides precise tools for analyzing the semantics of concepts in the context of their parent culture.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-129-136
Natalya A. Rogachyova, E. N. Ertner
The article considers the poetics of D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak’s novel “Without a Title” in folklore-mythological, philosophical, historical-literary, and socio-cultural contexts. The main research subject is the mythopoetic structure of Ural-Siberian locus in comparison with the well-established myths of Siberia in Russian writers and publicists’ works of the 19th century. The research determines a dialogical nature of the narrative structure of the novel: “Without a Title” is devoted to the problems of Russian historical path and national self-determination. The images of Ural and Siberia are used as the symbolic expression of the concept of the new man who is formed on the border of his own and others’ world, by crossing of the traditional Russian culture and civilizational processes of the late 19th century (the development of science, technology, the capitalization of social life). Mamin creates a new version of the novel genre in which the plot structures of the utopia, fantastic, travel, socio-psychological novel are rethought. The motifs of Christian and pagan mythology are represented in the artistic description of the characters and Siberian nature, in the development of the key themes of the novel: Russian “expansion” to the east, spontaneous popular colonization of Siberia, its industrial and ontological development, confl ict of the American and Siberian geopoetics; family, life and death in character’s existential experience. In the novel “Without a Title” Mamin represents the process of the mythologization (myth), demythologization (destruction of the myth) and remythologization (making of the myth) of the “thinkable” and “thinking” region territory, creates a new author’s myth of Siberia as Russia of the future.
本文从民间神话、哲学、历史文学和社会文化四个方面考察了D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak小说《没有标题》的诗学。主要研究对象是乌拉尔-西伯利亚地区的神话结构，并与19世纪俄罗斯作家和政论家作品中已确立的西伯利亚神话进行比较。研究确定了小说叙事结构的对话性质:“没有标题”致力于俄罗斯历史道路和民族自决的问题。乌拉尔和西伯利亚的图像被用作新人概念的象征性表达，新人是在自己和他人的世界的边界上形成的，通过跨越传统的俄罗斯文化和19世纪后期的文明进程(科学，技术的发展，社会生活的资本化)。马明创造了一种新的小说类型，其中乌托邦、奇幻、旅行、社会心理小说的情节结构被重新思考。基督教和异教神话的主题体现在人物和西伯利亚自然的艺术描述中，体现在小说关键主题的发展中:俄罗斯“东扩”，自发的西伯利亚大众殖民化，其工业和本体论的发展，美国和西伯利亚地缘政治的冲突;人物生存体验中的家庭、生与死。在小说《没有标题》中，马明代表了“可想象”和“可思考”区域领土的神话化(神话)、去神话化(神话的毁灭)和再神话化(神话的制造)的过程，创造了一个新的作者关于西伯利亚作为未来俄罗斯的神话。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-168-177
R. Pochekaev
The article devoted to specific features of relations of the Russian Empire with the Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva on the base of treaties signed in 1873, which are considered to fix the status of these Central Asian polities as Russian protectorates. The author examined preconditions of signing of these treaties, analyses the treaties of Russia with Khiva and Bukhara, gives a formal legal characterization of their form and content. The article is an attempt to explain the reasons of including by Russian authors in these treaties of specific statements which were to provide the control of the Russian Empire under the policy of the khanates in different areas as well as further practical implementation of these statements. Sometimes these reasons are not so obvious and it makes the author analyze not only literal sense of treaties, but also their “spirit”, i. e. implication within the context of Russo-Bukharan and Russo-Khivan relations before and after the establishment of the protectorate. The analysis of historical sources (legal acts, another official documents, contemporary testimonies, periodicals) and the results of previously made research allows the author to conclude that relations of the Russian Empire with authorities of Bukhara and Khiva were a complex of activities within the policy of the frontier modernization with due regard for specific features of political-legal and social-economical position of the khanates and intricate international situation as well as contradictions of different authorities in the Russian Empire itself.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-82-91
I. L. Mankova
In the course of the development of Siberia the Russians created an authentic “living space” on the colonized lands, relying on their religious traditions and practices. The article shows the role of the Tobolsk bishop’s house in the formation of the socio-cultural environment in the territory under development in accordance with the norms of the Christian way of life. The “bishop’s house” is understood as a regional institution of the Russian Orthodox Church, which organized and controlled the spiritual sphere of the life of the local society. The Siberian diocese was created in 1620. The bishops used the centuries-old experience of the Russian Orthodox Church and, at the same time, responded to specific “challenges”. These “challenges” were associated with the huge scale of the controlled territory and its considerable remoteness from the center, the lack of priests and their doubtful moral appearance, peculiarities of the sex composition of the first Russian settlers, disagreements with secular administrations on the issue of power-sharing. The main concern of the 17th century Siberian bishops was the maintenance of the moral state of society, regularization of the church sphere, as well as anxiety about the population of Siberia, including the indigenous people. During the 17th century a system of the diocesan administration was created. The regional features of this system were expressed in the variety of principles for the division on the tithe districts and the replacement rates of secular decals by spiritual customers (representatives of the white and black priests). The church court of the law, organized by the Tobolsk bishop’s house, was an important tool for curbing “disorder” both among the clergy and in the secular community. The Orthodox landscape was formed on the territory under its jurisdiction to satisfy the spiritual needs of the local society. By the end of the 17th century, there were about 225 churches in the diocese, including monasteries. Most of them were located in Western Siberia, which was the most developed part of the diocese and closest to its center. The problem of providing parishes with priests was solved, and widely revered regional shrines appeared. The christianization of the indigenous population was carried out mainly by the forces of the monasteries. Using various forms of the influence on the society, the Tobolsk bishop’s house exerted a great influence on the religious and moral condition of the local society and became one of the leading actors in the colonization process.
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