Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-128-138
V. Shirokov, Natalia A. Shirokova
Caves with the Upper Paleolithic wall paintings are known in the Southern Urals — Kapova (Shulgan-Tash) and Ignatievskaya (Yamazy-Tash). They represent the largest karst cavities in their areas with lots of figurative and non-figurative motifs. In many respects, the Urals’ decorated caves are similar to those in Western Europe: in terms of the structural organization of space, pictorial assemblages and their context. The Western European caves are often referred to as “deep sanctuaries”. Within the framework of this article, the authors address to the works of foreign experts, who have been developing this subject for more than a dozen years, in order to identify the criteria for such an interpretation. Due to the kinship of the Ice Age cave art from the Atlantic to the Urals, the interpretations of Western European art are also applicable to the Ural cave sites. Archaeological, phenomenological and mythological criteria stand out as the most important ones. Archaeological criteria were formulated by C. Renfrew: focusing attention; the border zone between this and other worlds; the presence of a deity; participation and offering. Phenomenological criteria are relied on a person’s sensory experience which is based on the main sense organs — sight, hearing, smell, touch. It is they which provide the caves with indicators of hierophony, constructing, according to M. Eliade, a collective sacred space. Of all the characteristics of myth in relation to the Paleolithic art, M. Groenen considers the presence of composite anthropomorphic creatures, composite animals and surreal, fantastic animals. Comparing unreal and hybrid creatures from the regions of Franco-Cantabria and the Urals shows their close similarity. Together with the considered archaeological criteria and criteria of the sensory experience of an ancient man in relation to the underground cavity, we can assert that the Ural decorated caves of the Upper Paleolithic are sanctuaries of the Ice Age, preserving fragments of the mythology of that distant time.
{"title":"CAVE — SANCTUARY — MYTH: INTERPRETATION CRITERIA FOR THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC DECORATED CAVES IN THE URALS","authors":"V. Shirokov, Natalia A. Shirokova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-128-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-128-138","url":null,"abstract":"Caves with the Upper Paleolithic wall paintings are known in the Southern Urals — Kapova (Shulgan-Tash) and Ignatievskaya (Yamazy-Tash). They represent the largest karst cavities in their areas with lots of figurative and non-figurative motifs. In many respects, the Urals’ decorated caves are similar to those in Western Europe: in terms of the structural organization of space, pictorial assemblages and their context. The Western European caves are often referred to as “deep sanctuaries”. Within the framework of this article, the authors address to the works of foreign experts, who have been developing this subject for more than a dozen years, in order to identify the criteria for such an interpretation. Due to the kinship of the Ice Age cave art from the Atlantic to the Urals, the interpretations of Western European art are also applicable to the Ural cave sites. Archaeological, phenomenological and mythological criteria stand out as the most important ones. Archaeological criteria were formulated by C. Renfrew: focusing attention; the border zone between this and other worlds; the presence of a deity; participation and offering. Phenomenological criteria are relied on a person’s sensory experience which is based on the main sense organs — sight, hearing, smell, touch. It is they which provide the caves with indicators of hierophony, constructing, according to M. Eliade, a collective sacred space. Of all the characteristics of myth in relation to the Paleolithic art, M. Groenen considers the presence of composite anthropomorphic creatures, composite animals and surreal, fantastic animals. Comparing unreal and hybrid creatures from the regions of Franco-Cantabria and the Urals shows their close similarity. Together with the considered archaeological criteria and criteria of the sensory experience of an ancient man in relation to the underground cavity, we can assert that the Ural decorated caves of the Upper Paleolithic are sanctuaries of the Ice Age, preserving fragments of the mythology of that distant time.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-173-180
E. A. Kochetkova
This article examines the notions of Siberia’s industrial forests among Soviet specialists in the context of colonization of Eastern regions of the USSR from the late 1940s to the late 1980s. It pays a particular attention to how specialists perceived forests of Eastern virgin lands and what were their expectations about industrial forest exploitation and wood harvesting. The analysis is based upon professional publications about the tension between so called “old” (mainly North-West and the Urals) and “new” (the Siberian region) forests. The author raises the question of the meaning that Soviet specialists placed on the newly colonized forests within the industrial development. The article demonstrates that foresters replicated the state rhetoric about “virgin” lands seeing the new technologies of colonization as a possibility for solving the problem of resource supply in the industry which became visible in the period under study. The development of forest resources and timber industry construction with the help of the latest technologies have been among the most important tasks set by specialists since the late 1940s. Many specialists hoped to start a new page in forest exploitation via the rational and complex, as they called it, approach to wood harvesting and processing. This was to minimize the risks and losses associated with forest exploitation in old industrial areas. However, the lack of funding and infrastructural impediments including difficult access to new forest reserves complicated the colonization drive and was perceived by specialists as a transfer of old problems (problems typical for the ‘old’ forests) to ‘new’ regions. In the course of colonization during the period between the late 1940s and 1980s professional enthusiasm of earlier decades changed to disappointment about the practice of forest colonization in the Soviet Eastern lands.
{"title":"NOTIONS OF SIBERIA’S INDUSTRIAL FORESTS AMONG SPECIALISTS IN THE SOVIET UNION, LATE 1940s–1991","authors":"E. A. Kochetkova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-173-180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-173-180","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the notions of Siberia’s industrial forests among Soviet specialists in the context of colonization of Eastern regions of the USSR from the late 1940s to the late 1980s. It pays a particular attention to how specialists perceived forests of Eastern virgin lands and what were their expectations about industrial forest exploitation and wood harvesting. The analysis is based upon professional publications about the tension between so called “old” (mainly North-West and the Urals) and “new” (the Siberian region) forests. The author raises the question of the meaning that Soviet specialists placed on the newly colonized forests within the industrial development. The article demonstrates that foresters replicated the state rhetoric about “virgin” lands seeing the new technologies of colonization as a possibility for solving the problem of resource supply in the industry which became visible in the period under study. The development of forest resources and timber industry construction with the help of the latest technologies have been among the most important tasks set by specialists since the late 1940s. Many specialists hoped to start a new page in forest exploitation via the rational and complex, as they called it, approach to wood harvesting and processing. This was to minimize the risks and losses associated with forest exploitation in old industrial areas. However, the lack of funding and infrastructural impediments including difficult access to new forest reserves complicated the colonization drive and was perceived by specialists as a transfer of old problems (problems typical for the ‘old’ forests) to ‘new’ regions. In the course of colonization during the period between the late 1940s and 1980s professional enthusiasm of earlier decades changed to disappointment about the practice of forest colonization in the Soviet Eastern lands.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-167-174
Z. Zharnikov, V. Myglan, M. Phylatova, Oksana V. Naumova, V. Barinov, A. Taynik
Nowadays in Yeniseysk more than seventy diverse wooden architecture monuments have been preserved. The time of their construction remains debated. On the basis of a comprehensive (dendrochronological, historical and architectural) study, a chronological typology was created, according to which wooden structures (residential buildings, outbuildings and some government buildings) were grouped into four chronological types: I — structures of the first quarter of the 19th century (izbas, five-wall houses on a high utility basement with a hip or pyramidal roof with small windows that retained the features of the Russia’s North tradition); II — structures of the late 1860s — early 1890s (post-fire eclectic two-storey buildings with a glazed gallery on the second floor of the side extension and outbuildings attached to them); III — buildings of the 1890s (government wooden buildings and one-two-storey residential buildings with a glazed gallery on the second floor, which differ from the second type in less expressive design features (cornice platbands, etc.)); IV — buildings of the early 20th century (one-storey buildings with the bright saw-cut decoration of platbands and cornice). A separate group was made up of objects with more archaic features (compared with the obtained dendrochronological dates), which preserved old traditions. The proposed chronological typology made it possible to detail the town-planning processes of Yeniseysk. The methodological arsenal developed in the work is expanding and deepening the research potential of trends in Siberian wooden urban construction study towards the end of the 18th — beginning of the 20th century. The developed methodological approach has a significant research potential for the chronological attribution of Siberian wooden urban construction in the late 18th — early 20th centuries.
{"title":"CHRONOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY OF YENISEYSK’S WOODEN MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE","authors":"Z. Zharnikov, V. Myglan, M. Phylatova, Oksana V. Naumova, V. Barinov, A. Taynik","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-167-174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-167-174","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays in Yeniseysk more than seventy diverse wooden architecture monuments have been preserved. The time of their construction remains debated. On the basis of a comprehensive (dendrochronological, historical and architectural) study, a chronological typology was created, according to which wooden structures (residential buildings, outbuildings and some government buildings) were grouped into four chronological types: I — structures of the first quarter of the 19th century (izbas, five-wall houses on a high utility basement with a hip or pyramidal roof with small windows that retained the features of the Russia’s North tradition); II — structures of the late 1860s — early 1890s (post-fire eclectic two-storey buildings with a glazed gallery on the second floor of the side extension and outbuildings attached to them); III — buildings of the 1890s (government wooden buildings and one-two-storey residential buildings with a glazed gallery on the second floor, which differ from the second type in less expressive design features (cornice platbands, etc.)); IV — buildings of the early 20th century (one-storey buildings with the bright saw-cut decoration of platbands and cornice). A separate group was made up of objects with more archaic features (compared with the obtained dendrochronological dates), which preserved old traditions. The proposed chronological typology made it possible to detail the town-planning processes of Yeniseysk. The methodological arsenal developed in the work is expanding and deepening the research potential of trends in Siberian wooden urban construction study towards the end of the 18th — beginning of the 20th century. The developed methodological approach has a significant research potential for the chronological attribution of Siberian wooden urban construction in the late 18th — early 20th centuries.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-195-197
I. V. Abramov
{"title":"RESULTS OF THE 2ND SCIENTIFIC WORKSHOP ON HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY","authors":"I. V. Abramov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-195-197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-195-197","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-25-36
P. Werth
In this article, which is an abridged version of the monograph’s chapter [Paul W. Werth, The Tsar’s Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia (Oxford, 2014)], the author examines the history of the organization of the system of administration of “foreign confessions” — non-Orthodox religious communities in Russia in the last third of the 18th — mid 19th century. According to the author, this system, which he calls “the multi-confessional establishment”, was flexible and included significant elements of compromise. On the one hand, with the undoubted primacy of the Orthodox Church, most of the non-Orthodox confessions were granted, in one way or another, the status of state institutions. This strengthened their position, enabled their clergy to be involved in the processes of government and, at the same time, strengthened the internal unity of the Empire. On the other hand, as the imperial state apparatus developed and a tendency towards unification became more prominent, from the second half of the 19th century onwards the supreme authorities began to worry that the integration of different groups through religious institutions might threaten state cohesion. Nevertheless, until the collapse of the Russian monarchy the autocracy never succeeded in developing an alternative model for the administration of religious affairs.
这篇文章是专着章节[Paul W. Werth，沙皇的外国信仰:宽容和俄罗斯帝国宗教自由的命运(牛津大学，2014年)]的删节版，作者考察了18世纪最后三分之一至19世纪中期俄罗斯非东正教宗教团体“外国教派”管理系统的组织历史。据发件人说，他称之为“多教派体制”的这一制度是灵活的，并包括重要的妥协因素。一方面，由于东正教无可置疑的至高无上地位，大多数非东正教教派都以这样或那样的方式获得了国家机构的地位。这加强了他们的地位，使他们的神职人员能够参与政府的进程，同时，加强了帝国的内部团结。另一方面，随着帝国国家机器的发展，统一的趋势变得更加突出，从19世纪下半叶开始，最高当局开始担心不同群体通过宗教机构的整合可能会威胁到国家的凝聚力。然而，直到俄罗斯君主制崩溃之前，专制政体从未成功地发展出另一种管理宗教事务的模式。
{"title":"DIVERSITY AND UNITY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE’S “FOREIGN FAITHS”","authors":"P. Werth","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-25-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-25-36","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, which is an abridged version of the monograph’s chapter [Paul W. Werth, The Tsar’s Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia (Oxford, 2014)], the author examines the history of the organization of the system of administration of “foreign confessions” — non-Orthodox religious communities in Russia in the last third of the 18th — mid 19th century. According to the author, this system, which he calls “the multi-confessional establishment”, was flexible and included significant elements of compromise. On the one hand, with the undoubted primacy of the Orthodox Church, most of the non-Orthodox confessions were granted, in one way or another, the status of state institutions. This strengthened their position, enabled their clergy to be involved in the processes of government and, at the same time, strengthened the internal unity of the Empire. On the other hand, as the imperial state apparatus developed and a tendency towards unification became more prominent, from the second half of the 19th century onwards the supreme authorities began to worry that the integration of different groups through religious institutions might threaten state cohesion. Nevertheless, until the collapse of the Russian monarchy the autocracy never succeeded in developing an alternative model for the administration of religious affairs.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-112-120
O. Porshneva
The article analyzes the representations of the Russian socio-political discourse of 1914–1916, dedicated to the justification of the First World War as a just war on the part of Russia and its Allies. It considers the role of the factors that shaped the image of a just war in the minds of the European political and intellectual elite and the younger generation, as well as the emergence of the idea of “spirituality” of war as the basis for its legitimation. The author stresses the influence of the international conventions on the laws and customs of war on the image of a just war in Russia as well as the specifics of the socio-cultural situation at the turn of the 20th century, which made it difficult to conduct ideological and psychological preparation for world clash that could affect the mass consciousness. The image of a just war began to take shape in Russia after the country entered the conflict and was based on the idea of a defensive war against an external aggressor. The fact that Germany was the first to declare war on Russia, the realities of bloody confrontation contributed to the formation and broadcast the ideas about the “Second Patriotic War”. The concept of the “Second Patriotic War”, which appealed to historical memory, became the embodiment of the idea of a just war in the 1914–1915 Russian socio-political discourse. An important component of the image of a just war in Russia was the notions of the spiritual and religious sense of confrontation. They were embodied in ideas about the implementation of the sacred mission of liberating Europe and the world from “Germanism”, the protection of the Slavs, the “struggle for truth”, the affirmation of the renewed ideal of “Holy Russia”. The ideas of a “holy war against Germanism” got embedded in the discourse of the press into the system of ideas about the fairness of the goals and objectives of the Allies. Another basis for the legitimacy of war was the concept embodied in the slogan “the war to end all wars”. The influential concept of Entente propaganda received a wide response in the Russian liberal and democratic press, which interpreted the meaning of the world conflict in a political and legal terms. The war was seen as a way to establish a new system of international relations based on the rule of the “force of law” as opposed to the “law of force” personified by Germany. Illusions about the possibility of establishing “eternal peace” after the war were widely broadcast in the press, becoming an element of ideas about a just struggle for a better future of mankind. The notions about “German atrocities” widely broadcast by propaganda in the Entente countries were important element of the justification of violence against the enemy and legitimization of the war. In Russia, despite the enemy’s violation of international conventions governing conducting the war and the presence of this topic in the press, the image of “German atrocities” did not play the significant role in socio-p
{"title":"THE CONCEPT OF A JUST WAR IN RUSSIAN SOCIO-POLITICAL DISCOURSE (1914–1916)","authors":"O. Porshneva","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-112-120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-112-120","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the representations of the Russian socio-political discourse of 1914–1916, dedicated to the justification of the First World War as a just war on the part of Russia and its Allies. It considers the role of the factors that shaped the image of a just war in the minds of the European political and intellectual elite and the younger generation, as well as the emergence of the idea of “spirituality” of war as the basis for its legitimation. The author stresses the influence of the international conventions on the laws and customs of war on the image of a just war in Russia as well as the specifics of the socio-cultural situation at the turn of the 20th century, which made it difficult to conduct ideological and psychological preparation for world clash that could affect the mass consciousness. The image of a just war began to take shape in Russia after the country entered the conflict and was based on the idea of a defensive war against an external aggressor. The fact that Germany was the first to declare war on Russia, the realities of bloody confrontation contributed to the formation and broadcast the ideas about the “Second Patriotic War”. The concept of the “Second Patriotic War”, which appealed to historical memory, became the embodiment of the idea of a just war in the 1914–1915 Russian socio-political discourse. An important component of the image of a just war in Russia was the notions of the spiritual and religious sense of confrontation. They were embodied in ideas about the implementation of the sacred mission of liberating Europe and the world from “Germanism”, the protection of the Slavs, the “struggle for truth”, the affirmation of the renewed ideal of “Holy Russia”. The ideas of a “holy war against Germanism” got embedded in the discourse of the press into the system of ideas about the fairness of the goals and objectives of the Allies. Another basis for the legitimacy of war was the concept embodied in the slogan “the war to end all wars”. The influential concept of Entente propaganda received a wide response in the Russian liberal and democratic press, which interpreted the meaning of the world conflict in a political and legal terms. The war was seen as a way to establish a new system of international relations based on the rule of the “force of law” as opposed to the “law of force” personified by Germany. Illusions about the possibility of establishing “eternal peace” after the war were widely broadcast in the press, becoming an element of ideas about a just struggle for a better future of mankind. The notions about “German atrocities” widely broadcast by propaganda in the Entente countries were important element of the justification of violence against the enemy and legitimization of the war. In Russia, despite the enemy’s violation of international conventions governing conducting the war and the presence of this topic in the press, the image of “German atrocities” did not play the significant role in socio-p","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-15-23
O. Togoeva
The idea of a transpersonal judicial system in relation to the Middle Ages and Modern times was most fully developed in the works of Michel Foucault, who, nevertheless, relied in his calculations on the ideas of the English philosopher, sociologist and lawyer Jeremy Bentham. These ideas found their reflection in the famous Bentham’s treatise “Panopticon, or Supervisory House”, written in 1786–1787 in the form of letters and published with additions in 1791. The article traces the influence that the theory of “panopticism” had on the penitentiary systems of various countries, on the development of prison architecture, as well as on numerous dystopias which were also based on the idea of the “all-seeing eye”. However, the main attention is paid to the problem of authoritative sources which Jeremy Bentham himself could rely on. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that one of them could have been the English judicial system itself in the form in which it existed in the 16th–17th centuries. The judges of the early Modern times were perfectly familiar with the procedure of “watching” (i. e. the basic principle of the “panopticism” doctrine): it was widely applied in practice, primarily in the witch trials that took place in the English Kingdom in this time, and was described in various legal sources. Despite the fact that there are no direct references to these texts in the “Panopticon”, the very originality of this concept, as well as the use of very specific vocabulary, indicates, according to the author of the article, that Jeremy Bentham could rely directly on English experience in the field of legal proceedings.
与中世纪和现代有关的超个人司法制度的思想在米歇尔·福柯的作品中得到了最充分的发展，然而，他的计算依赖于英国哲学家、社会学家和律师杰里米·边沁的思想。这些观点在边沁著名的专著《监狱管理所》(Panopticon, or Supervisory House)中得到了反映。这篇专著写于1786年至1787年，以书信的形式写成，并于1791年出版。本文追溯了“全景主义”理论对各国监狱制度的影响，对监狱建筑的发展的影响，以及对许多同样基于“全视之眼”思想的反乌托邦的影响。然而，主要关注的是边沁本人可以依赖的权威来源问题。这篇文章的作者得出结论，其中一个原因可能是16 - 17世纪存在的英国司法系统本身。近代早期的法官非常熟悉“观察”的程序(即“全景”学说的基本原则):它在实践中被广泛应用，主要是在这个时期发生在英国的女巫审判中，并在各种法律资料中有所描述。尽管在“Panopticon”中没有直接提到这些文本，但这一概念的独创性以及非常具体的词汇的使用表明，根据文章的作者，杰里米·边沁可以直接依靠英语在法律诉讼领域的经验。
{"title":"JEREMY BENTHAM’S “PANOPTICON” AND ITS POSSIBLE ORIGINS","authors":"O. Togoeva","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-15-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-15-23","url":null,"abstract":"The idea of a transpersonal judicial system in relation to the Middle Ages and Modern times was most fully developed in the works of Michel Foucault, who, nevertheless, relied in his calculations on the ideas of the English philosopher, sociologist and lawyer Jeremy Bentham. These ideas found their reflection in the famous Bentham’s treatise “Panopticon, or Supervisory House”, written in 1786–1787 in the form of letters and published with additions in 1791. The article traces the influence that the theory of “panopticism” had on the penitentiary systems of various countries, on the development of prison architecture, as well as on numerous dystopias which were also based on the idea of the “all-seeing eye”. However, the main attention is paid to the problem of authoritative sources which Jeremy Bentham himself could rely on. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that one of them could have been the English judicial system itself in the form in which it existed in the 16th–17th centuries. The judges of the early Modern times were perfectly familiar with the procedure of “watching” (i. e. the basic principle of the “panopticism” doctrine): it was widely applied in practice, primarily in the witch trials that took place in the English Kingdom in this time, and was described in various legal sources. Despite the fact that there are no direct references to these texts in the “Panopticon”, the very originality of this concept, as well as the use of very specific vocabulary, indicates, according to the author of the article, that Jeremy Bentham could rely directly on English experience in the field of legal proceedings.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69595040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-93-102
Dmitry V. Timofeev
On the basis of the comparative and contextual analysis of publications in the Russian periodicals of the first quarter of the 19th century the article reconstructs the methods of argumentation used in the course of public discussion of ideals and practice of republicanism. Theoretical approaches of the modern history of concepts are used as methodological tools to reveal the ideas of contemporaries about the essence of the republic, the reasons for its emergence and decline, the nature of the relationship between citizens and the state. The intellectual context of Russia’s republican discourse was built on the basis of combination of two space-time prospects — historical experience of the republics of the ancient world and the description of options of the embodiment of the republican idea in France, the modern small states, and “the Republic of the Connected American Areas”. In public space of Russia of the first quarter of the 19th century the republicanism remained an important element of a discourse “about the best form of communal life” which starting point was a statement about the paramount importance of moral qualities of subjects/citizens and the monarch for steady functioning of power institutes. Such interpretation of the republican idea in Russia caused a shift from a question of the institutional embodiment of the republic to reflections about a possibility of combination of republicanism as the ideas of joint action of patriotic citizens, their partnership in “common cause” with historically developed monarchic form of government.
{"title":"THE CONCEPT OF “REPUBLIC” IN PUBLIC SPACE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE OF THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY","authors":"Dmitry V. Timofeev","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-93-102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-93-102","url":null,"abstract":"On the basis of the comparative and contextual analysis of publications in the Russian periodicals of the first quarter of the 19th century the article reconstructs the methods of argumentation used in the course of public discussion of ideals and practice of republicanism. Theoretical approaches of the modern history of concepts are used as methodological tools to reveal the ideas of contemporaries about the essence of the republic, the reasons for its emergence and decline, the nature of the relationship between citizens and the state. The intellectual context of Russia’s republican discourse was built on the basis of combination of two space-time prospects — historical experience of the republics of the ancient world and the description of options of the embodiment of the republican idea in France, the modern small states, and “the Republic of the Connected American Areas”. In public space of Russia of the first quarter of the 19th century the republicanism remained an important element of a discourse “about the best form of communal life” which starting point was a statement about the paramount importance of moral qualities of subjects/citizens and the monarch for steady functioning of power institutes. Such interpretation of the republican idea in Russia caused a shift from a question of the institutional embodiment of the republic to reflections about a possibility of combination of republicanism as the ideas of joint action of patriotic citizens, their partnership in “common cause” with historically developed monarchic form of government.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69595074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-45-54
S. Golikova
The article deals with promoting of knowledge of anti-rabies vaccinations as the channel of dissemination of bacteriology achievements. This cultural practice became one of the conditions for the transfer to Russia of the rabies immunoprophylaxis developed in 1885 by L. Pasteur. The analysis by means of social and psychological approach of publications in “Niva” (the illustrated weekly journal) showed that this popular magazine was focused not on scientific search, but on its ready-made product, trying to abstain from the presentation of logical proofs and arguments. The most common forms of the journal content were: data on emergence of Pasteur stations and institutes — the materialized result of introduction of an innovation — and visualization of these objects, medical statistics, the appeal to authorities of the famous scholars and heads of states encouraging the French bacteriologist with awards and money. The weekly sought to form in the potential consumer of the vaccine an idea not so much about vaccinations in general (after immunization against smallpox, this was a passed stage), but about the specifics of anti-rabies vaccination, which was characterized by a course of numerous vaccinations, post-exposure vaccination, the use not of a lancet (as in smallpox vaccination), but injections. In addition, the weekly provided its reader with information important for assimilation of this transfer knowledge: on attenuation of microorganisms (in case of rabies, the weakening of the pathogen virulence was achieved by drying), on disinfection and sterilization, on the value of animal producers (rabbits) and laboratory animals for the emerging immunobiological industry.
{"title":"PROMOTING OF ANTI-RABIES VACCINATIONS AS A CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL TRANSFER OF PASTEUR’S METHOD TO RUSSIA (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE “NIVA” WEEKLY JOURNAL)","authors":"S. Golikova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-45-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-45-54","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with promoting of knowledge of anti-rabies vaccinations as the channel of dissemination of bacteriology achievements. This cultural practice became one of the conditions for the transfer to Russia of the rabies immunoprophylaxis developed in 1885 by L. Pasteur. The analysis by means of social and psychological approach of publications in “Niva” (the illustrated weekly journal) showed that this popular magazine was focused not on scientific search, but on its ready-made product, trying to abstain from the presentation of logical proofs and arguments. The most common forms of the journal content were: data on emergence of Pasteur stations and institutes — the materialized result of introduction of an innovation — and visualization of these objects, medical statistics, the appeal to authorities of the famous scholars and heads of states encouraging the French bacteriologist with awards and money. The weekly sought to form in the potential consumer of the vaccine an idea not so much about vaccinations in general (after immunization against smallpox, this was a passed stage), but about the specifics of anti-rabies vaccination, which was characterized by a course of numerous vaccinations, post-exposure vaccination, the use not of a lancet (as in smallpox vaccination), but injections. In addition, the weekly provided its reader with information important for assimilation of this transfer knowledge: on attenuation of microorganisms (in case of rabies, the weakening of the pathogen virulence was achieved by drying), on disinfection and sterilization, on the value of animal producers (rabbits) and laboratory animals for the emerging immunobiological industry.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69595253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-29-40
V. Molodin, I. Durakov, L. N. Mylnikova
On the materials of the Odinovskaya and the Krotovskaya cultures the article considers the influence of the Seima-Turbino innovations on bronze casting production of the Western Siberia forest-steppe regions population. The finds of the Seima-Turbino artifacts were recorded in the Odinovskaya culture burials of the Tartas-1, Preobrazhenka-6, Markovo-2 sites and such Krotovskaya culture sites as Chernoozerie-VI, Vengerovo-2, Abramovo-10, Sopka-2/4B, V, Rostovka. The basis of the Seima-Turbino casting set is made up of crucibles and molds. The Odinovskaya and Krotovskaya cultures masters used two main types of crucibles. The first one is composite, a clay rim fixed on a fragment of ceramics, forming an oval or drop-shaped container. The second is a thick-walled flatbottomed drop-shaped cup made from a single lump of clay. A stable correlation of the first type crucibles with forms and products made in the Seima-Turbino style was revealed. Distribution of composite crucibles occurred as part of the Seima-Turbino goods complex to the north into the habitat of the Samuskaya culture tradition bearers, and to the west — in Pritobolye and Trans-Urals. A special role in ancient production is played by the methods of making molds for thin-walled hollow casting. Common features characteristic of the entire Seima-Turbino tradition were identified. The main production technique is the molding according to a model on a molding plate, with the overlap of molding masses from above with large lumps. The main configuration of the working chamber was formed by the print of a specially manufactured model, the connector — by the flat area of the model slab. The appearance of the foundry form with a semicircular back becomes the standard of the Seima-Turbino style, as a result of which it was given even to stone specimens. The period of developed Bronze Age in Western Siberia is characterized by significant changes caused by the Andronovskaya culture influence. Srubno-Andronovskaya metalworking tradition combines casting and shaping forging. Forms with a horizontal arrangement of working chambers are widely used. Previously, two types of the Andronovskaya culture melting tanks were distinguished, and a third was proposed: 1 — small vessel on a pallet, 2 — round-bottomed cup with side vertical handle, 3 — round thick-walled vessel. The second type of crucible was recorded among the carriers of the Andronovskaya (Fedorovskaya) culture of the Ob-Irtysh forest-steppe. As a result of the Andronovskaya culture expansion in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, the syncretic metalworking was formed — the Late Krotovskaya (Chernoozerskaya) tradition, which combined the techniques of smelting of newcomers and a formal mold of this territory.
{"title":"THE SEIMA-TURBINO PHENOMENON INFLUENCE ON TECHNOLOGIES OF BRONZE-CASTING PRODUCTION OF THE BRONZE AGE SIBERIA POPULATION","authors":"V. Molodin, I. Durakov, L. N. Mylnikova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-29-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-29-40","url":null,"abstract":"On the materials of the Odinovskaya and the Krotovskaya cultures the article considers the influence of the Seima-Turbino innovations on bronze casting production of the Western Siberia forest-steppe regions population. The finds of the Seima-Turbino artifacts were recorded in the Odinovskaya culture burials of the Tartas-1, Preobrazhenka-6, Markovo-2 sites and such Krotovskaya culture sites as Chernoozerie-VI, Vengerovo-2, Abramovo-10, Sopka-2/4B, V, Rostovka. The basis of the Seima-Turbino casting set is made up of crucibles and molds. The Odinovskaya and Krotovskaya cultures masters used two main types of crucibles. The first one is composite, a clay rim fixed on a fragment of ceramics, forming an oval or drop-shaped container. The second is a thick-walled flatbottomed drop-shaped cup made from a single lump of clay. A stable correlation of the first type crucibles with forms and products made in the Seima-Turbino style was revealed. Distribution of composite crucibles occurred as part of the Seima-Turbino goods complex to the north into the habitat of the Samuskaya culture tradition bearers, and to the west — in Pritobolye and Trans-Urals. A special role in ancient production is played by the methods of making molds for thin-walled hollow casting. Common features characteristic of the entire Seima-Turbino tradition were identified. The main production technique is the molding according to a model on a molding plate, with the overlap of molding masses from above with large lumps. The main configuration of the working chamber was formed by the print of a specially manufactured model, the connector — by the flat area of the model slab. The appearance of the foundry form with a semicircular back becomes the standard of the Seima-Turbino style, as a result of which it was given even to stone specimens. The period of developed Bronze Age in Western Siberia is characterized by significant changes caused by the Andronovskaya culture influence. Srubno-Andronovskaya metalworking tradition combines casting and shaping forging. Forms with a horizontal arrangement of working chambers are widely used. Previously, two types of the Andronovskaya culture melting tanks were distinguished, and a third was proposed: 1 — small vessel on a pallet, 2 — round-bottomed cup with side vertical handle, 3 — round thick-walled vessel. The second type of crucible was recorded among the carriers of the Andronovskaya (Fedorovskaya) culture of the Ob-Irtysh forest-steppe. As a result of the Andronovskaya culture expansion in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, the syncretic metalworking was formed — the Late Krotovskaya (Chernoozerskaya) tradition, which combined the techniques of smelting of newcomers and a formal mold of this territory.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69595983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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