Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-141-150
Dmitrii V. Selin, Zalia A. Fedorova, Yuriy P. Chemyakin
The Barsova Gora is a unique landscape object where a great number of archaeological sites from the Neolithic to the modern period have been discovered. One of the most studied cultural formations is the Surgut variant of the Kulai cultural-historical community. Pottery firing skills among potters of various archaeological cultures are of particular interest for studying. By the present time on a wide range of archaeological ceramics the thermogravimetric method allowing to receive the data about intensity and quality of firing has been tested. Ceramics from seven sites of Surgut variant of the Kulai cultural-historical community (50 samples in total) served as a source base. According to the results of the ceramics thermogravimetric analysis, all sites can be divided into three groups depending on intensity of firing. Group 1 (two sites) — the pottery of this group was exposed to the most intensive firing compared to the pottery from other sites. This means that the vessels of this group were fired at a higher temperature and/or for a longer time. Group 2 (three sites) — it includes vessels from the sites, which firing intensity is intermediate between the indicators of groups 1 and 3. Group 3 (two sites) — the pottery from the sites of this group has greater porosity, indicating that it was subjected to less intensive firing than the dishes of all other groups. This means that the vessels of this group were fired at a lower temperature than on the other sites and/or for a shorter period of time. The groups highlighted reflect the significant differences between the intensity of firing on different sites. This points to the presence of heterogeneity of firing traditions among the Kulai cultural-historical community potters at different settlements and differentiation of their skills.
{"title":"PECULIARITIES OF THE FIRING OF VESSELS OF THE SURGUT VARIANT OF THE KULAI CULTURAL-HISTORICAL COMMUNITY (BASED ON THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS DATA)","authors":"Dmitrii V. Selin, Zalia A. Fedorova, Yuriy P. Chemyakin","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-141-150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-141-150","url":null,"abstract":"The Barsova Gora is a unique landscape object where a great number of archaeological sites from the Neolithic to the modern period have been discovered. One of the most studied cultural formations is the Surgut variant of the Kulai cultural-historical community. Pottery firing skills among potters of various archaeological cultures are of particular interest for studying. By the present time on a wide range of archaeological ceramics the thermogravimetric method allowing to receive the data about intensity and quality of firing has been tested. Ceramics from seven sites of Surgut variant of the Kulai cultural-historical community (50 samples in total) served as a source base. According to the results of the ceramics thermogravimetric analysis, all sites can be divided into three groups depending on intensity of firing. Group 1 (two sites) — the pottery of this group was exposed to the most intensive firing compared to the pottery from other sites. This means that the vessels of this group were fired at a higher temperature and/or for a longer time. Group 2 (three sites) — it includes vessels from the sites, which firing intensity is intermediate between the indicators of groups 1 and 3. Group 3 (two sites) — the pottery from the sites of this group has greater porosity, indicating that it was subjected to less intensive firing than the dishes of all other groups. This means that the vessels of this group were fired at a lower temperature than on the other sites and/or for a shorter period of time. The groups highlighted reflect the significant differences between the intensity of firing on different sites. This points to the presence of heterogeneity of firing traditions among the Kulai cultural-historical community potters at different settlements and differentiation of their skills.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135698913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-37-44
Aleksandr A. Dumchikov
The article considers developing a master plan for the city of Sverdlovsk during the period of the prewar five-year plans, when the active industrial development of the adjacent territories began. Architects and urban planners were faced with the task of regulating the order of building, integrating the satellites into a single city system and creating the foundation of the city’s systematic development in the future. However, the lack of funds and skills, as well as changing plans for the national economy’s development led to the fact that work on the general plan dragged on for more than a decade. Construction in the absence of the plan led to a significant expansion of the city due to the emergence of workers’ settlements and towns remote from the historic center and the main urban areas, and identified the lack of a unified system in the ensemble of the central part of the city as well. The article describes the major steps of drafting the territorial distribution schemes and the city’s general plan in the 1930s, as well as the expert assessment of these works by the People’s Commissariat of Communal Services of the RSFSR, the Union of Soviet Architects and regional specialists. Despite the fact that the city’s general plan developed by the end of the 1930s has not been implemented due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the specifics of deploying design works during the studied period determined the vector of development of Sverdlovsk for many decades.
{"title":"DEVELOPING THE GENERAL PLAN FOR SVERDLOVSK IN THE 1930S: PROBLEMS AND FEATURES","authors":"Aleksandr A. Dumchikov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-37-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-37-44","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers developing a master plan for the city of Sverdlovsk during the period of the prewar five-year plans, when the active industrial development of the adjacent territories began. Architects and urban planners were faced with the task of regulating the order of building, integrating the satellites into a single city system and creating the foundation of the city’s systematic development in the future. However, the lack of funds and skills, as well as changing plans for the national economy’s development led to the fact that work on the general plan dragged on for more than a decade. Construction in the absence of the plan led to a significant expansion of the city due to the emergence of workers’ settlements and towns remote from the historic center and the main urban areas, and identified the lack of a unified system in the ensemble of the central part of the city as well. The article describes the major steps of drafting the territorial distribution schemes and the city’s general plan in the 1930s, as well as the expert assessment of these works by the People’s Commissariat of Communal Services of the RSFSR, the Union of Soviet Architects and regional specialists. Despite the fact that the city’s general plan developed by the end of the 1930s has not been implemented due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the specifics of deploying design works during the studied period determined the vector of development of Sverdlovsk for many decades.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135698916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-123-132
I. Krupko
The article is devoted to the reflection in the historiosophical works of the Kazakh poet of the sixties Olzhas Suleimenov the key plots for the formation of historical memory in the Kazakh society in the 20th century: the loss of the nomadic way of life, the museumified play of symbols of nomadic existence from the point of its no return (urban chronotope of sedentarized nomadic culture), perception the historical memory of the Kazakh society of cultural heritage of the urban culture of Central Asia, dialogized with world culture within the framework of the autochthonism concept. The studied literary and historiosophical material makes it possible to comprehend the problem of the correlation of the nomadic and the settled in the historical memory of Kazakhstan society and the presence of the cultural trauma of “being ahistorical”, overcame in the second half of the 20th century. The factors that shaped this cultural trauma include: 1) interruption of nomadic culture as a result of forced collectivization and the transfer of nomads to settled life in the 1920s–1930s; 2) historiographic tradition of describing nomadic culture as regressive and its perception by the Kazakh national intelligentsia in the 1960s–1970s through the dominant historical narrative. The way to overcome this trauma was dialogic assimilation of the cultural heritage of the medieval urban culture of Central Asia, the active archaeological research of which begins in these years in the Kazakh SSR, and inscription of the reformatted historical subjectivity in the history of civilization.
{"title":"SUBJECTIVITY OF THE KAZAKH NOMADIC CULTURE IN THE 1960S POETRY OF OLZHAS SULEIMENOV","authors":"I. Krupko","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-123-132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-123-132","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the reflection in the historiosophical works of the Kazakh poet of the sixties Olzhas Suleimenov the key plots for the formation of historical memory in the Kazakh society in the 20th century: the loss of the nomadic way of life, the museumified play of symbols of nomadic existence from the point of its no return (urban chronotope of sedentarized nomadic culture), perception the historical memory of the Kazakh society of cultural heritage of the urban culture of Central Asia, dialogized with world culture within the framework of the autochthonism concept. The studied literary and historiosophical material makes it possible to comprehend the problem of the correlation of the nomadic and the settled in the historical memory of Kazakhstan society and the presence of the cultural trauma of “being ahistorical”, overcame in the second half of the 20th century. The factors that shaped this cultural trauma include: 1) interruption of nomadic culture as a result of forced collectivization and the transfer of nomads to settled life in the 1920s–1930s; 2) historiographic tradition of describing nomadic culture as regressive and its perception by the Kazakh national intelligentsia in the 1960s–1970s through the dominant historical narrative. The way to overcome this trauma was dialogic assimilation of the cultural heritage of the medieval urban culture of Central Asia, the active archaeological research of which begins in these years in the Kazakh SSR, and inscription of the reformatted historical subjectivity in the history of civilization.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69596253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-15-25
Konstantin Andreev, Aleksandr S. Kudashov, Anatoliy V. Somov, A. Shalapinin
The transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic in the forest-steppe and forest zones of the Middle Volga region is a very complex and multi-vector process. The Samara and Khvalynsk cultures of the forest-steppe Volga region are newcomers and have fundamental differences from the materials of the Srednevolzhskaya Neolithic culture at the early stages of development. The results of radiocarbon dating indicate the time of their coexistence from the beginning to the third quarter of the 5th millennium BC. During the specified period, the indicated groups interact with varying degrees of intensity from the borrowing of individual features to the appearance of syncretic types of dishes (type Lebyazhinka III, the Ivanovo stage of the Samara culture). As a result, these processes lead to the formation of a number of Late Eneolithic cultural types (Chekalinsky and Toksky). In the forest zone of the Middle Volga region, there is a gradual transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic. The Neolithic groups of this region (carriers of the Kama comb and Volga-Oka combpit traditions) actively interact with each other, which was reflected in the formation of Krasnyy Most type of ceramics in the last quarter of the 5th millennium BC. In turn, in the first half of the 4th millennium BC, the Krasnyy Most type of ceramics became one of the main components of the Middle Volga variant of the Volosovo Eneolithic culture.
{"title":"THE NEOLITHIC–ENEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN THE FOREST-STEPPE AND FOREST MIDDLE VOLGA REGION: FORMS, MODELS AND CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK","authors":"Konstantin Andreev, Aleksandr S. Kudashov, Anatoliy V. Somov, A. Shalapinin","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-15-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-15-25","url":null,"abstract":"The transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic in the forest-steppe and forest zones of the Middle Volga region is a very complex and multi-vector process. The Samara and Khvalynsk cultures of the forest-steppe Volga region are newcomers and have fundamental differences from the materials of the Srednevolzhskaya Neolithic culture at the early stages of development. The results of radiocarbon dating indicate the time of their coexistence from the beginning to the third quarter of the 5th millennium BC. During the specified period, the indicated groups interact with varying degrees of intensity from the borrowing of individual features to the appearance of syncretic types of dishes (type Lebyazhinka III, the Ivanovo stage of the Samara culture). As a result, these processes lead to the formation of a number of Late Eneolithic cultural types (Chekalinsky and Toksky). In the forest zone of the Middle Volga region, there is a gradual transition from the Neolithic to the Eneolithic. The Neolithic groups of this region (carriers of the Kama comb and Volga-Oka combpit traditions) actively interact with each other, which was reflected in the formation of Krasnyy Most type of ceramics in the last quarter of the 5th millennium BC. In turn, in the first half of the 4th millennium BC, the Krasnyy Most type of ceramics became one of the main components of the Middle Volga variant of the Volosovo Eneolithic culture.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69596569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-46-54
D. Enshin, S. Skochina
In the last decade, the Mergen archaeological microdistrict has become a base for the study of the Neolithic of the Lower Ishim region. Systematic studies of key settlements (Mergen 3, 5–8) were carried out, 42 radiocarbon dates were obtained. It is established that the process of formation of the Neolithic in the region is associated with the appearance (no later than the first quarter of the 7th millennium BC) of the carriers of the tradition of making flat-bottomed ceramic vessels, on the basis of which the early Boborykino culture is formed. By the end of the 7th millennium BC, in the Ishim Valley, representatives of the Koshkino culture of the Trans-Urals appear, and the tradition of making vessels with relief bands, which has some similarities with the Satygin and Mulymya complexes of the mountainous Trans-Urals and the Kondinsky lowland. The coexistence of these groups of the population and the early Boborykino was recorded, in the morphology and ornamentation of the vessels of which the characteristic features of the “classical” Late Neolithic were clearly manifested. At the middle stage of the Neolithic (the second quarter of the 5th millennium BC), the Kozlov population appeared in the Lower Ishim region and, probably, a little later (the third quarter of the 5th millennium BC) bearers of the tradition of making dishes similar to the Sosnovoostrovskaya culture of the Middle Tobol region. Stable ties were revealed during this period, at least for the former, with the southern neighbors (the Makhanjar culture of Turgay). The presented chronological sections illustrate the continuity of the Lower Ishim region and Trans-Urals (Southern, Middle, possibly mountain forest), as well as the steppe territories in the south, in cultural and genetic processes during the 7th–5th millennium BC.
{"title":"THE LOWER ISHIM REGION NEOLITHIC CHRONOLOGY (DATA FROM THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE MERGEN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MICRODISTRICT)","authors":"D. Enshin, S. Skochina","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-46-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-46-54","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, the Mergen archaeological microdistrict has become a base for the study of the Neolithic of the Lower Ishim region. Systematic studies of key settlements (Mergen 3, 5–8) were carried out, 42 radiocarbon dates were obtained. It is established that the process of formation of the Neolithic in the region is associated with the appearance (no later than the first quarter of the 7th millennium BC) of the carriers of the tradition of making flat-bottomed ceramic vessels, on the basis of which the early Boborykino culture is formed. By the end of the 7th millennium BC, in the Ishim Valley, representatives of the Koshkino culture of the Trans-Urals appear, and the tradition of making vessels with relief bands, which has some similarities with the Satygin and Mulymya complexes of the mountainous Trans-Urals and the Kondinsky lowland. The coexistence of these groups of the population and the early Boborykino was recorded, in the morphology and ornamentation of the vessels of which the characteristic features of the “classical” Late Neolithic were clearly manifested. At the middle stage of the Neolithic (the second quarter of the 5th millennium BC), the Kozlov population appeared in the Lower Ishim region and, probably, a little later (the third quarter of the 5th millennium BC) bearers of the tradition of making dishes similar to the Sosnovoostrovskaya culture of the Middle Tobol region. Stable ties were revealed during this period, at least for the former, with the southern neighbors (the Makhanjar culture of Turgay). The presented chronological sections illustrate the continuity of the Lower Ishim region and Trans-Urals (Southern, Middle, possibly mountain forest), as well as the steppe territories in the south, in cultural and genetic processes during the 7th–5th millennium BC.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69597274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-58-67
A. Breslavsky
The purpose of the article is to analyze the main demographic and structural indicators that characterize the results of the Soviet urbanization of Primorsky Krai, and the development of the network of urban settlements in the region during the 1990s nationwide crisis and the period of modernization of the country in 2000–2020. The study is based on the materials of the 1989–2020 population censuses of the USSR and Russian Federation, the 2002–2020 annual statistical surveys of the region, federal and regional regulations. The author shows that Primorsky Krai had more noticeable main urbanization indicators among other regions of the Far East by the end of the 1980s. 12 cities, including Vladivostok, 48 urban-type settlements, including 10 with a population of more than 12 000 people, a high proportion of the urban population (77,5 %) — according to these and other figures in a total, the region was considered one of the leaders of the urbanization process in Russia’s East. However, the urban population of the region decreased by slightly over than 300 thousand people (17 %) as a result of natural population decline and migration, the reorganization of some urban settlements into rural ones in the 1990s–2010s. In the structure of urban settlements, the main changes affected urban-type settlements, the total number of which decreased from 48 to 26. The gradual growth of the urban population in the Vladivostok agglomeration was accompanied by a demographic crisis in small and medium-sized cities, which was generally similar to the general trends in the movement of the urban population in the Russian Far East in the post-Soviet period.
{"title":"PRIMORSKY KRAI’S URBAN POPULATION: STRUCTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS IN 1989–2020","authors":"A. Breslavsky","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-58-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-58-67","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to analyze the main demographic and structural indicators that characterize the results of the Soviet urbanization of Primorsky Krai, and the development of the network of urban settlements in the region during the 1990s nationwide crisis and the period of modernization of the country in 2000–2020. The study is based on the materials of the 1989–2020 population censuses of the USSR and Russian Federation, the 2002–2020 annual statistical surveys of the region, federal and regional regulations. The author shows that Primorsky Krai had more noticeable main urbanization indicators among other regions of the Far East by the end of the 1980s. 12 cities, including Vladivostok, 48 urban-type settlements, including 10 with a population of more than 12 000 people, a high proportion of the urban population (77,5 %) — according to these and other figures in a total, the region was considered one of the leaders of the urbanization process in Russia’s East. However, the urban population of the region decreased by slightly over than 300 thousand people (17 %) as a result of natural population decline and migration, the reorganization of some urban settlements into rural ones in the 1990s–2010s. In the structure of urban settlements, the main changes affected urban-type settlements, the total number of which decreased from 48 to 26. The gradual growth of the urban population in the Vladivostok agglomeration was accompanied by a demographic crisis in small and medium-sized cities, which was generally similar to the general trends in the movement of the urban population in the Russian Far East in the post-Soviet period.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69597312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-68-76
Evgeniy Krestiannikov
Higher legal education became available to Russian women at the beginning of the 20th century. There were many educational institutions in the country where women were allowed to receive such an education, at the same time, they had the opportunity to graduate from universities with degrees in law. The number of women lawyers increased dramatically, but they were barred from entering the legal profession. Attempts by some to become attorneys were unsuccessful, and the tsarist legislator did not allow women’s advocacy. Restrictions on employment in justice set up lawyers to fight for the right to work there on equal terms with men, and this struggle took on organized forms. The feminist Society of St. Petersburg Women Lawyers, founded in 1913, aimed to provide graduates of law faculties with full access to practical law, for which the issue of employment of female lawyers was specially studied, educational and propaganda activities were carried out. The conditions of the First World War served as a trigger for what was happening to a large extent. They accelerated the feminization of labor and the legal field was no exception. Due to mobilization, the legal profession had a loss in the male workforce, which hundreds of Russian women with legal qualifications were ready to make up. Not having the right to realized themselves in the courts, they first of all became workers of consultations, where they applied their knowledge and abilities in work related to the lawyer. For women lawyers of the Russian Empire, access to the legal profession was opened only after its fall, when the Provisional Government allowed women’s advocacy.
{"title":"WOMEN LAWYERS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE ON THE EVE AND DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR","authors":"Evgeniy Krestiannikov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-68-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-68-76","url":null,"abstract":"Higher legal education became available to Russian women at the beginning of the 20th century. There were many educational institutions in the country where women were allowed to receive such an education, at the same time, they had the opportunity to graduate from universities with degrees in law. The number of women lawyers increased dramatically, but they were barred from entering the legal profession. Attempts by some to become attorneys were unsuccessful, and the tsarist legislator did not allow women’s advocacy. Restrictions on employment in justice set up lawyers to fight for the right to work there on equal terms with men, and this struggle took on organized forms. The feminist Society of St. Petersburg Women Lawyers, founded in 1913, aimed to provide graduates of law faculties with full access to practical law, for which the issue of employment of female lawyers was specially studied, educational and propaganda activities were carried out. The conditions of the First World War served as a trigger for what was happening to a large extent. They accelerated the feminization of labor and the legal field was no exception. Due to mobilization, the legal profession had a loss in the male workforce, which hundreds of Russian women with legal qualifications were ready to make up. Not having the right to realized themselves in the courts, they first of all became workers of consultations, where they applied their knowledge and abilities in work related to the lawyer. For women lawyers of the Russian Empire, access to the legal profession was opened only after its fall, when the Provisional Government allowed women’s advocacy.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69597372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-45-54
Sergei V. Vorobyov
The paper examines the activities of the Sverdlovsk City Soviet (Council) in the period from the formation of the Ural oblast to the liquidation of district system of administration. It is possible to distinguish several stages of the functioning of the City Soviet, which were determined by legislative steps of the central government in relation to local administration, including the publication of regulations on City Soviets. The paper proves that an independent City Executive Committee was not created in the structure of the City Soviet, and the activities of the City Soviet were serviced by the apparatus of the Gubernatorial Executive Committee, and later the District Executive Committee and its respective departments. The City Soviet in its activities was largely accountable to the district authorities. The paper examines the evolution of administrative apparatus of the City Soviet, its main divisions (Presidium, Departments, Sections) and their subordination, as well as the working order of its structural parts. It analyzes the degree of involvement of deputies in the work of the City Soviet. The paper also shows the role and place of Party and Soviet authorities on the regional and district levels in the management of the city, their relationship with the Sverdlovsk City Soviet and the division of powers between them in solving issues of daily functioning of the city and key directions of its development. The author found that the tendency to expand the rights of City Soviets in the administrative, financial and economic spheres gradually took shape, and they received additional powers to address city issues. The result of this trend was the transformation of Sverdlovsk in 1929 from a regional center into an independent administrative-territorial unit with its subordination to the regional authorities.
{"title":"ORGANIZATION OF THE CITY ADMINISTRATION IN EKATERINBURG — SVERDLOVSK (NOVEMBER 1923 — OCTOBER 1930)","authors":"Sergei V. Vorobyov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-45-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-45-54","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines the activities of the Sverdlovsk City Soviet (Council) in the period from the formation of the Ural oblast to the liquidation of district system of administration. It is possible to distinguish several stages of the functioning of the City Soviet, which were determined by legislative steps of the central government in relation to local administration, including the publication of regulations on City Soviets. The paper proves that an independent City Executive Committee was not created in the structure of the City Soviet, and the activities of the City Soviet were serviced by the apparatus of the Gubernatorial Executive Committee, and later the District Executive Committee and its respective departments. The City Soviet in its activities was largely accountable to the district authorities. The paper examines the evolution of administrative apparatus of the City Soviet, its main divisions (Presidium, Departments, Sections) and their subordination, as well as the working order of its structural parts. It analyzes the degree of involvement of deputies in the work of the City Soviet. The paper also shows the role and place of Party and Soviet authorities on the regional and district levels in the management of the city, their relationship with the Sverdlovsk City Soviet and the division of powers between them in solving issues of daily functioning of the city and key directions of its development. The author found that the tendency to expand the rights of City Soviets in the administrative, financial and economic spheres gradually took shape, and they received additional powers to address city issues. The result of this trend was the transformation of Sverdlovsk in 1929 from a regional center into an independent administrative-territorial unit with its subordination to the regional authorities.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135698907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-159-165
Guzel V. Ibneyeva
The article studies social and legal aspects of the trading activities of the Russian merchants in the second half of the 18th century. The author reveals the forms of the merchants’ struggle for the estate rights, first of all, for the right of trade. The attempts of merchants to include the persons engaged in the city trade, but not registered as suburbanites, into the register of taxpayers were significant among them. The article analyzes the history of confrontation between the Kazan merchants and the Kazan sloboda Tatars that lasted from the late 17th century till the early 1760s. An important form of defending the merchants’ estate rights was filing collective petitions. The author analyzes the petitions of the merchants of Pskov and Opochka submitted to Empress Catherine II in 1780. They allow examining the merchants’ complaints against the economic and court peasants, as well as those against the nonresident and foreigners engaged in illicit trade. The article shows the attitude of Empress Catherine II to such petitions. Addressing the authorities by means of collective petitions had no prompt response, but eventually led to the legislature granting merchants the exclusive right to trade in the “Charter to the Towns”. After the 1775–1785 reforms, the means for asserting the right of trade remained official publications, detours to trading posts, and the fight against illegally built stores in towns. The merchants defended their rights within the framework of existing legislation, while taking advantage of new institutions at different administrative levels and actively resorting to the assistance of the city’s self-government bodies.
{"title":"THE RUSSIAN MERCHANTS IN THE STRUGGLE FOR ESTATE RIGHTS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY","authors":"Guzel V. Ibneyeva","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-159-165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-3(80)-159-165","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies social and legal aspects of the trading activities of the Russian merchants in the second half of the 18th century. The author reveals the forms of the merchants’ struggle for the estate rights, first of all, for the right of trade. The attempts of merchants to include the persons engaged in the city trade, but not registered as suburbanites, into the register of taxpayers were significant among them. The article analyzes the history of confrontation between the Kazan merchants and the Kazan sloboda Tatars that lasted from the late 17th century till the early 1760s. An important form of defending the merchants’ estate rights was filing collective petitions. The author analyzes the petitions of the merchants of Pskov and Opochka submitted to Empress Catherine II in 1780. They allow examining the merchants’ complaints against the economic and court peasants, as well as those against the nonresident and foreigners engaged in illicit trade. The article shows the attitude of Empress Catherine II to such petitions. Addressing the authorities by means of collective petitions had no prompt response, but eventually led to the legislature granting merchants the exclusive right to trade in the “Charter to the Towns”. After the 1775–1785 reforms, the means for asserting the right of trade remained official publications, detours to trading posts, and the fight against illegally built stores in towns. The merchants defended their rights within the framework of existing legislation, while taking advantage of new institutions at different administrative levels and actively resorting to the assistance of the city’s self-government bodies.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135698915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-176-184
Artem V. Latyshev
The article examines the mood and behavior of the Red Army soldiers who were filtered into the Koltuban NKVD camp in 1942–1943, returned from enemy captivity or lived in the occupied territory for a long time. An assessment is given of the reliability and completeness of the NKVD data on their thoughts and actions. The survey of sentiments is based on the statements recorded in the reports of the political department of the camp. The author reveals the inmates’ desire to get to the front as soon as possible, their demands to speed up the filtration, dissatisfaction with the futility of their stay in the camp to win the war, but also statements about their consent to remain in the camp until the end of the war. The NKVD data on the behavior of inmates are analyzed: violations of the regime, attitude to work, circumstances of absences, escapes and suicides. Among the prisoners, groups with special behavior were singled out: women, command staff, persons who held lower administrative positions. The data on the interactions and conflicts of prisoners with each other are considered, the tension in the relations between the bulk of the prisoners and the camp servants is highlighted. In the moods and behavior of the Koltuban camp prisoners, what is common and unique in comparison with other filtration camps is traced. Conclusions are drawn about the evolution of the identity of the prisoners during the filtration, the degree of their acceptance of the idea of guilt for misbehavior on the battlefield, the impact on these processes of the special conditions of the Koltuban camp.
{"title":"“PUT A MACHINE GUN BEHIND ME”: THE MOOD AND BEHAVIOR OF THE INMATES OF THE KOLTUBAN NKVD FILTRATION CAMP (1942–1943)","authors":"Artem V. Latyshev","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-176-184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-1(78)-176-184","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the mood and behavior of the Red Army soldiers who were filtered into the Koltuban NKVD camp in 1942–1943, returned from enemy captivity or lived in the occupied territory for a long time. An assessment is given of the reliability and completeness of the NKVD data on their thoughts and actions. The survey of sentiments is based on the statements recorded in the reports of the political department of the camp. The author reveals the inmates’ desire to get to the front as soon as possible, their demands to speed up the filtration, dissatisfaction with the futility of their stay in the camp to win the war, but also statements about their consent to remain in the camp until the end of the war. The NKVD data on the behavior of inmates are analyzed: violations of the regime, attitude to work, circumstances of absences, escapes and suicides. Among the prisoners, groups with special behavior were singled out: women, command staff, persons who held lower administrative positions. The data on the interactions and conflicts of prisoners with each other are considered, the tension in the relations between the bulk of the prisoners and the camp servants is highlighted. In the moods and behavior of the Koltuban camp prisoners, what is common and unique in comparison with other filtration camps is traced. Conclusions are drawn about the evolution of the identity of the prisoners during the filtration, the degree of their acceptance of the idea of guilt for misbehavior on the battlefield, the impact on these processes of the special conditions of the Koltuban camp.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69596946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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