Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-41-54
V. V. Tkachev, S. Bogdanov
The article addresses the problem of the functional purpose of shaft-type furnaces with chimneys found at the Late Bronze Age sites of Northern Eurasia. This category of thermal engineering structures became widespread in the eastern wing of the West Asian (Eurasian) metallurgical province. Thermal sets with flue channels are physical evidence of the implementation of technological algorithms of the pastoral model of metal production based primarily on multistage processing of secondary copper sulfides. Shaft furnaces with flues of the Ural-Kazakhstan region are functionally similar to the more structurally simple fi re pits-furnaces present in the structure of mining and processing complexes of the steppe Cis-Ural region. They were intended for decrepitation, pyrotechnic enrichment, and refining of ore protolith during a long fi re setting using brushwood and wood fuel at relatively low temperatures in the range of 600–800 °C. The degree of complexity of thermal engineering structures was determined by the nature of the raw materials used. Ordinary fi re pits turned out to be acceptable for ore-bearing complexes in the copper shales and sandstones of the steppe Cis-Ural region. The ores of the ultrabasic deposits of the Ural-Mugodzhar region were difficult to be processed and required the use of mine furnaces with flues, which were also characteristic of the metal production centers of the Kazakhstan mining and metallurgical region. Further improvement of thermal engineering structures with flue channels was due to the need to overcome the raw material crisis caused by the exhaustion of available sulfide reserves in secondary enrichment zones within ultrabasic deposits, and copper shale ore occurrences at the end of the Bronze Age. It required the transition to the use of chalcopyrite and greatly contributed to the discovery of iron metallurgy.
{"title":"THE PURPOSE OF SHAFT-TYPE FURNACES OF THE WEST ASIAN METALLURGICAL PROVINCE","authors":"V. V. Tkachev, S. Bogdanov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-41-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-41-54","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses the problem of the functional purpose of shaft-type furnaces with chimneys found at the Late Bronze Age sites of Northern Eurasia. This category of thermal engineering structures became widespread in the eastern wing of the West Asian (Eurasian) metallurgical province. Thermal sets with flue channels are physical evidence of the implementation of technological algorithms of the pastoral model of metal production based primarily on multistage processing of secondary copper sulfides. Shaft furnaces with flues of the Ural-Kazakhstan region are functionally similar to the more structurally simple fi re pits-furnaces present in the structure of mining and processing complexes of the steppe Cis-Ural region. They were intended for decrepitation, pyrotechnic enrichment, and refining of ore protolith during a long fi re setting using brushwood and wood fuel at relatively low temperatures in the range of 600–800 °C. The degree of complexity of thermal engineering structures was determined by the nature of the raw materials used. Ordinary fi re pits turned out to be acceptable for ore-bearing complexes in the copper shales and sandstones of the steppe Cis-Ural region. The ores of the ultrabasic deposits of the Ural-Mugodzhar region were difficult to be processed and required the use of mine furnaces with flues, which were also characteristic of the metal production centers of the Kazakhstan mining and metallurgical region. Further improvement of thermal engineering structures with flue channels was due to the need to overcome the raw material crisis caused by the exhaustion of available sulfide reserves in secondary enrichment zones within ultrabasic deposits, and copper shale ore occurrences at the end of the Bronze Age. It required the transition to the use of chalcopyrite and greatly contributed to the discovery of iron metallurgy.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69596005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-116-124
Asset T. Zhanisov, S. Z. Razdykov
The article examines the processes of transformation of the economic activity of the 18th–19th centuries Kazakhs, who were in the zone of influence of the Irtysh frontier. The ‘Irtysh frontier’ is understood as a territorial zone where in modern period a chain of Russian military fortifications was located in the lands bordering with the Kazakhs. The article provides the prerequisites for the formation and a brief history of the fortified military line on the Irtysh, which became a springboard for the spread of Russian influence in the Steppe Territory and Central Asia. It also reveals the reasons for conflict situations between Kazakhs-cattle breeders and border authorities. A particular attention is paid to the consequences of the colonial administration restrictions on the migration of Kazakh herders in the lands adjacent to the Irtysh line. The authors consider the facts of “climbs” of the Kazakhs on the right bank of the river, which in the first place was due to the needs of horse breeding farms of the Irtysh Kazakhs. The need for pastures located in the Kulundinsky and Barabinsky steppes became one of the main reasons for the transition to permanent residence on the right bank of the Irtysh of a part of the Kazakhs and their adoption of Russian citizenship. The features of the change in the economy of the Kazakhs, expressed in the transition to semi-sedentary cattle breeding in the development of haymaking and agriculture, are traced. The authors give examples of cultural interaction and mutual influence between the Kazakh and Russian ethnic groups.
{"title":"THE KAZAKHS IN THE ZONE OF THE IRTYSH FRONTIER: TRANSFORMATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF KAZAKHS-CATTLE BREEDERS IN THE MODERN TIMES","authors":"Asset T. Zhanisov, S. Z. Razdykov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-116-124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-116-124","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the processes of transformation of the economic activity of the 18th–19th centuries Kazakhs, who were in the zone of influence of the Irtysh frontier. The ‘Irtysh frontier’ is understood as a territorial zone where in modern period a chain of Russian military fortifications was located in the lands bordering with the Kazakhs. The article provides the prerequisites for the formation and a brief history of the fortified military line on the Irtysh, which became a springboard for the spread of Russian influence in the Steppe Territory and Central Asia. It also reveals the reasons for conflict situations between Kazakhs-cattle breeders and border authorities. A particular attention is paid to the consequences of the colonial administration restrictions on the migration of Kazakh herders in the lands adjacent to the Irtysh line. The authors consider the facts of “climbs” of the Kazakhs on the right bank of the river, which in the first place was due to the needs of horse breeding farms of the Irtysh Kazakhs. The need for pastures located in the Kulundinsky and Barabinsky steppes became one of the main reasons for the transition to permanent residence on the right bank of the Irtysh of a part of the Kazakhs and their adoption of Russian citizenship. The features of the change in the economy of the Kazakhs, expressed in the transition to semi-sedentary cattle breeding in the development of haymaking and agriculture, are traced. The authors give examples of cultural interaction and mutual influence between the Kazakh and Russian ethnic groups.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-147-154
O. Ermakova
The article is devoted to a qualitatively new stage in the development of contractual relations between the Russian state and private individuals — foreigners, the transition to which became obvious in the era of Alexander I. On the basis of deep source analysis founded on the methods of diplomatics, the author demonstrates that in the first quarter of the 19th century the perception of a contract by representatives of power structures (even if the state did not act as a counterparty) was characterized by an awareness of the need for strict compliance with the conditions, the inadmissibility of violation, as well as the recognition of the dominant role of the contract over specific circumstances (including those that made the further execution of the contract meaningless for the treasury). As an illustration, the author selected agreements with mining engineers and administrators invited to the Ural factories in the early 19th century. For comparison, the paper analyzes not only government contracts, but also private-law acts of employment concluded by a German-born entrepreneur Andreas Knauf with other foreigners hired by him during the management of the Zlatoust plants on a leasehold basis. It is concluded that in the epoch under study, the contract could no longer be considered as a kind of “fiction” (V. Zhivov’s expression), which it really was in many ways during the reign of Peter I, when it just entered into mass use due to the active attraction of foreigners to Russia. The strengthening of the legal force of contracts provided hired foreign specialists at the beginning of the 19th century with a fairly stable legal status, and the evolution of the government’s attitude to contractual obligations indicated the convergence of Russian and Western legal cultures.
{"title":"CONTRACTS WITH FOREIGNERS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY RUSSIA: DEVELOPMENT OF CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS AND EVOLUTION OF LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS","authors":"O. Ermakova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-147-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-147-154","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to a qualitatively new stage in the development of contractual relations between the Russian state and private individuals — foreigners, the transition to which became obvious in the era of Alexander I. On the basis of deep source analysis founded on the methods of diplomatics, the author demonstrates that in the first quarter of the 19th century the perception of a contract by representatives of power structures (even if the state did not act as a counterparty) was characterized by an awareness of the need for strict compliance with the conditions, the inadmissibility of violation, as well as the recognition of the dominant role of the contract over specific circumstances (including those that made the further execution of the contract meaningless for the treasury). As an illustration, the author selected agreements with mining engineers and administrators invited to the Ural factories in the early 19th century. For comparison, the paper analyzes not only government contracts, but also private-law acts of employment concluded by a German-born entrepreneur Andreas Knauf with other foreigners hired by him during the management of the Zlatoust plants on a leasehold basis. It is concluded that in the epoch under study, the contract could no longer be considered as a kind of “fiction” (V. Zhivov’s expression), which it really was in many ways during the reign of Peter I, when it just entered into mass use due to the active attraction of foreigners to Russia. The strengthening of the legal force of contracts provided hired foreign specialists at the beginning of the 19th century with a fairly stable legal status, and the evolution of the government’s attitude to contractual obligations indicated the convergence of Russian and Western legal cultures.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-161-166
Vlada V. Berseneva, S. Prishchenko
The functional definition of archaeological artifacts is an important component in the reconstruction process of the economic, social, war and other life spheres of ancient people. This is especially true for societies that have left no written sources. The study aims at functional interpretation of the horn animal-style object based on a comprehensive analysis of the item. The item was found in the Early nomadic burial ground near the village Varna, in the mound of kurgan 2 (Chelyabinsk region, excavated by V. S. Stokolos). The artifact under study has been referred to in the archaeological literature as a “bone cheek-piece”, “fang-pendant”, or “horn” for many years. All these definitions raised certain doubts. The authors of the article revised the opinions suggested by scientists since the discovery of the object and then a different interpretation was proposed and proved. The article provides a detailed description of the morphology of the artifact. It made it possible to draw conclusions about its misinterpretation. The functional and visual characteristics of the object demonstrate, that the artefact was used as the horn top of some kind of staff, depicting feline predators. In the worldview of the nomadic communities of the Eurasian steppes in the 4th‒6th centuries BCE, the images of predators were considered as a symbol of power. Items of this kind could be markers of the high social status of the buried, and they possibly belonged to the ritual sphere.
{"title":"TOWARDS FUNCTIONAL INTERPRETATION OF THE HORN OBJECT FROM MOUND NEAR VARNA VILLAGE (CHELYABINSK REGION)","authors":"Vlada V. Berseneva, S. Prishchenko","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-161-166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-161-166","url":null,"abstract":"The functional definition of archaeological artifacts is an important component in the reconstruction process of the economic, social, war and other life spheres of ancient people. This is especially true for societies that have left no written sources. The study aims at functional interpretation of the horn animal-style object based on a comprehensive analysis of the item. The item was found in the Early nomadic burial ground near the village Varna, in the mound of kurgan 2 (Chelyabinsk region, excavated by V. S. Stokolos). The artifact under study has been referred to in the archaeological literature as a “bone cheek-piece”, “fang-pendant”, or “horn” for many years. All these definitions raised certain doubts. The authors of the article revised the opinions suggested by scientists since the discovery of the object and then a different interpretation was proposed and proved. The article provides a detailed description of the morphology of the artifact. It made it possible to draw conclusions about its misinterpretation. The functional and visual characteristics of the object demonstrate, that the artefact was used as the horn top of some kind of staff, depicting feline predators. In the worldview of the nomadic communities of the Eurasian steppes in the 4th‒6th centuries BCE, the images of predators were considered as a symbol of power. Items of this kind could be markers of the high social status of the buried, and they possibly belonged to the ritual sphere.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-16-24
E. Borodina
The judicial reform occupies a special place among other transformations of Peter the Great. Some researchers call it the first attempt to “separate the trial from the administration”. Other scholars believe that the judicial reforms of the first quarter of the 18th century cannot be separated from the management reforms, since the changes in the court and administration were closely related to each other and had common ideological foundations expressed in the works of cameralists. The article is devoted to the analysis of the judicial reform of 1717–1727. The study focuses on the exploration of the organization of the court and “lower” tribunals, originally represented by provincial and city courts. The author characterizes the locations of court and provincial tribunals and considers the main reasons for the creation (or not creation) of judicial districts in provinces. In addition, attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the formation of judicial districts of city judges and judicial commissioners. As a result of the analysis of legal acts and documents of the court’s office, the author concluded that the second provincial reform had a strong influence on the implementation of the judicial reform. Despite the attempts of the Judicial Collegium to distribute judges evenly across the country, judicial transformations spread from the center (St. Petersburg and Moscow) to the southern and eastern periphery. In some cases, the determination of the composition of judges and their placement in judicial districts was inconsistent, which predetermined the partial and then full return of judicial powers to local administrators.
{"title":"THE JUDICIAL REFORM OF PETER THE GREAT IN THE CONTEXT OF ADMINISTRATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS (1717–1727)","authors":"E. Borodina","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-16-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-16-24","url":null,"abstract":"The judicial reform occupies a special place among other transformations of Peter the Great. Some researchers call it the first attempt to “separate the trial from the administration”. Other scholars believe that the judicial reforms of the first quarter of the 18th century cannot be separated from the management reforms, since the changes in the court and administration were closely related to each other and had common ideological foundations expressed in the works of cameralists. The article is devoted to the analysis of the judicial reform of 1717–1727. The study focuses on the exploration of the organization of the court and “lower” tribunals, originally represented by provincial and city courts. The author characterizes the locations of court and provincial tribunals and considers the main reasons for the creation (or not creation) of judicial districts in provinces. In addition, attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the formation of judicial districts of city judges and judicial commissioners. As a result of the analysis of legal acts and documents of the court’s office, the author concluded that the second provincial reform had a strong influence on the implementation of the judicial reform. Despite the attempts of the Judicial Collegium to distribute judges evenly across the country, judicial transformations spread from the center (St. Petersburg and Moscow) to the southern and eastern periphery. In some cases, the determination of the composition of judges and their placement in judicial districts was inconsistent, which predetermined the partial and then full return of judicial powers to local administrators.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-181-189
V. Rynkov
The article deals with the legal mechanisms of business regulation in the Urals, Siberia and the Far East under anti-Bolshevist governments. The author considers the political and economic context of the Civil War events in the east of Russia. The governments’ policy of restoring the rights of owners and the relative freedom of entrepreneurship, the presence of a network of commercial and industrial organizations, and the presence of a large number of lawyers in the supreme and central governing bodies of the anti-Bolshevist governments became the most important prerequisites for strengthening the role of legal regulators of business activity. In the east of Russia, legal grounds were developed for the continuation of the work of commercial and industrial institutions that had lost contact with their legal owners or parent institutions. The government expended and prolonged powers, replacing the principal and creating a temporary entity with the rights to enter into transactions on behalf of the owner, including the acceptance of financial obligations. The demands of the authorities for the full payment of debts by the owners, including the period when they did not manage their enterprises under the Soviet regime, were perceived as an injustice and an obstacle to the revival of industry, as well as the desire not to subsidize the restoration of production activities, but to credit on commercial terms. But the Civil War forced the authorities to restrict the rights of owners and their representatives to freely dispose of their property. It is crucially important that such restrictions were reversible, and could be lifted after emergency circumstances. The article also presents cases when anti-Bolshevist governments carried out the nationalization of the property of private and cooperative enterprises, and analyzes the reasons for such decisions.
{"title":"LEGAL REGULATORS OF COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA (SUMMER 1918 — AUTUMN 1922)","authors":"V. Rynkov","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-181-189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-1(74)-181-189","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the legal mechanisms of business regulation in the Urals, Siberia and the Far East under anti-Bolshevist governments. The author considers the political and economic context of the Civil War events in the east of Russia. The governments’ policy of restoring the rights of owners and the relative freedom of entrepreneurship, the presence of a network of commercial and industrial organizations, and the presence of a large number of lawyers in the supreme and central governing bodies of the anti-Bolshevist governments became the most important prerequisites for strengthening the role of legal regulators of business activity. In the east of Russia, legal grounds were developed for the continuation of the work of commercial and industrial institutions that had lost contact with their legal owners or parent institutions. The government expended and prolonged powers, replacing the principal and creating a temporary entity with the rights to enter into transactions on behalf of the owner, including the acceptance of financial obligations. The demands of the authorities for the full payment of debts by the owners, including the period when they did not manage their enterprises under the Soviet regime, were perceived as an injustice and an obstacle to the revival of industry, as well as the desire not to subsidize the restoration of production activities, but to credit on commercial terms. But the Civil War forced the authorities to restrict the rights of owners and their representatives to freely dispose of their property. It is crucially important that such restrictions were reversible, and could be lifted after emergency circumstances. The article also presents cases when anti-Bolshevist governments carried out the nationalization of the property of private and cooperative enterprises, and analyzes the reasons for such decisions.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-37-47
Artur Górak, Krzysztof Latawiec
The article examines the evolution of the Russian bureaucratic elite of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815–1918. The basis of the prosopographic analysis was the database created by the authors, which included information about the service of 770 leading imperial officials of all institutions established on the territory of the Kingdom from the moment the former Duchy of Warsaw was incorporated into Russia until their evacuation during the First World War and complete liquidation in 1918. The authors analyzed the principles of personnel policy of St. Petersburg in the region. Political loyalty based on ethnic and religious affiliation was a priority when appointing to leadership positions in the region. Preference was given to candidates from the Russian and German-Baltic nobility, Orthodox and Protestants, but not Poles and not Catholics, which guaranteed the depolonization of the regional state apparatus. Over time, the number of persons of non-noble origin in the corps of Russian officials of the Kingdom increased. Professional training of functionaries was an important selection criterion, but it was inferior to the criteria of loyalty and origin. The concentration of power in the hands of these administrators, the shift of the decision-making center in the Kingdom of Poland from local institutions and the governor’s office in favor of the representations of the central Russian ministries, reflected the policy of Russification, the elimination of Polish autonomy and the gradual administrative, economic and cultural assimilation of Poland, the transformation of its regions into the inner provinces of the empire.
{"title":"RUSSIAN BUREAUCRATIC ELITE OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND (1839–1918)","authors":"Artur Górak, Krzysztof Latawiec","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-37-47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-2(75)-37-47","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the evolution of the Russian bureaucratic elite of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815–1918. The basis of the prosopographic analysis was the database created by the authors, which included information about the service of 770 leading imperial officials of all institutions established on the territory of the Kingdom from the moment the former Duchy of Warsaw was incorporated into Russia until their evacuation during the First World War and complete liquidation in 1918. The authors analyzed the principles of personnel policy of St. Petersburg in the region. Political loyalty based on ethnic and religious affiliation was a priority when appointing to leadership positions in the region. Preference was given to candidates from the Russian and German-Baltic nobility, Orthodox and Protestants, but not Poles and not Catholics, which guaranteed the depolonization of the regional state apparatus. Over time, the number of persons of non-noble origin in the corps of Russian officials of the Kingdom increased. Professional training of functionaries was an important selection criterion, but it was inferior to the criteria of loyalty and origin. The concentration of power in the hands of these administrators, the shift of the decision-making center in the Kingdom of Poland from local institutions and the governor’s office in favor of the representations of the central Russian ministries, reflected the policy of Russification, the elimination of Polish autonomy and the gradual administrative, economic and cultural assimilation of Poland, the transformation of its regions into the inner provinces of the empire.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69594760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-144-152
V. Ilyinykh
Formation of a new model of agrarian system was the result of mass collectivization in the USSR. Collective farms were its organizational and production basis. The second largest sector of agriculture in terms of production potential consisted of personal household plots. They were main producers of potatoes, vegetables and milk, and a significant part of meat products. Soviet and Russian historiography has paid main attention to the study of the personal plots of collective farmers, overlooking the dynamics of personal plots of workers and employees. The author of the article reconstructs factors and trends of development of personal household plots of workers and employees in Siberia in the 1930s. It was found that in the early 1930s the size of personal plots of this category of population was minimal. State farm workers were prohibited from personal farming, and personal household plots of other categories of workers and employees were taxed at the rates of individual farmers. After the 1932–1933 mass famine, several restrictions on the development of personal household plots were canceled. Level of its taxation was decreased. Liberalization of state policy and an increasing part of workers and employees in population of the region led to a rapid growth in production potential of their personal plots. Development rate of workers and employees’ personal plots was higher than that of collective farmers. In the late 1930s a campaign took place to limit the size of personal household plots. Taxation was increased. This led to decline in the personal sector of agricultural economy.
{"title":"PERSONAL HOUSEHOLD PLOTS OF WORKERS AND EMPLOYEES OF SIBERIA IN THE 1930S: DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS","authors":"V. Ilyinykh","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-144-152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-144-152","url":null,"abstract":"Formation of a new model of agrarian system was the result of mass collectivization in the USSR. Collective farms were its organizational and production basis. The second largest sector of agriculture in terms of production potential consisted of personal household plots. They were main producers of potatoes, vegetables and milk, and a significant part of meat products. Soviet and Russian historiography has paid main attention to the study of the personal plots of collective farmers, overlooking the dynamics of personal plots of workers and employees. The author of the article reconstructs factors and trends of development of personal household plots of workers and employees in Siberia in the 1930s. It was found that in the early 1930s the size of personal plots of this category of population was minimal. State farm workers were prohibited from personal farming, and personal household plots of other categories of workers and employees were taxed at the rates of individual farmers. After the 1932–1933 mass famine, several restrictions on the development of personal household plots were canceled. Level of its taxation was decreased. Liberalization of state policy and an increasing part of workers and employees in population of the region led to a rapid growth in production potential of their personal plots. Development rate of workers and employees’ personal plots was higher than that of collective farmers. In the late 1930s a campaign took place to limit the size of personal household plots. Taxation was increased. This led to decline in the personal sector of agricultural economy.","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69595031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-112-121
N. Gramatchikova, N. Veselkova
The article considers the comprehension of the Urals industrialization in the fiction and non-fiction texts. The authors reveal three perspectives of alternative history: firstly, “future that did not happen” — planned but not written texts about the Urals by M. Prishvin, L. Alpatov, B. Pasternak, I. Ehrenburg, secondly, “future-in-present” — propagandistic projects of recruiting people to build new factories (the essays of A. Malenky and N. Lovtsov), and thirdly, “the creation of the present” — a piece of art, born from topographical accuracy and the author’s transforming will. In the latter case, alternativeness consists in the variety of images of the present, which existed within literary and journalistic communities, but did not reach their full public embodiment, or in the manifestation of the author’s will, literally rewriting the current moment. L. Ovalov and V. Fedoseev created the “real present”, which would go down in history and would be remembered by posterity as a glorious past. The systemic clairvoyance of the 1930s corresponds with the counter-movement of modern intellectual history, its interest in “defeated alternatives” (S. Ekshtut) and studies of the “dynamics of collective memory constructs” (A. Assman), which are formed in the symbolic signs and acted as cultural images for future generations.
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-196-198
N. Surzhikova
{"title":"EGO-DOCUMENTS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE HISTORICAL AND LITERARY CONTEXT: RESULTS OF THE DISCUSSION","authors":"N. Surzhikova","doi":"10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-196-198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-196-198","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37813,"journal":{"name":"Ural''skij Istoriceskij Vestnik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69595884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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