Access to clean drinking water is a critical global imperative, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. The present study aims to explore a sustainable approach for enhancing water quality by desalinating geothermal water which is extracted from a geothermal hotspot at Dholera, Gujarat. Since there is a shortage of clean and potable water in the area, it is advisable to use this renewable resource for drinking and irrigation purpose after treatment through a suitable method powered by organic rankine cycle (ORC) which not only serves the aim of sustainable approach but also has minimum environmental impact. The investigation illustrates fabrication and demonstration of geothermal-aided desalination unit and its plant set up at the study area for qualitative desalination of highly saline water. The system's performance is evaluated for seasonal variations in geothermal water, both before and after desalination. Results shows a significant reduction in contaminants, with decrease in salinity by 95.30% and total dissolved solids (TDS) by 96.91%. The novelty of this approach lies in salt extraction from the by-product of rejected water, contributing to resource recovery. This approach demonstrates an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution to address water scarcity in the region which is aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs). The process's effectiveness for implementation is suggested by the strong p-values (all <0.001). Additionally, the Cohen's d values, which are noticeably high across all parameters, indicate strong effect sizes ensuring desalination's viability for practical uses such as irrigation and safe drinking.
获得清洁饮用水是全球的当务之急，尤其是在缺水地区。本研究旨在探索一种可持续的方法，通过淡化从古吉拉特邦 Dholera 一个地热热点提取的地热水来提高水质。由于该地区缺少清洁的饮用水，因此最好采用有机秩循环（ORC）驱动的合适方法对这种可再生资源进行处理，然后将其用于饮用和灌溉目的，这不仅符合可持续发展的目标，而且对环境的影响也最小。调查说明了地热辅助海水淡化装置的制造和演示，以及在研究地区建立的用于高盐度水定性淡化的工厂。在地热水淡化前后，对该系统的性能进行了季节性变化评估。结果表明，污染物明显减少，盐度降低了 95.30%，总溶解固体（TDS）降低了 96.91%。这种方法的新颖之处在于从废水的副产品中提取盐分，有助于资源回收。这种方法是解决该地区缺水问题的一种环境友好型可持续解决方案，符合可持续发展目标（SDGs）。强大的 p 值（均为 0.001）表明了该流程的实施效果。此外，所有参数的 Cohen's d 值都很高，这表明海水淡化在灌溉和安全饮用等实际用途方面具有很强的效果。
{"title":"Geothermal aided advanced desalination of highly saline water: From technology development to seasonal impact optimization","authors":"Dipti Chaudhary , Anirbid Sircar , Roshni Kumari , Namrata Bist , Kriti Yadav , Kelvy P. Dalsania","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Access to clean drinking water is a critical global imperative, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. The present study aims to explore a sustainable approach for enhancing water quality by desalinating geothermal water which is extracted from a geothermal hotspot at Dholera, Gujarat. Since there is a shortage of clean and potable water in the area, it is advisable to use this renewable resource for drinking and irrigation purpose after treatment through a suitable method powered by organic rankine cycle (ORC) which not only serves the aim of sustainable approach but also has minimum environmental impact. The investigation illustrates fabrication and demonstration of geothermal-aided desalination unit and its plant set up at the study area for qualitative desalination of highly saline water. The system's performance is evaluated for seasonal variations in geothermal water, both before and after desalination. Results shows a significant reduction in contaminants, with decrease in salinity by 95.30% and total dissolved solids (TDS) by 96.91%. The novelty of this approach lies in salt extraction from the by-product of rejected water, contributing to resource recovery. This approach demonstrates an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution to address water scarcity in the region which is aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs). The process's effectiveness for implementation is suggested by the strong p-values (all <0.001). Additionally, the Cohen's d values, which are noticeably high across all parameters, indicate strong effect sizes ensuring desalination's viability for practical uses such as irrigation and safe drinking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101379"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142660507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101384
Enda Kalyana Putri , Suprihanto Notodarmojo , Rosetyati Retno Utami
Shallow groundwater is a crucial source of clean water in developing countries like Indonesia. However, population growth has led to declining water quality due to inadequate infrastructure. This study aimed to identify dominant factors contributing to coliform contamination in shallow groundwater, addressing the lack of detailed statistical and multicriteria analyses in previous large-scale studies. The study was conducted in a densely populated urban area in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and total coliform measurements from 42 groundwater samples were used as the independent variable. There are 14 dependent variables, categorized into three aspects: infrastructure (e.g., well type, well depth, wall of well, DEWATS type, well distance to the septic tank, latrine, and other contaminant sources); specific (e.g., population density and land use); and intrinsic (e.g., groundwater level, rainfall, soil type, and slope). Those parameters were statistically analyzed using logistic regression with IBM SPSS 26 software, and supported by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) that was employed using Expert Choice software to prioritize the factors. The results showed that 83.3% of the shallow groundwater samples exceeded the acceptable limits for total coliform, with key factors including well's proximity to other contamination sources, slope, distance from septic tanks, groundwater level, and population density. These findings highlight the importance of considering complex environmental factors in managing groundwater quality, particularly in developing countries. It is recommended that local authorities implement stricter regulations and infrastructure improvements to mitigate contamination risks.
{"title":"Investigating dominant factors of coliform contamination in shallow groundwater: A logistic regression and AHP approach","authors":"Enda Kalyana Putri , Suprihanto Notodarmojo , Rosetyati Retno Utami","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101384","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shallow groundwater is a crucial source of clean water in developing countries like Indonesia. However, population growth has led to declining water quality due to inadequate infrastructure. This study aimed to identify dominant factors contributing to coliform contamination in shallow groundwater, addressing the lack of detailed statistical and multicriteria analyses in previous large-scale studies. The study was conducted in a densely populated urban area in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and total coliform measurements from 42 groundwater samples were used as the independent variable. There are 14 dependent variables, categorized into three aspects: infrastructure (e.g., well type, well depth, wall of well, DEWATS type, well distance to the septic tank, latrine, and other contaminant sources); specific (e.g., population density and land use); and intrinsic (e.g., groundwater level, rainfall, soil type, and slope). Those parameters were statistically analyzed using logistic regression with IBM SPSS 26 software, and supported by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) that was employed using Expert Choice software to prioritize the factors. The results showed that 83.3% of the shallow groundwater samples exceeded the acceptable limits for total coliform, with key factors including well's proximity to other contamination sources, slope, distance from septic tanks, groundwater level, and population density. These findings highlight the importance of considering complex environmental factors in managing groundwater quality, particularly in developing countries. It is recommended that local authorities implement stricter regulations and infrastructure improvements to mitigate contamination risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101384"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142724111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effective groundwater management is critical in arid and semi-arid regions, where water resources are essential for agriculture. This study assesses the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) of the Southern Gabès aquifer in Tunisia using a combination of traditional hydrochemical analysis and machine learning models—specifically, Classification and Regression Tree (CART) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). A total of 83 groundwater samples were analyzed based on five key parameters: Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Chloride (Cl-), Sodium (Na+), and Bicarbonate (HCO3-). The results show that the CART model demonstrated superior performance with an R2 value of 0.99 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.43, while the SVM model achieved an R2 of 0.87. These findings underscore CART's robustness in predicting IWQI, offering high precision even with limited datasets.
The groundwater quality was categorized, revealing that 62% of samples were classified as "satisfactory" for irrigation, while 31% were deemed "unsuitable" without treatment, highlighting areas of concern for agricultural use. The study also emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and adaptive management strategies to ensure sustainable water use in the region.
Overall, this research demonstrates the effectiveness of machine learning models, particularly CART, in accurately assessing groundwater quality. These insights provide valuable tools for resource managers to make informed decisions, ensuring the sustainable exploitation of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions. The findings pave the way for future research and policy development in water resource management.
{"title":"Controversial insights into irrigation water quality in arid and semi-arid regions using AI driven predictions: Case of southern Gabès","authors":"Khyria Wederni , Boulbaba Haddaji , Younes Hamed , Salem Bouri , Nicolò Colombani","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective groundwater management is critical in arid and semi-arid regions, where water resources are essential for agriculture. This study assesses the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) of the Southern Gabès aquifer in Tunisia using a combination of traditional hydrochemical analysis and machine learning models—specifically, Classification and Regression Tree (CART) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). A total of 83 groundwater samples were analyzed based on five key parameters: Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Chloride (Cl-), Sodium (Na+), and Bicarbonate (HCO3-). The results show that the CART model demonstrated superior performance with an R<sup>2</sup> value of 0.99 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.43, while the SVM model achieved an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.87. These findings underscore CART's robustness in predicting IWQI, offering high precision even with limited datasets.</div><div>The groundwater quality was categorized, revealing that 62% of samples were classified as \"satisfactory\" for irrigation, while 31% were deemed \"unsuitable\" without treatment, highlighting areas of concern for agricultural use. The study also emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and adaptive management strategies to ensure sustainable water use in the region.</div><div>Overall, this research demonstrates the effectiveness of machine learning models, particularly CART, in accurately assessing groundwater quality. These insights provide valuable tools for resource managers to make informed decisions, ensuring the sustainable exploitation of groundwater in arid and semi-arid regions. The findings pave the way for future research and policy development in water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101381"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101361
Marco Taussi , Giovanni Vespasiano , Lorenzo Chemeri , Roberta Bonì , Barbara Nisi , Orlando Vaselli , Antonio Delgado-Huertas , Carmine Apollaro , Daniele Tardani , Daniele Farina , Alberto Renzulli
This work aims at the hydro-geochemical and isotopic characterization of the water resource (surface water and shallow phreatic aquifer) of the Metauro River catchment (Marche, Central Italy). The waters of the Metauro River area represent a fundamental resource exploited daily for drinking, agricultural, and industrial uses. The anthropic pressure exposes the water resources to depletion and quality degradation risks, making the study area of high scientific and social interest. The hydro-geochemical approach revealed that the interaction between water and local lithologies led to Ca2+-HCO3- compositions, with less frequent Na+(K+)-Cl- and Ca2+-Cl- hydrofacies and variable salinity (up to 55 meq/L). Most waters showed natural (e.g., halite and evaporite contribution) and anthropogenic (sewage, septic tanks, manure, urban wastewater, and industrial effluents contribution) inputs confirmed by both Na+, Cl−, NO3−, and SO42− enrichments and high Cl/Br ratios. The anthropogenic contributions is further confirmed by the relatively high contents of TPTEs (Total Potentially Toxic Elements), even though these elements individually present values below the Italian Normative Legislative limit. Geochemical issues are mitigated during the year when the surface aquifer is recharged by the river, characterized by a better overall chemical quality. The occurrence of this relationship is of interest to the local authorities in charge of the water resource management. In fact, groundwater exploitation could be increased during specific periods, thus decreasing the anthropic pressure on the river waters, usually exploited for drinking purposes even during the summer seasons when the hydrometric levels drastically drop. The adopted multidisciplinary approach provides an effective tool for accurately determining groundwater processes and can be helpful in improving the balanced and sustainable management of water resources in coastal and non-coastal plains.
{"title":"Assessing anthropogenic and natural influences on water quality in a critical shallow groundwater system: Insights from the Metauro River basin (Central Italy)","authors":"Marco Taussi , Giovanni Vespasiano , Lorenzo Chemeri , Roberta Bonì , Barbara Nisi , Orlando Vaselli , Antonio Delgado-Huertas , Carmine Apollaro , Daniele Tardani , Daniele Farina , Alberto Renzulli","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aims at the hydro-geochemical and isotopic characterization of the water resource (surface water and shallow phreatic aquifer) of the Metauro River catchment (Marche, Central Italy). The waters of the Metauro River area represent a fundamental resource exploited daily for drinking, agricultural, and industrial uses. The anthropic pressure exposes the water resources to depletion and quality degradation risks, making the study area of high scientific and social interest. The hydro-geochemical approach revealed that the interaction between water and local lithologies led to Ca<sup>2+</sup>-HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> compositions, with less frequent Na<sup>+</sup>(K<sup>+</sup>)-Cl<sup>-</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Cl<sup>-</sup> hydrofacies and variable salinity (up to 55 meq/L). Most waters showed natural (e.g., halite and evaporite contribution) and anthropogenic (sewage, septic tanks, manure, urban wastewater, and industrial effluents contribution) inputs confirmed by both Na<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> enrichments and high Cl/Br ratios. The anthropogenic contributions is further confirmed by the relatively high contents of TPTEs (Total Potentially Toxic Elements), even though these elements individually present values below the Italian Normative Legislative limit. Geochemical issues are mitigated during the year when the surface aquifer is recharged by the river, characterized by a better overall chemical quality. The occurrence of this relationship is of interest to the local authorities in charge of the water resource management. In fact, groundwater exploitation could be increased during specific periods, thus decreasing the anthropic pressure on the river waters, usually exploited for drinking purposes even during the summer seasons when the hydrometric levels drastically drop. The adopted multidisciplinary approach provides an effective tool for accurately determining groundwater processes and can be helpful in improving the balanced and sustainable management of water resources in coastal and non-coastal plains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101361"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101362
J. Mohamed Afzal , S. Selvam , P. Saravanan , Priyadarsi D. Roy , P. Sanju , P. Muthukumar
Widespread nature of microplastics in rivers and their tributaries causes enormous harm to the aquatic environment. The present study investigates quantity, color, size, form, and composition of microplastics present in water from the Cooum River of Chennai in India. A total of 341 microplastics observed in water samples (n = 10) were characterized by transparent particles (42%) of mainly polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP). About 69% of the particles with size <1000 μm raise the possibility of being ingested by aquatic species. Fiber was the most common shape (48%), followed by film (20%), pellets (12%), fragments (12%), beads (5%), and foam (4%). Variable abundances of different shapes demonstrate a variety of sources, including the textile fibers and plastic breakdown. Polymers with high-risk ratings such as nylon and polypropylene are reflected with an estimated high Polymer Hazard Index (PHI >1000) in some samples. Pollution Load Index suggested that samples along the river are moderately contaminated with microplastics. However, the Polymer Hazard Index (PERI) showed low ecological risk in the metropolitan area, river mouth, and potential fishing zones. These findings highlight ecological impact from the ubiquity of microplastics in waters from the Cooum River. Thus, the minimizing of microplastic pollution would require immediate action, including the implementation of stringent waste management and pollution reduction techniques.
{"title":"Microplastics in water from the Cooum River, Chennai, India: An assessment of their distribution, composition, and environmental impact","authors":"J. Mohamed Afzal , S. Selvam , P. Saravanan , Priyadarsi D. Roy , P. Sanju , P. Muthukumar","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101362","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101362","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Widespread nature of microplastics in rivers and their tributaries causes enormous harm to the aquatic environment. The present study investigates quantity, color, size, form, and composition of microplastics present in water from the Cooum River of Chennai in India. A total of 341 microplastics observed in water samples (n = 10) were characterized by transparent particles (42%) of mainly polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP). About 69% of the particles with size <1000 μm raise the possibility of being ingested by aquatic species. Fiber was the most common shape (48%), followed by film (20%), pellets (12%), fragments (12%), beads (5%), and foam (4%). Variable abundances of different shapes demonstrate a variety of sources, including the textile fibers and plastic breakdown. Polymers with high-risk ratings such as nylon and polypropylene are reflected with an estimated high Polymer Hazard Index (PHI >1000) in some samples. Pollution Load Index suggested that samples along the river are moderately contaminated with microplastics. However, the Polymer Hazard Index (PERI) showed low ecological risk in the metropolitan area, river mouth, and potential fishing zones. These findings highlight ecological impact from the ubiquity of microplastics in waters from the Cooum River. Thus, the minimizing of microplastic pollution would require immediate action, including the implementation of stringent waste management and pollution reduction techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101362"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101360
A.A. Mustafa , A. S. A. Abu El-Ata , A.K. Kamal , A.M.S. Lala , A.I. Ammar
This study focuses on understanding the physical foundations of the transient electromagnetic method, such as the transition from a simple basic principle to a more complex principle, starting from the Biot-Savart law until the current concept. It calculates the steady and transient magnetic fields around any electrical wire system. Accordingly, this law will be used to determine the magnetic field around the square loop configuration, which matches the magnetic field arising from the circular loop configuration. The square loop equation was derived and extended to include changes in the half-space, which allows us to understand how the electromagnetic waves travel in the subsurface and the farthest point, that can record the TEM response from the TEM loop, according to the loop size and loop current. Accordingly, the deduced equations were applied to predict the transient magnetic field curves of the Quaternary aquifer in three different water zones along the Nile delta, depending on the values of resistivity and chargeability caused by the variations in salinity and clay contents. The calculated transient magnetic curves were then compared with other measured field curves to confirm the validity of the derived equations. Therefore, these curves are expected to be used as guide curves for the transient magnetic field response in this aquifer. Also, these curves are important in estimating the hydro-geophysical characteristics of the main groundwater aquifer in the selected area and in other areas with the same geologic and hydrogeologic settings. Also, a common model is presented for any delta environment in the world in measured and calculated data.
本研究的重点是了解瞬态电磁法的物理基础，如从简单的基本原理到更复杂的原理，从比奥特-萨瓦特定律开始，直到目前的概念。它可以计算任何电线系统周围的稳定和瞬态磁场。因此，该定律将用于确定方形环形结构周围的磁场，它与圆形环形结构产生的磁场相匹配。方形环路方程的推导和扩展包括了半空间的变化，这使我们能够了解电磁波如何在地表下传播，以及根据环路尺寸和环路电流可记录 TEM 环路 TEM 响应的最远点。因此，根据盐度和粘土含量变化引起的电阻率和电荷率值，应用推导出的方程来预测尼罗河三角洲沿岸三个不同水区的第四纪含水层的瞬态磁场曲线。然后，将计算出的瞬态磁场曲线与其他实测磁场曲线进行比较，以确认推导方程的有效性。因此，这些曲线有望用作该含水层瞬态磁场响应的指导曲线。此外，这些曲线对于估算选定区域以及具有相同地质和水文地质背景的其他区域的主要地下水含水层的水文地质物理特征也很重要。此外，还提出了一个适用于世界上任何三角洲环境的测量和计算数据的通用模型。
{"title":"Effect of salinity-clay variation on the transient magnetic field in the Quaternary aquifer, theoretically and practically","authors":"A.A. Mustafa , A. S. A. Abu El-Ata , A.K. Kamal , A.M.S. Lala , A.I. Ammar","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101360","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101360","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on understanding the physical foundations of the transient electromagnetic method, such as the transition from a simple basic principle to a more complex principle, starting from the Biot-Savart law until the current concept. It calculates the steady and transient magnetic fields around any electrical wire system. Accordingly, this law will be used to determine the magnetic field around the square loop configuration, which matches the magnetic field arising from the circular loop configuration. The square loop equation was derived and extended to include changes in the half-space, which allows us to understand how the electromagnetic waves travel in the subsurface and the farthest point, that can record the TEM response from the TEM loop, according to the loop size and loop current. Accordingly, the deduced equations were applied to predict the transient magnetic field curves of the Quaternary aquifer in three different water zones along the Nile delta, depending on the values of resistivity and chargeability caused by the variations in salinity and clay contents. The calculated transient magnetic curves were then compared with other measured field curves to confirm the validity of the derived equations. Therefore, these curves are expected to be used as guide curves for the transient magnetic field response in this aquifer. Also, these curves are important in estimating the hydro-geophysical characteristics of the main groundwater aquifer in the selected area and in other areas with the same geologic and hydrogeologic settings. Also, a common model is presented for any delta environment in the world in measured and calculated data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101360"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Overexploitation, pollution, and anthropogenic activities threaten the sustainability of groundwater resources in the western Indo-Gangetic Basin. Meanwhile, distinguishing regions prone to contamination and understanding the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting groundwater quality is challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of aquifer systems and the lack of high-resolution spatial and temporal data on aquifer protective hydrogeological layers. This study presents a transdisciplinary robust approach combining regional electrical resistivity surveys, hydrogeological data, physicochemical analyses, and geospatial datasets to identify regions prone to contamination and understand the impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors on groundwater resources. This approach involves three key steps: evaluating the geohydraulic nature of aquifer protective hydrogeological layers, mapping the aquifer vulnerability index (AVI), and conducting comparative analyses of potentially vulnerable areas with groundwater quality index (GWQI) and hydrological factors. Firstly, model-based inversion of ID Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data provides insights into geoelectrical indices such as depth, thickness, apparent resistivity, longitudinal conductance, transverse resistance, and longitudinal resistivity of aquifer protective hydrogeological layers. Second, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is used as a multilayer perceptron network to simulate hydraulic conductivity (K) using geoelectrical indices of aquifer protective hydrogeological layers. Subsequently, by considering ANN-derived K and VES-derived h of aquifer protective hydrogeological layers, the dynamic hydraulic resistance to the vertical flow of wastewater through the protective hydrogeological layers evaluated the index of the potentially vulnerable areas. Comparative analyses of potentially vulnerable areas with GWQI and hydrological factors (e.g., digital elevation model, soil, drainage density, lineament density, slope) enhance understanding regions prone to contaminants and land surface stress. Findings show that the ANN approach to simulate K, reducing effort with costs associated with slug testing is significant for AVI assessment. Furthermore, the geohydraulic characteristics, vulnerability indexing, and comparative analyses assist in identifying contamination-prone areas, improving groundwater resource protection and exploration activities.
过度开采、污染和人为活动威胁着印度洋-甘地盆地西部地下水资源的可持续性。同时，由于含水层系统的异质性，以及缺乏含水层保护水文地质层的高分辨率时空数据，要区分易受污染的区域并了解影响地下水质量的自然和人为因素具有挑战性。本研究提出了一种结合区域电阻率测量、水文地质数据、物理化学分析和地理空间数据集的跨学科稳健方法，以确定易受污染的区域，并了解自然和人为因素对地下水资源的影响。这种方法包括三个关键步骤：评估含水层保护水文地质层的地质水文性质、绘制含水层脆弱性指数（AVI）图，以及对潜在脆弱区域与地下水质量指数（GWQI）和水文因素进行比较分析。首先，通过基于模型的 ID 垂直电探测（VES）数据反演，可以了解含水层保护水文地质层的深度、厚度、视电阻率、纵向电导率、横向电阻率和纵向电阻率等地质电学指数。其次，将人工神经网络（ANN）模型作为多层感知器网络，利用含水层保护水文地质层的地质电学指标模拟水力传导率（K）。随后，通过考虑 ANN 导出的 K 和 VES 导出的含水层保护水文地质层 h，评估了废水流经保护水文地质层时垂直流动的动态水力阻力，从而评估了潜在易受影响地区的指数。将潜在脆弱区域与 GWQI 和水文因素（如数字高程模型、土壤、排水密度、线状密度、坡度）进行比较分析，可加深对易受污染物和地表压力影响区域的了解。研究结果表明，用 ANN 方法模拟 K，减少了与弹头测试相关的工作量和成本，对 AVI 评估意义重大。此外，地质水文特征、脆弱性指数和比较分析有助于确定易受污染地区，改善地下水资源保护和勘探活动。
{"title":"Presenting a transdisciplinary robust approach for comprehensive assessment of large-scale underground water resources in western Indo-Gangetic Basin","authors":"Umair Khan , Shiguo Wu , Baoyi Zhang , Majid Khan , Junjin Chen , Shafqat Hussain","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101357","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101357","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Overexploitation, pollution, and anthropogenic activities threaten the sustainability of groundwater resources in the western Indo-Gangetic Basin. Meanwhile, distinguishing regions prone to contamination and understanding the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting groundwater quality is challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of aquifer systems and the lack of high-resolution spatial and temporal data on aquifer protective hydrogeological layers. This study presents a transdisciplinary robust approach combining regional electrical resistivity surveys, hydrogeological data, physicochemical analyses, and geospatial datasets to identify regions prone to contamination and understand the impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors on groundwater resources. This approach involves three key steps: evaluating the geohydraulic nature of aquifer protective hydrogeological layers, mapping the aquifer vulnerability index (AVI), and conducting comparative analyses of potentially vulnerable areas with groundwater quality index (GWQI) and hydrological factors. Firstly, model-based inversion of ID Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data provides insights into geoelectrical indices such as depth, thickness, apparent resistivity, longitudinal conductance, transverse resistance, and longitudinal resistivity of aquifer protective hydrogeological layers. Second, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is used as a multilayer perceptron network to simulate hydraulic conductivity (K) using geoelectrical indices of aquifer protective hydrogeological layers. Subsequently, by considering ANN-derived K and VES-derived h of aquifer protective hydrogeological layers, the dynamic hydraulic resistance to the vertical flow of wastewater through the protective hydrogeological layers evaluated the index of the potentially vulnerable areas. Comparative analyses of potentially vulnerable areas with GWQI and hydrological factors (e.g., digital elevation model, soil, drainage density, lineament density, slope) enhance understanding regions prone to contaminants and land surface stress. Findings show that the ANN approach to simulate K, reducing effort with costs associated with slug testing is significant for AVI assessment. Furthermore, the geohydraulic characteristics, vulnerability indexing, and comparative analyses assist in identifying contamination-prone areas, improving groundwater resource protection and exploration activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101357"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Knowledge of groundwater recharge is a prerequisite for sustainable management of water resources. However, in Ethiopia, recharge estimation methodology remains haphazard regarding selection and application of various methods. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review commonly applied groundwater recharge estimation methods in Ethiopia, identify and analyze the main challenges and limitations that affect the reliability of recharge estimates, and suggest insights for future research. For this purpose, a systematic literature review is conducted focusing on Ethiopia and similar regions. About 87.8% of the reviewed studies have applied only one recharge estimation method. The selection of recharge estimation methods is mainly dependent on the availability of data regardless of their appropriateness to the actual field conditions and the inherent limitations of the methods. Comparatively, the WetSpass, SWAT, water table fluctuation (WTF), and chloride mass balance (CMB) techniques are frequently applied methods in a decreasing order of 20, 18, 13, and 12% respectively. Insufficient areal coverage of rainfall data, inaccurate estimates of evapotranspiration, low performance to simulate peak stream flow data, inadequacy of soil and rainfall chloride data, and misappropriation of recharge estimation methods to the actual field conditions are the main challenges for the rise of uncertainty of these methods. In general, recharge studies that have applied various recharge estimation techniques in Ethiopia have one limitation in common – i.e., failure to provide sufficient verification of results. Hence, this study shows that recharge estimations in Ethiopia are less reliable so that recharge values cannot be trusted to make robust water resources development plans. Therefore, selection of recharge estimation methods should rely on prior identification of recharge mechanisms and appropriation of the method to actual field conditions. The verification process should be accompanied by adequate field data measurements.
{"title":"The dilemma of choosing appropriate groundwater recharge estimation methods in Ethiopia: A systematic review of the existing methods","authors":"Atsbha Brhane Gebru , Tesfamichael Gebreyohannes , Gebrerufael Hailu Kahsay , Berhane Grum","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101358","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101358","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Knowledge of groundwater recharge is a prerequisite for sustainable management of water resources. However, in Ethiopia, recharge estimation methodology remains haphazard regarding selection and application of various methods. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review commonly applied groundwater recharge estimation methods in Ethiopia, identify and analyze the main challenges and limitations that affect the reliability of recharge estimates, and suggest insights for future research. For this purpose, a systematic literature review is conducted focusing on Ethiopia and similar regions. About 87.8% of the reviewed studies have applied only one recharge estimation method. The selection of recharge estimation methods is mainly dependent on the availability of data regardless of their appropriateness to the actual field conditions and the inherent limitations of the methods. Comparatively, the WetSpass, SWAT, water table fluctuation (WTF), and chloride mass balance (CMB) techniques are frequently applied methods in a decreasing order of 20, 18, 13, and 12% respectively. Insufficient areal coverage of rainfall data, inaccurate estimates of evapotranspiration, low performance to simulate peak stream flow data, inadequacy of soil and rainfall chloride data, and misappropriation of recharge estimation methods to the actual field conditions are the main challenges for the rise of uncertainty of these methods. In general, recharge studies that have applied various recharge estimation techniques in Ethiopia have one limitation in common – i.e., failure to provide sufficient verification of results. Hence, this study shows that recharge estimations in Ethiopia are less reliable so that recharge values cannot be trusted to make robust water resources development plans. Therefore, selection of recharge estimation methods should rely on prior identification of recharge mechanisms and appropriation of the method to actual field conditions. The verification process should be accompanied by adequate field data measurements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101358"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142438398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-12DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101356
Sangeeta Choudhary , N. Subba Rao , Maya Chaudhary , Rashmirekha Das
<div><div>Groundwater provides sustainable potable water in developing countries like India. However, contaminated groundwater directly affects human health. The United Nation policy is to provide clean water for all by 2030. Therefore, groundwater samples collected from a part of Rajasthan, India were analysed for chemical parameters to identify the sources of groundwater quality variation and associated health risks. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive approach of entropy water quality index (EWQI), Piper and Gibbs diagrams, ionic ratios (IR), synthetic pollution index (SPI), principal component analysis (PCA), and non-carcinogenic health risk (NHR) methods were used. EWQI revealed that groundwater quality is not fit for drinking in 81.86% of the area due to higher TDS, Na<sup>+</sup>, <span><math><mrow><msup><mtext>Cl</mtext><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>SO</mtext><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>F</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span> contents, which was statistically significant by ANOVA test. Modified Piper's diagram identified Ca<sup>2+</sup> - <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>HCO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> - <span><math><mrow><msup><mtext>Cl</mtext><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, Na<sup>+</sup>- <span><math><mrow><msup><mtext>Cl</mtext><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, and Na<sup>+</sup> - <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>HCO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> types in 36.67%, 22.73%, 13.64%, and 27.27% of groundwater samples, respectively. Gibbs diagrams illustrated that 59.09% and 40.81% of groundwater samples fell in the rock and evaporation domains, respectively. IR demonstrated that geogenic processes (mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation) and anthropogenic activities cause groundwater quality degradation. PCA indicated that PC1 has high loadings of TDS, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, <span><math><mrow><msup><mtext>Cl</mtext><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>SO</mtext><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, PC2 shows high loadings of pH and <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>F</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, and PC3 represents high loadings of <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, K<sup>+</sup>, and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>HCO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, which was further supported by <em>t</em>-test analysis. SPI revealed that 99.82% of the study area is polluted. NHR values (0.03 to 1.68, 0.02 to 1.29, and 0.03 to 1.30 for children, women, and men, respectively) showed that long-term exposure to <span><math><mrow><msubsup>
{"title":"Assessing sources of groundwater quality and health risks using graphical, multivariate, and index techniques from a part of Rajasthan, India","authors":"Sangeeta Choudhary , N. Subba Rao , Maya Chaudhary , Rashmirekha Das","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater provides sustainable potable water in developing countries like India. However, contaminated groundwater directly affects human health. The United Nation policy is to provide clean water for all by 2030. Therefore, groundwater samples collected from a part of Rajasthan, India were analysed for chemical parameters to identify the sources of groundwater quality variation and associated health risks. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive approach of entropy water quality index (EWQI), Piper and Gibbs diagrams, ionic ratios (IR), synthetic pollution index (SPI), principal component analysis (PCA), and non-carcinogenic health risk (NHR) methods were used. EWQI revealed that groundwater quality is not fit for drinking in 81.86% of the area due to higher TDS, Na<sup>+</sup>, <span><math><mrow><msup><mtext>Cl</mtext><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>SO</mtext><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>F</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span> contents, which was statistically significant by ANOVA test. Modified Piper's diagram identified Ca<sup>2+</sup> - <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>HCO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> - <span><math><mrow><msup><mtext>Cl</mtext><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, Na<sup>+</sup>- <span><math><mrow><msup><mtext>Cl</mtext><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, and Na<sup>+</sup> - <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>HCO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span> types in 36.67%, 22.73%, 13.64%, and 27.27% of groundwater samples, respectively. Gibbs diagrams illustrated that 59.09% and 40.81% of groundwater samples fell in the rock and evaporation domains, respectively. IR demonstrated that geogenic processes (mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation) and anthropogenic activities cause groundwater quality degradation. PCA indicated that PC1 has high loadings of TDS, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, <span><math><mrow><msup><mtext>Cl</mtext><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>SO</mtext><mn>4</mn><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, PC2 shows high loadings of pH and <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>F</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></mrow></math></span>, and PC3 represents high loadings of <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, K<sup>+</sup>, and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>HCO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, which was further supported by <em>t</em>-test analysis. SPI revealed that 99.82% of the study area is polluted. NHR values (0.03 to 1.68, 0.02 to 1.29, and 0.03 to 1.30 for children, women, and men, respectively) showed that long-term exposure to <span><math><mrow><msubsup>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101356"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101353
Shaimaa M. El-Hadidy
Egypt's Golden Triangle megaproject within Egypt's vision 2030, involving land reclamation in Qena Bend's densely populated governorate, develops sustainable land management strategies. Advanced technologies and low-cost remote sensing multi-data fusion are utilized to understand subsidence dynamics influenced by geologic structure, groundwater, climate change, and human activities in Egypt's Nile Valley. This approach identifies environmental hazards and provides a detailed explanation for groundwater-induced bedrock subsidence, aiding in informed decision-making and risk avoidance. Landsat images reveal 13% increased cultivation, 28.28% urban-growth, and decreased water by 8.46%, impacting groundwater resources and controlling the situation. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE) and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) satellite observations reveal changes in water storage, impacting climate change, groundwater storage dynamics, and aquifer behavior. Historical data indicates a significant southwest-northeast gradient in precipitation from 5 to 60 mm. GLDAS shows soil moisture decline from 0.25 to 0.23 mm. GRACE (total water storage) depleting, then slightly increasing from 2020 to 2023 with an average value (−5 cm/yr). Groundwater storage increases in wet seasons, in 2015 showing (+3–4 mm), less than (+1 mm) in (2018), and (+6–8 mm) in (2020–2023). The NE-SW and NW-SE faults increase hydraulic connection and recharge from aquifers, causing groundwater circulation and karstification in Eocene limestone aquifers, posing risks to urban development and human safety. The InSAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) measures ground subsidence over time, revealing a range of (−0.04 to −0.07m) in the northwest to (+0.03m) in the southeast, with average subsidence (-4 cm), primarily associated with increased groundwater storage motivate the interaction between the carbonate and groundwater. The ArcGIS overlay model divides the region into three zones: northern, middle, and southern, each with varying degrees of displacement and groundwater storage. The findings emphasize the significance of remote sensing in hazard evaluation for development planning due to its cost-effectiveness and accuracy, applicable globally in hydrogeologically similar areas.
{"title":"Towards sustainable development goals: Leveraging multi-data remote sensing fusion for monitoring groundwater-induced bedrock subsidence dynamics in Egypt's Nile Valley","authors":"Shaimaa M. El-Hadidy","doi":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Egypt's Golden Triangle megaproject within Egypt's vision 2030, involving land reclamation in Qena Bend's densely populated governorate, develops sustainable land management strategies. Advanced technologies and low-cost remote sensing multi-data fusion are utilized to understand subsidence dynamics influenced by geologic structure, groundwater, climate change, and human activities in Egypt's Nile Valley. This approach identifies environmental hazards and provides a detailed explanation for groundwater-induced bedrock subsidence, aiding in informed decision-making and risk avoidance. Landsat images reveal 13% increased cultivation, 28.28% urban-growth, and decreased water by 8.46%, impacting groundwater resources and controlling the situation. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE) and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) satellite observations reveal changes in water storage, impacting climate change, groundwater storage dynamics, and aquifer behavior. Historical data indicates a significant southwest-northeast gradient in precipitation from 5 to 60 mm. GLDAS shows soil moisture decline from 0.25 to 0.23 mm. GRACE (total water storage) depleting, then slightly increasing from 2020 to 2023 with an average value (−5 cm/yr). Groundwater storage increases in wet seasons, in 2015 showing (+3–4 mm), less than (+1 mm) in (2018), and (+6–8 mm) in (2020–2023). The NE-SW and NW-SE faults increase hydraulic connection and recharge from aquifers, causing groundwater circulation and karstification in Eocene limestone aquifers, posing risks to urban development and human safety. The InSAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) measures ground subsidence over time, revealing a range of (−0.04 to −0.07m) in the northwest to (+0.03m) in the southeast, with average subsidence (-4 cm), primarily associated with increased groundwater storage motivate the interaction between the carbonate and groundwater. The ArcGIS overlay model divides the region into three zones: northern, middle, and southern, each with varying degrees of displacement and groundwater storage. The findings emphasize the significance of remote sensing in hazard evaluation for development planning due to its cost-effectiveness and accuracy, applicable globally in hydrogeologically similar areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37879,"journal":{"name":"Groundwater for Sustainable Development","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 101353"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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