Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献_第10页

Morphological and morphometric analysis of the inferior alveolar canal and mental foramen in black South Africans: A panoramic radiographic study 南非黑人下牙槽管和颏孔的形态学和形态计量学分析：一项全景放射学研究

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100399

Ikeoluwa A. Oluwafemi , Nicolene Jooste , Pamela Pillay , Sundika Ishwarkumar-Govender

Background and objectives

Variations in the route followed by the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) and the position of the mental foramen (MF) could impact the placement of the neurovascular bundle, a vital consideration during mandibular surgeries. This study was conducted to investigate the morphology and the morphometry of the IAC and the position of the MF as seen on panoramic radiographs in a South African population.

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 digital panoramic radiographs. The morphology, i.e., the anteroposterior course, the vertical and horizontal position, and the morphometric parameters of the IAC were obtained and analyzed. The mental foramen position was categorized and analyzed.

Results

Elliptic arc canals were the most frequently observed (55.00 %) anteroposterior course (APC) of the IAC. The intermediate position was the most common vertical position (48.30 %) of the IAC. The commonest horizontal relation of the IAC was type 1 (45.50 %), with a statistically significant difference between the right and left sides of the mandible. Many of the MF (50.00 %) were located at Position 4, with a statistically significant difference between the ages of 15–19 and 40–50. The mean measurement of the IAC decreased from the first molar to the third molar, with statistically significant differences between sexes and across age groups. The average diameter of the IAC was about 3–4 mm and was relatively constant.

Conclusion

As seen in other populations, most Black South Africans had a favorable APC of the IAC for rehabilitative purposes. Considering the vertical position, most of the canals (51.7 %) were in the high-risk zone (high and low canals), and females had a higher frequency of high canals. Clinicians should expect to find the MF symmetrically in line with the root tip of the second premolars: however, the position of the MF moves posteriorly with advancing age.

背景与目的下颌下牙槽管（IAC）路径和颏孔（MF）位置的变化可能影响神经血管束的放置，这是下颌手术中一个重要的考虑因素。本研究旨在调查南非人群在全景x线片上IAC的形态学和形态测量学以及MF的位置。方法对200张数字全景x线片进行回顾性横断面研究。获得并分析了IAC的前后走向、垂直和水平位置以及形态计量学参数。对颏孔位置进行分类分析。结果在IAC的正反道（APC）中最常见的是椭圆型弧形管（55.00%）。中间位是IAC最常见的垂直位（48.30%）。IAC最常见的水平相关性为1型（45.50%），左右两侧下颌骨间差异有统计学意义。大部分MF位于4位（50.00%），15-19岁和40-50岁之间差异有统计学意义。IAC的平均测量值从第一磨牙下降到第三磨牙，在性别和年龄组之间有统计学上的显著差异。IAC的平均直径约为3-4 mm，相对恒定。结论与其他人群一样，大多数南非黑人具有良好的IAC康复APC。从垂直位置看，大部分根管（51.7%）位于高危区（高、低根管），女性根管发生率较高。临床医生应该期望发现MF与第二前磨牙的根尖对称：然而，随着年龄的增长，MF的位置会向后移动。

{"title":"Morphological and morphometric analysis of the inferior alveolar canal and mental foramen in black South Africans: A panoramic radiographic study","authors":"Ikeoluwa A. Oluwafemi , Nicolene Jooste , Pamela Pillay , Sundika Ishwarkumar-Govender","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Variations in the route followed by the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) and the position of the mental foramen (MF) could impact the placement of the neurovascular bundle, a vital consideration during mandibular surgeries. This study was conducted to investigate the morphology and the morphometry of the IAC and the position of the MF as seen on panoramic radiographs in a South African population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 digital panoramic radiographs. The morphology, i.e., the anteroposterior course, the vertical and horizontal position, and the morphometric parameters of the IAC were obtained and analyzed. The mental foramen position was categorized and analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Elliptic arc canals were the most frequently observed (55.00 %) anteroposterior course (APC) of the IAC. The intermediate position was the most common vertical position (48.30 %) of the IAC. The commonest horizontal relation of the IAC was type 1 (45.50 %), with a statistically significant difference between the right and left sides of the mandible. Many of the MF (50.00 %) were located at Position 4, with a statistically significant difference between the ages of 15–19 and 40–50. The mean measurement of the IAC decreased from the first molar to the third molar, with statistically significant differences between sexes and across age groups. The average diameter of the IAC was about 3–4 mm and was relatively constant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>As seen in other populations, most Black South Africans had a favorable APC of the IAC for rehabilitative purposes. Considering the vertical position, most of the canals (51.7 %) were in the high-risk zone (high and low canals), and females had a higher frequency of high canals. Clinicians should expect to find the MF symmetrically in line with the root tip of the second premolars: however, the position of the MF moves posteriorly with advancing age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prevalence of anterior tooth traits among a sample of the coastal population of South India and comparative review of prevalence among the Eurasian population 南印度沿海人群中前牙特征的患病率和欧亚人群中患病率的比较回顾

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100397

Parul Nagar , Jefferson Prince , Srikant N. , B.V. Murlimanju , Ritu Gupta , Shravan Shetty , Dharnappa Poojary

Background

The anterior tooth has various nonmetric traits, which vary between different populations. These traits serve as a valuable source of information for anthropologists and forensic odontologists, and some of these traits exhibit sexual dimorphism.

Methods

Dental casts of 163 patients in South Indian population, 69 males and 93 females, were scanned and digitized, and the anterior tooth traits of shoveling, double-shoveling, curvature, peg-lateral, and tuberculum dentale were observed and graded according to the scoring system by Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). Palatogingival groove was noted as present or absent.

Results

The prevalence of shoveling in the mandibular central incisor was 15.9 %–18.3 % and shoveling in the maxillary central incisor was 20 %–26.9 %. Shoveling was found in 24.7 %–28.6 % in the maxillary lateral incisor. The curvature of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 24.3 %–28 %. Tuberculum dentale was seen in 38.6 %–43 %. Double shoveling of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 7.1 %–7.5 %. Peg lateral was found in 8.6 % of males and 1.1 % of females, exhibiting significant gender differences. Palatogingival groove was present in 9.7 %–11.6 %. Sexual dimorphism in relation to shoveling pattern of lateral incisor and increased prevalence of palatogingival groove on the left side was noted.

Significance

Apart from shoveling, other anterior nonmetric traits have not been studied widely in different populations. These traits, which show variations, and their prevalence have been recorded in this study.

背景：不同人群的前牙具有不同的非度量特征。这些特征为人类学家和法医牙科学家提供了宝贵的信息来源，其中一些特征表现出性别二态性。方法对163例南印度患者（男69例，女93例）的牙模进行扫描和数字化处理，观察前牙铲牙、双铲牙、弯曲牙、桩侧牙和牙结核的特征，并根据亚利桑那州立大学口腔人类学系统（ASUDAS）的评分系统进行评分。腭龈沟可见或不可见。结果下颌骨中切牙铲牙率为15.9% ~ 18.3%，上颌中切牙铲牙率为20% ~ 26.9%。上颌侧切牙铲牙率为24.7% ~ 28.6%。上颌中切牙弯曲率为24.3% - 28%。齿状结核占38.6% ~ 43%。上颌中切牙双铲的发生率为7.1% - 7.5%。在8.6%的男性和1.1%的女性中发现了Peg侧向，表现出显著的性别差异。上颌沟占9.7% ~ 11.6%。两性二态性与侧切牙的铲型和左侧腭沟的增加有关。除铲力外，其他前向非度量性状尚未在不同人群中得到广泛研究。这些表现出变化的特征及其流行程度在本研究中得到了记录。

{"title":"Prevalence of anterior tooth traits among a sample of the coastal population of South India and comparative review of prevalence among the Eurasian population","authors":"Parul Nagar , Jefferson Prince , Srikant N. , B.V. Murlimanju , Ritu Gupta , Shravan Shetty , Dharnappa Poojary","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The anterior tooth has various nonmetric traits, which vary between different populations. These traits serve as a valuable source of information for anthropologists and forensic odontologists, and some of these traits exhibit sexual dimorphism.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Dental casts of 163 patients in South Indian population, 69 males and 93 females, were scanned and digitized, and the anterior tooth traits of shoveling, double-shoveling, curvature, peg-lateral, and tuberculum dentale were observed and graded according to the scoring system by Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). Palatogingival groove was noted as present or absent.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of shoveling in the mandibular central incisor was 15.9 %–18.3 % and shoveling in the maxillary central incisor was 20 %–26.9 %. Shoveling was found in 24.7 %–28.6 % in the maxillary lateral incisor. The curvature of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 24.3 %–28 %. Tuberculum dentale was seen in 38.6 %–43 %. Double shoveling of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 7.1 %–7.5 %. Peg lateral was found in 8.6 % of males and 1.1 % of females, exhibiting significant gender differences. Palatogingival groove was present in 9.7 %–11.6 %. Sexual dimorphism in relation to shoveling pattern of lateral incisor and increased prevalence of palatogingival groove on the left side was noted.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>Apart from shoveling, other anterior nonmetric traits have not been studied widely in different populations. These traits, which show variations, and their prevalence have been recorded in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Size-relationship between transverse and arcuate foramina of atlas vertebrae in a modern South African skeletal population sample 现代南非骨骼种群样本中寰椎横孔和弓形孔之间的大小关系

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100396

Glen J. Paton , Keegan G. Reynolds , Shahed Nalla

Background

This exploratory quantitative study examined the relationship between the transverse foramen (TF) and the anomalous arcuate foramen (AF) in the atlas vertebrae of a South African skeletal population comprising two cohorts, namely an AF-Present (AF-P) groups (n = 60) and an AF-Absent (AF-A) control group (n = 60).

Methods

The study analyzed the size relationship between the AF, and ipsilateral and contralateral TF. Potential correlations between TF dimensions and AF presence were evaluated using metric and non-metric shape assessments.

Results

In the AF-P cohort, the mean surface area of the left AF measured 31.46 mm², and the left TF measured 31.52 mm². The mean surface area size of the right AF was 30.96 mm², while the right TF measured 30.24 mm². The TF mean surface area in the AF-P group was larger than the AF-A group, with mean areas of 2.57 mm² and 1.78 mm² larger (left: 28.95 mm² and right: 28.46 mm², respectively). Males exhibited significantly larger TFs than females on the right side for anteroposterior, transverse and surface area measurements. The surface area of the right AF correlated strongly with the width and surface area of the left TF, and only the surface area of the right TF.

Conclusion

The general trend was that when the right AF surface area increased, as did the dimensions of the TF bilaterally. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of the size-relationship of AF and TF size variations, which may affect vertebral artery dynamics with movements or cervical spine manipulation.

本探索性定量研究考察了南非骨骼人群椎弓形孔（AF）和横孔（TF）之间的关系，包括两个队列，即AF-存在组（n = 60）和AF-不存在组（n = 60）。方法分析AF与同侧、对侧TF的大小关系。使用度量和非度量形状评估评估TF维度与AF存在之间的潜在相关性。结果AF- p组患者左侧AF平均表面积为31.46 mm2，左侧TF平均表面积为31.52 mm2。右侧AF的平均表面积大小为30.96 mm2，右侧TF的平均表面积大小为30.24 mm2。AF-P组TF平均表面积大于AF-A组，分别比AF-A组大2.57 mm2和1.78 mm2（左28.95 mm2，右28.46 mm2）。男性在右侧的正位、横向和表面积测量中表现出明显大于女性的tf。右侧AF的表面积与左侧TF的宽度和表面积密切相关，且仅与右侧TF的表面积相关。结论随着右心房面积的增大，双侧心房的尺寸也随之增大。这些发现强调了AF和TF大小变化的大小关系的临床相关性，这可能会影响运动或颈椎操作时的椎动脉动力学。

{"title":"Size-relationship between transverse and arcuate foramina of atlas vertebrae in a modern South African skeletal population sample","authors":"Glen J. Paton , Keegan G. Reynolds , Shahed Nalla","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This exploratory quantitative study examined the relationship between the transverse foramen (TF) and the anomalous arcuate foramen (AF) in the atlas vertebrae of a South African skeletal population comprising two cohorts, namely an AF-Present (AF-P) groups (n = 60) and an AF-Absent (AF-A) control group (n = 60).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study analyzed the size relationship between the AF, and ipsilateral and contralateral TF. Potential correlations between TF dimensions and AF presence were evaluated using metric and non-metric shape assessments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the AF-P cohort, the mean surface area of the left AF measured 31.46 mm<sup>2</sup>, and the left TF measured 31.52 mm<sup>2</sup>. The mean surface area size of the right AF was 30.96 mm<sup>2</sup>, while the right TF measured 30.24 mm<sup>2</sup>. The TF mean surface area in the AF-P group was larger than the AF-A group, with mean areas of 2.57 mm<sup>2</sup> and 1.78 mm<sup>2</sup> larger (left: 28.95 mm<sup>2</sup> and right: 28.46 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively). Males exhibited significantly larger TFs than females on the right side for anteroposterior, transverse and surface area measurements. The surface area of the right AF correlated strongly with the width and surface area of the left TF, and only the surface area of the right TF.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The general trend was that when the right AF surface area increased, as did the dimensions of the TF bilaterally. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of the size-relationship of AF and TF size variations, which may affect vertebral artery dynamics with movements or cervical spine manipulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuron-Glial2 (NG2) cells: A promising target for neuroinflammation-related neurodegeneration 神经胶质2 （NG2）细胞：神经炎症相关神经变性的一个有希望的靶点

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100395

Zaw Myo Hein , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir , Muhammad Danial Che Ramli , Ibrahim El-Serafi , Banthit Chetsawang

Background

Neuron-glial 2 (NG2) cells, or polydendrocytes, are dynamic glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. These cells interact with neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, modulating inflammatory responses, synaptic activity, and blood-brain barrier integrity. While NG2 cells have protective roles, their aberrant activation can contribute to scarring, inflammation, and neuronal degeneration.

Methods

This narrative review synthesizes current literature on the molecular and functional properties of NG2 cells with a focus on their involvement in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Relevant studies were identified through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as “NG2 cells,” “neuroinflammation,” and “neurodegenerative diseases.” Articles were selected based on relevance to NG2 cell biology, their interactions with other glial cells, and their therapeutic implications. Findings were categorized into key themes, including NG2 cell activation, inflammatory signaling, and potential therapeutic targets.

Conclusion

NG2 cells are key players in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, serving both protective and pathological roles. Understanding their mechanisms of action can aid in identifying therapeutic strategies targeting NG2 cell activation, including anti-inflammatory agents, epigenetic modulators, natural compounds, and monoclonal antibodies. Future research should explore NG2 cell-targeted interventions to develop novel treatments for CNS disorders.

神经胶质2 （NG2）细胞或多树突细胞是中枢神经系统（CNS）中的动态胶质细胞，与神经炎症和神经退行性疾病（如帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病和多发性硬化症）有关。这些细胞与神经元、星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞相互作用，调节炎症反应、突触活性和血脑屏障完整性。虽然NG2细胞具有保护作用，但它们的异常激活可能导致疤痕、炎症和神经元变性。方法本文综述了目前关于NG2细胞的分子和功能特性的文献，重点介绍了NG2细胞在神经炎症和神经变性中的作用。相关研究通过在PubMed、Scopus和谷歌Scholar中搜索，使用诸如“NG2细胞”、“神经炎症”和“神经退行性疾病”等关键词来确定。文章的选择基于NG2细胞生物学的相关性、它们与其他胶质细胞的相互作用以及它们的治疗意义。研究结果分为关键主题，包括NG2细胞活化、炎症信号和潜在的治疗靶点。结论ng2细胞在神经炎症和神经退行性变中起关键作用，具有保护和病理双重作用。了解它们的作用机制有助于确定针对NG2细胞活化的治疗策略，包括抗炎药、表观遗传调节剂、天然化合物和单克隆抗体。未来的研究应探索以NG2细胞为靶点的干预措施，以开发治疗中枢神经系统疾病的新方法。

{"title":"Neuron-Glial2 (NG2) cells: A promising target for neuroinflammation-related neurodegeneration","authors":"Zaw Myo Hein , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir , Muhammad Danial Che Ramli , Ibrahim El-Serafi , Banthit Chetsawang","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuron-glial 2 (NG2) cells, or polydendrocytes, are dynamic glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. These cells interact with neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, modulating inflammatory responses, synaptic activity, and blood-brain barrier integrity. While NG2 cells have protective roles, their aberrant activation can contribute to scarring, inflammation, and neuronal degeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This narrative review synthesizes current literature on the molecular and functional properties of NG2 cells with a focus on their involvement in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Relevant studies were identified through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as “NG2 cells,” “neuroinflammation,” and “neurodegenerative diseases.” Articles were selected based on relevance to NG2 cell biology, their interactions with other glial cells, and their therapeutic implications. Findings were categorized into key themes, including NG2 cell activation, inflammatory signaling, and potential therapeutic targets.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>NG2 cells are key players in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, serving both protective and pathological roles. Understanding their mechanisms of action can aid in identifying therapeutic strategies targeting NG2 cell activation, including anti-inflammatory agents, epigenetic modulators, natural compounds, and monoclonal antibodies. Future research should explore NG2 cell-targeted interventions to develop novel treatments for CNS disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anatomical variations of the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle: Implications of sex and laterality on morphology and morphometry 踝关节外侧副韧带的解剖变异：性别和侧边性对形态学和形态计量学的影响

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100394

Ndumiso Siphelele Hlengwa , Okikioluwa Stephen Aladeyelu , Seke Nzau Mafuika , Livashin Naidu , Carmen Olivia Rennie

Introduction

A detailed understanding of the anatomical dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is essential in the surgical treatment of ankle joint injuries and ligament rehabilitation. While previous studies have explored the general morphology and morphometry of the LCL, there remains a gap in understanding how these characteristics vary based on sex and laterality. This study aimed to investigate the morphological and morphometric variations of the LCL, focusing on differences between sexes and between right and left ankles.

Method

Thirty-one ankles from sixteen human cadavers were dissected to investigate the LCL of the ankle. The LCL consists of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). Each ligament of the LCL was classified into three types according to the number of bands, i.e., Type I– single band, Type II– double bands (IIa-partially separated & IIb-completely separated), and Type III– triple bands for morphological observation. The length, width, and thickness of these ligaments were measured using a calliper for morphometric analysis and compared among sex and laterality.

Result

Type I was the most observed in all three ligaments (ATFL-61.3 %; CFL-87.1 %; PTFL-96.8 %). Significant sex differences were observed, with males having more Type I, while females had more Type II and III (p < 0.05). PTFL was significantly longer (25.31 ± 3.87 mm) and wider (7.05 ± 2.07 mm) in females (p < 0.05). CFL was significantly longer on the right (37.09 ± 4.57 mm; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Morphological and morphometric variations significantly exist in the ligaments that make up the LCL in relation to sex and laterality. These identified variations could improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance surgical planning, and inform sex-specific rehabilitation strategies.

详细了解外侧副韧带（LCL）的解剖尺寸在踝关节损伤的外科治疗和韧带康复中是必不可少的。虽然以前的研究已经探索了LCL的一般形态和形态计量学，但在理解这些特征如何基于性别和侧边而变化方面仍然存在差距。本研究旨在探讨LCL的形态学和形态学变化，重点是性别差异和左右脚踝之间的差异。方法对16具人体尸体的31个踝关节进行解剖，探讨踝关节的LCL。LCL由距腓骨前韧带（ATFL）、跟腓骨韧带（CFL）和距腓骨后韧带（PTFL）组成。LCL各韧带按束数分为三种类型，即I型-单束，II型-双束(iia -部分分离；iib -完全分离)，III型-形态学观察的三重带。使用卡尺测量这些韧带的长度、宽度和厚度，进行形态计量学分析，并比较性别和侧边性。结果三种韧带均以I型多见(atfl - 61.3%；节能灯- 87.1 %;ptfl - 96.8 %)。性别差异显著，男性较多出现I型，女性较多出现II型和III型(p <；0.05)。女性PTFL较长（25.31±3.87 mm），较宽（7.05±2.07 mm） (p <；0.05)。CFL右侧较长（37.09±4.57 mm）；p & lt;0.05)。结论构成LCL的韧带在形态和计量学上存在明显的性别和侧位差异。这些识别的变异可以提高诊断的准确性，加强手术计划，并为性别特异性康复策略提供信息。

{"title":"Anatomical variations of the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle: Implications of sex and laterality on morphology and morphometry","authors":"Ndumiso Siphelele Hlengwa , Okikioluwa Stephen Aladeyelu , Seke Nzau Mafuika , Livashin Naidu , Carmen Olivia Rennie","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>A detailed understanding of the anatomical dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is essential in the surgical treatment of ankle joint injuries and ligament rehabilitation. While previous studies have explored the general morphology and morphometry of the LCL, there remains a gap in understanding how these characteristics vary based on sex and laterality. This study aimed to investigate the morphological and morphometric variations of the LCL, focusing on differences between sexes and between right and left ankles.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Thirty-one ankles from sixteen human cadavers were dissected to investigate the LCL of the ankle. The LCL consists of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). Each ligament of the LCL was classified into three types according to the number of bands, i.e., Type I– single band, Type II– double bands (IIa-partially separated & IIb-completely separated), and Type III– triple bands for morphological observation. The length, width, and thickness of these ligaments were measured using a calliper for morphometric analysis and compared among sex and laterality.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Type I was the most observed in all three ligaments (ATFL-61.3 %; CFL-87.1 %; PTFL-96.8 %). Significant sex differences were observed, with males having more Type I, while females had more Type II and III (p < 0.05). PTFL was significantly longer (25.31 ± 3.87 mm) and wider (7.05 ± 2.07 mm) in females (p < 0.05). CFL was significantly longer on the right (37.09 ± 4.57 mm; p < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Morphological and morphometric variations significantly exist in the ligaments that make up the LCL in relation to sex and laterality. These identified variations could improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance surgical planning, and inform sex-specific rehabilitation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Klingler's brain dissection technique: Review of the original procedure and technical considerations 克林格勒（Klingler）脑解剖技术：回顾其原始程序和技术考虑

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100393

Andrzej Żytkowski , Jakub Dębski , Stanisław Orkisz

Background

The Klingler's brain dissection technique, originally introduced by Ludwig Klingler in 1935, can be considered an useful research toll for investigating the structural organization of white matter tracts in the human brain. The method involves freezing formalin-fixed brain tissue, which facilitates the separation of fiber tracts, making it a crucial tool for both neuroanatomical education and research on brain connectivity.

Aim

Given the practical relevance of this technique in both research and neurosurgical training, this review aims to recall the original Klingler's method, analyze key modifications introduced in recent years, and evaluate its significance in contemporary anatomical and neuroimaging research.

Conclusions

The Klingler's fiber dissection technique remains a cornerstone of neuroanatomical research, particularly in combination with modern imaging techniques such as tractography. Its ability to reveal the three-dimensional architecture of white matter fibers has solidified its role in both anatomical education and neurosurgical planning.

Klingler的脑解剖技术最初是由Ludwig Klingler于1935年提出的，可以被认为是研究人脑白质束结构组织的有用研究手段。该方法涉及冷冻福尔马林固定的脑组织，这有助于纤维束的分离，使其成为神经解剖学教育和大脑连接研究的重要工具。目的考虑到该技术在研究和神经外科训练中的实际意义，本文旨在回顾Klingler方法的原始方法，分析近年来引入的关键修改，并评估其在当代解剖学和神经影像学研究中的意义。结论Klingler纤维解剖技术仍然是神经解剖学研究的基石，特别是与现代成像技术如神经束造影相结合。它能够揭示白质纤维的三维结构，巩固了它在解剖学教育和神经外科计划中的作用。

{"title":"The Klingler's brain dissection technique: Review of the original procedure and technical considerations","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Jakub Dębski , Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Klingler's brain dissection technique, originally introduced by Ludwig Klingler in 1935, can be considered an useful research toll for investigating the structural organization of white matter tracts in the human brain. The method involves freezing formalin-fixed brain tissue, which facilitates the separation of fiber tracts, making it a crucial tool for both neuroanatomical education and research on brain connectivity.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Given the practical relevance of this technique in both research and neurosurgical training, this review aims to recall the original Klingler's method, analyze key modifications introduced in recent years, and evaluate its significance in contemporary anatomical and neuroimaging research.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The Klingler's fiber dissection technique remains a cornerstone of neuroanatomical research, particularly in combination with modern imaging techniques such as tractography. Its ability to reveal the three-dimensional architecture of white matter fibers has solidified its role in both anatomical education and neurosurgical planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Morphometric analysis of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5): Anatomical dimensions and clinical implications in South Indian population 第五腰椎（L5）的形态计量学分析：南印度人群的解剖尺寸和临床意义

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100392

Nandini Bhat , Lakshmisha Rao , Ashwija Shetty , Souhardya Das , Nom Bhukya Kumar Naik , Vanishri Nayak , Sushma Prabhath , Kurian Alapatt , Suhani Sumalatha

Background

The anatomical features of L5, including its size, shape, and articulation with the sacrum, make it a crucial structure in weight transfer and spinal stability. Understanding its morphometry is vital for diagnosing and treating pathologies associated with the lumbar spine. This study aims to provide normative data on the morphological and morphometric dimensions of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and discover its clinical implications, assisting in preoperative planning for clinicians, including radiologists and spine surgeons.

Methods

Anatomical measurements of fifty dry L5 vertebrae including dimensions of the transverse processes, articular facets, body of the vertebra, and intervertebral foramen, were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to assess correlations and differences in morphometric data.

Results

Body of the vertebra: The mean anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body were 3.35 ± 0.41 cm and 4.74 ± 1.39 cm (superior) and 3.33 ± 0.68 cm and 3.78 ± 1.72 cm (inferior), respectively. Significant differences were noted in the transverse diameter between the superior and inferior surfaces. Articular Facets: The superior articular facets were predominantly quadrilateral (46 %), followed by pyramidal (30 %). The inferior facets were most commonly circular (48 %). Significant differences were observed in the distance from the spinous process to the inferior articular facets. Intervertebral Foramen: The anteroposterior length of the intervertebral notch on the right and left sides was significantly variable. Transverse Processes: The mean distance between the tips of the right and left transverse processes was 7.92 ± 0.92 cm. Weak positive correlations were observed between the distance from the spinous process to the transverse processes.

Conclusion

The study provides comprehensive morphometric data on the fifth lumbar vertebra, emphasizing important anatomical dimensions that are vital for understanding spinal health and guiding clinical interventions. These findings will aid in the preoperative planning for spine surgeries and the management of lumbar spine disorders. Further research with larger and more diverse samples is recommended to validate and expand these findings.

L5的解剖特征，包括其大小、形状和与骶骨的关节，使其成为重量转移和脊柱稳定的关键结构。了解其形态对诊断和治疗与腰椎相关的病理至关重要。本研究旨在提供关于第五腰椎（L5）的形态学和形态学尺寸的规范数据，并发现其临床意义，帮助临床医生（包括放射科医生和脊柱外科医生）制定术前计划。方法记录50块L5椎体的解剖测量，包括横突、关节面、椎体和椎间孔的尺寸。进行统计分析以评估形态计量学数据的相关性和差异。结果椎体：椎体上、下表面的平均正、横径分别为3.35±0.41 cm和4.74±1.39 cm（上）和3.33±0.68 cm和3.78±1.72 cm（下）。上、下表面的横径有显著差异。关节面：上关节面以四边形为主（46%），其次为锥体（30%）。下切面最常见为圆形（48%）。从棘突到下关节突的距离有显著差异。椎间孔：左右两侧椎间切迹的前后长度有显著差异。横突：左右横突尖端的平均距离为7.92±0.92 cm。从棘突到横突的距离呈弱正相关。结论该研究提供了第五腰椎的全面形态测量数据，强调了重要的解剖尺寸，对了解脊柱健康和指导临床干预至关重要。这些发现将有助于脊柱手术的术前计划和腰椎疾病的管理。建议采用更大、更多样化的样本进行进一步研究，以验证和扩展这些发现。

{"title":"Morphometric analysis of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5): Anatomical dimensions and clinical implications in South Indian population","authors":"Nandini Bhat , Lakshmisha Rao , Ashwija Shetty , Souhardya Das , Nom Bhukya Kumar Naik , Vanishri Nayak , Sushma Prabhath , Kurian Alapatt , Suhani Sumalatha","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The anatomical features of L5, including its size, shape, and articulation with the sacrum, make it a crucial structure in weight transfer and spinal stability. Understanding its morphometry is vital for diagnosing and treating pathologies associated with the lumbar spine. This study aims to provide normative data on the morphological and morphometric dimensions of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) and discover its clinical implications, assisting in preoperative planning for clinicians, including radiologists and spine surgeons.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Anatomical measurements of fifty dry L5 vertebrae including dimensions of the transverse processes, articular facets, body of the vertebra, and intervertebral foramen, were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to assess correlations and differences in morphometric data.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><strong>Body of the vertebra:</strong> The mean anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body were 3.35 ± 0.41 cm and 4.74 ± 1.39 cm (superior) and 3.33 ± 0.68 cm and 3.78 ± 1.72 cm (inferior), respectively. Significant differences were noted in the transverse diameter between the superior and inferior surfaces. <strong>Articular Facets:</strong> The superior articular facets were predominantly quadrilateral (46 %), followed by pyramidal (30 %). The inferior facets were most commonly circular (48 %). Significant differences were observed in the distance from the spinous process to the inferior articular facets. <strong>Intervertebral Foramen:</strong> The anteroposterior length of the intervertebral notch on the right and left sides was significantly variable. <strong>Transverse Processes:</strong> The mean distance between the tips of the right and left transverse processes was 7.92 ± 0.92 cm. Weak positive correlations were observed between the distance from the spinous process to the transverse processes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study provides comprehensive morphometric data on the fifth lumbar vertebra, emphasizing important anatomical dimensions that are vital for understanding spinal health and guiding clinical interventions. These findings will aid in the preoperative planning for spine surgeries and the management of lumbar spine disorders. Further research with larger and more diverse samples is recommended to validate and expand these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100392"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

‘Cervical vertebral metrics’ A reliable approach to forensic identification: A comprehensive review “颈椎测量”是法医鉴定的可靠方法：全面回顾

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100391

Shreya , Lydia Shobha Andrade , Rajagopal K V , Vikram Palimar , Muhammad Nasir Ahmad , Vinod C. Nayak , Varun Kumar S G , Bhukya Nom Kumar Naik

Background

Sex and stature are the most critical factors to identify an unknown individual. In addition to the skull, pelvis, and other long bones, the vertebral column exhibits significant differences between males and females. It has been shown to have a statistically significant correlation with an individual's stature. Among the cervical vertebrae, the axis vertebra shows remarkable sexual dimorphism.

Body of the study

A comprehensive literature search was done using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus between 1995 and 2023. The main inclusion criteria were studies on adult human cervical vertebral measurements from skeletal remains and Computed tomography images. Sixteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria from various populations estimating the sex and stature.

Conclusion

An extensive review of relevant studies has established that the axis exhibits the highest sexual dimorphism among the cervical vertebrae, followed by the atlas and the C7 vertebra. Regarding the determination of stature from the various cervical metrics, the axis vertebra significantly correlated with stature. This comprehensive study offers valuable insights into the different measurement methods utilizing cervical vertebrae for sex and stature estimation, thereby serving as a pertinent resource for subsequent anthropometric investigations about cervical vertebrae.

性别和身材是识别未知个体的最关键因素。除了头骨、骨盆和其他长骨外，男性和女性的脊柱也有显著差异。它已被证明与个人的身材有统计学上显著的相关性。在颈椎中，椎轴表现出明显的两性二态性。在1995年至2023年间，我们使用PubMed、Web of Science、Embase和Scopus进行了全面的文献检索。主要纳入标准是对成人颈椎骨骸测量和计算机断层扫描图像的研究。16项研究符合不同人群的纳入标准，估计了性别和身高。结论大量相关研究表明，椎轴在颈椎中表现出最高的性别二态性，其次是寰椎和C7椎体。从各种颈椎指标判断身高时，椎轴与身高显著相关。这项综合研究为利用颈椎进行性别和身材估计的不同测量方法提供了有价值的见解，从而为随后的颈椎人体测量研究提供了相关的资源。

{"title":"‘Cervical vertebral metrics’ A reliable approach to forensic identification: A comprehensive review","authors":"Shreya , Lydia Shobha Andrade , Rajagopal K V , Vikram Palimar , Muhammad Nasir Ahmad , Vinod C. Nayak , Varun Kumar S G , Bhukya Nom Kumar Naik","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sex and stature are the most critical factors to identify an unknown individual. In addition to the skull, pelvis, and other long bones, the vertebral column exhibits significant differences between males and females. It has been shown to have a statistically significant correlation with an individual's stature. Among the cervical vertebrae, the axis vertebra shows remarkable sexual dimorphism.</div></div><div><h3>Body of the study</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was done using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus between 1995 and 2023. The main inclusion criteria were studies on adult human cervical vertebral measurements from skeletal remains and Computed tomography images. Sixteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria from various populations estimating the sex and stature.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>An extensive review of relevant studies has established that the axis exhibits the highest sexual dimorphism among the cervical vertebrae, followed by the atlas and the C7 vertebra. Regarding the determination of stature from the various cervical metrics, the axis vertebra significantly correlated with stature. This comprehensive study offers valuable insights into the different measurement methods utilizing cervical vertebrae for sex and stature estimation, thereby serving as a pertinent resource for subsequent anthropometric investigations about cervical vertebrae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Accessory cutaneous branch of the deep peroneal nerve: A rare anatomical variation 腓深神经副皮支：一罕见的解剖变异

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100389

Sushma Prabhath, Bhoomi Darak, Suhani Sumalatha

Introduction

The deep peroneal nerve typically follows a well-defined course in the anterior compartment of the leg, providing motor innervation to the extensor muscles of the foot and sensory supply to the first interdigital cleft. However, its branching pattern and sensory distribution variations are clinically significant but rarely reported. These anatomical anomalies can have implications for surgical procedures, nerve block techniques, and the interpretation of clinical symptoms in the lower limb.

Case report

An unusual branching pattern of the deep peroneal nerve on the left lower limb of a 57-year-old male cadaver was observed in this case. An accessory cutaneous nerve arising from the deep peroneal nerve at the upper shaft of the fibula was observed. The cutaneous branch of the Superficial Peroneal Nerve supplied only the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot. The accessory cutaneous nerve compensated the supply of the medial aspect of the foot, hence designated as the accessory deep peroneal sensory nerve. The main trunk of the deep peroneal nerve was seen in its usual course, supplying the region's muscles and the 1st interdigital cleft.

Conclusion

The current finding is rare and highlights the importance of understanding the anatomical variations of peripheral nerves. Such variations are clinically significant due to their potential impact on diagnostic evaluations, surgical interventions, and nerve block procedures involving the lower limb.

腓深神经通常在腿前腔室沿一条明确的路线分布，为足伸肌提供运动神经支配，并为第一指间裂提供感觉神经供应。然而，其分支模式和感觉分布的变化在临床上很重要，但很少报道。这些解剖异常可能对外科手术、神经阻滞技术和下肢临床症状的解释有影响。病例报告：在一例57岁男性尸体的左下肢，我们观察到一个不寻常的腓深神经分支模式。在腓骨上轴处可见腓深神经发源于腓深神经的副皮神经。腓浅神经的皮支只支配足背外侧。副皮神经代偿足内侧神经的支配，因此称为腓深副感觉神经。腓深神经的主干在其正常的路线上，支配该区域的肌肉和第一指间裂。结论目前的发现是罕见的，强调了了解周围神经解剖变异的重要性。这些变异在临床上具有重要意义，因为它们对诊断评估、手术干预和涉及下肢的神经阻滞手术有潜在的影响。

{"title":"Accessory cutaneous branch of the deep peroneal nerve: A rare anatomical variation","authors":"Sushma Prabhath, Bhoomi Darak, Suhani Sumalatha","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The deep peroneal nerve typically follows a well-defined course in the anterior compartment of the leg, providing motor innervation to the extensor muscles of the foot and sensory supply to the first interdigital cleft. However, its branching pattern and sensory distribution variations are clinically significant but rarely reported. These anatomical anomalies can have implications for surgical procedures, nerve block techniques, and the interpretation of clinical symptoms in the lower limb.</div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>An unusual branching pattern of the deep peroneal nerve on the left lower limb of a 57-year-old male cadaver was observed in this case. An accessory cutaneous nerve arising from the deep peroneal nerve at the upper shaft of the fibula was observed. The cutaneous branch of the Superficial Peroneal Nerve supplied only the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot. The accessory cutaneous nerve compensated the supply of the medial aspect of the foot, hence designated as the accessory deep peroneal sensory nerve. The main trunk of the deep peroneal nerve was seen in its usual course, supplying the region's muscles and the 1st interdigital cleft.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The current finding is rare and highlights the importance of understanding the anatomical variations of peripheral nerves. Such variations are clinically significant due to their potential impact on diagnostic evaluations, surgical interventions, and nerve block procedures involving the lower limb.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prevalence of the variations in the tendons of the extensor digitorum communis among the Burmese population 缅甸人群中指伸肌腱变异的流行程度

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100390

Than Than Win , Zaw Myo Hein , Muhammad Danial Che Ramli , Soe Lwin , Tin Moe Nwe

Introduction

The extensor digitorum communis (EDC) is essential in finger extension. Its tendons vary in distribution among and between different populations. These variations in anatomy can be very important for the diagnosis and management of hand injuries among hand surgeons, anatomists, and clinicians. This study is done to assess the variation of EDC tendons among the Burmese population and assess their distribution patterns on both hands.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional anatomical study involving 32 cadavers (16 formalin-preserved and 16 fresh-frozen-acquired) from various medical institutions in Myanmar. A total of 64 dissected hands were observed for the number, pattern, and distribution of EDC tendons to the index (IF), middle (MF), ring (RF), and little fingers (LF). The Chi-square test was used to determine the statistical significance of tendon variations among the hands.

Results

All IF had a single EDC tendon (100 %). The MF had single (50 %), double (37.5 %), and triple (10.9 %) tendons. The ring finger displayed single (9.4 %), double (50 %), triple (35.9 %), and quadruple (4.7 %) tendons. The LF showed an absent EDC tendon (60.9 %), a single tendon (34.4 %), and a double tendon (4.7 %). Asymmetrical tendon distribution was observed in 62 % of cadavers. Statistical analysis confirmed significant variations in EDC tendon distribution (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study represents valuable data on anatomical variations in EDC tendons among a Burmese population and emphasises an individualised approach to surgery when dealing with tendon repair or hand reconstruction. The high incidence of asymmetrical patterns may alter functional and biomechanical results. Further investigation with advanced imaging techniques and samples of larger sizes is recommended regarding clinical implications.

趾共伸肌（EDC）在手指伸展中是必不可少的。它的肌腱在不同人群之间的分布是不同的。这些解剖学上的差异对于手外科医生、解剖学家和临床医生的手部损伤的诊断和处理非常重要。本研究旨在评估缅甸人群中EDC肌腱的变异，并评估其在双手上的分布模式。方法对来自缅甸各医疗机构的32具尸体（16具经福尔马林保存的尸体和16具新鲜冷冻的尸体）进行横断面解剖研究。我们观察了64只手部解剖后，在食指（IF）、中指（MF）、无名指（RF）和小指（LF）上EDC肌腱的数量、形态和分布。采用卡方检验确定手间肌腱差异的统计学意义。结果所有IF均有单根EDC肌腱（100%）。MF有单肌腱（50%）、双肌腱（37.5%）和三肌腱（10.9%）。无名指表现为单肌腱（9.4%）、双肌腱（50%）、三肌腱（35.9%）和四肌腱（4.7%）。LF显示EDC肌腱缺失（60.9%），单肌腱缺失（34.4%），双肌腱缺失（4.7%）。62%的尸体肌腱分布不对称。统计分析证实EDC肌腱分布有显著差异(p <；0.001)。结论：本研究提供了缅甸人群中EDC肌腱解剖变异的宝贵数据，并强调了在处理肌腱修复或手部重建时应采用个性化的手术方法。不对称模式的高发生率可能改变功能和生物力学结果。关于临床意义，建议采用先进的成像技术和更大的样本进行进一步的研究。

{"title":"Prevalence of the variations in the tendons of the extensor digitorum communis among the Burmese population","authors":"Than Than Win , Zaw Myo Hein , Muhammad Danial Che Ramli , Soe Lwin , Tin Moe Nwe","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The extensor digitorum communis (EDC) is essential in finger extension. Its tendons vary in distribution among and between different populations. These variations in anatomy can be very important for the diagnosis and management of hand injuries among hand surgeons, anatomists, and clinicians. This study is done to assess the variation of EDC tendons among the Burmese population and assess their distribution patterns on both hands.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a cross-sectional anatomical study involving 32 cadavers (16 formalin-preserved and 16 fresh-frozen-acquired) from various medical institutions in Myanmar. A total of 64 dissected hands were observed for the number, pattern, and distribution of EDC tendons to the index (IF), middle (MF), ring (RF), and little fingers (LF). The Chi-square test was used to determine the statistical significance of tendon variations among the hands.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>All IF had a single EDC tendon (100 %). The MF had single (50 %), double (37.5 %), and triple (10.9 %) tendons. The ring finger displayed single (9.4 %), double (50 %), triple (35.9 %), and quadruple (4.7 %) tendons. The LF showed an absent EDC tendon (60.9 %), a single tendon (34.4 %), and a double tendon (4.7 %). Asymmetrical tendon distribution was observed in 62 % of cadavers. Statistical analysis confirmed significant variations in EDC tendon distribution (<em>p</em> < 0.001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study represents valuable data on anatomical variations in EDC tendons among a Burmese population and emphasises an individualised approach to surgery when dealing with tendon repair or hand reconstruction. The high incidence of asymmetrical patterns may alter functional and biomechanical results. Further investigation with advanced imaging techniques and samples of larger sizes is recommended regarding clinical implications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0