{"title":"Mind the gap: Reproducibility of methods for studying paraspinal muscles","authors":"Nayia Aza , David James Halliday , Chandrasekaran Kaliaperumal","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>We respond to a recent study on Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based measurement of paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic back pain.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We reviewed their methodology with a focus on segmentation tools and observer reliability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Key details, including the software used and inter-observer reliability, were not reported.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Clarifying the methodology would improve reproducibility and support comparability across studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The distal end of the humerus features three fossae—radial, coronoid, and olecranon—that accommodate the processes of the forearm bones during elbow movements. Variations in their morphology and morphometry can influence joint biomechanics, fracture fixation, and prosthesis design. However, comprehensive data on all three fossae in South Indian dry humeri remain limited. This study aims to fill this gap by providing clinically relevant morphometric insights.
Methodology
A total of 120 adult dry humeri (60 right, 60 left) of unknown age and sex were analyzed. Standardized photographs were evaluated using ImageJ software. Sixteen parameters—including the length, width, and circumference of each fossa—were measured. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and t-tests.
Results
The left humerus was significantly longer (mean difference 1.96 cm) and had a greater distal width (mean difference 0.58 cm) than the right. The coronoid fossa was longer (mean difference 0.13 cm) and had a greater circumference on the right (mean difference 0.23 cm), while the radial and olecranon fossae were larger on left. Morphological analysis identified five olecranon fossa types, with oval being most common (44 %). The coronoid and radial fossae were predominantly triangular. No significant correlation was observed between humeral length or width and fossa circumference. The supratrochlear foramen, an anatomical variation which was found in 28.3 % of bones.
Conclusion
These findings have important implications for orthopedic surgery, such as intramedullary fixations, prosthetic design for elbow reconstruction, and forensic anthropology.
{"title":"Anatomical and clinical perspectives on the distal humeral fossae: A study in South Indian dry bones","authors":"Nandini Prashanth Bhat , Ashwija Shetty , Kurian Alapatt , Nom Kumar Naik Bhukya , Sushma Prabhath , Suhani Sumalatha","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The distal end of the humerus features three fossae—radial, coronoid, and olecranon—that accommodate the processes of the forearm bones during elbow movements. Variations in their morphology and morphometry can influence joint biomechanics, fracture fixation, and prosthesis design. However, comprehensive data on all three fossae in South Indian dry humeri remain limited. This study aims to fill this gap by providing clinically relevant morphometric insights.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>A total of 120 adult dry humeri (60 right, 60 left) of unknown age and sex were analyzed. Standardized photographs were evaluated using ImageJ software. Sixteen parameters—including the length, width, and circumference of each fossa—were measured. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and t-tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The left humerus was significantly longer (mean difference 1.96 cm) and had a greater distal width (mean difference 0.58 cm) than the right. The coronoid fossa was longer (mean difference 0.13 cm) and had a greater circumference on the right (mean difference 0.23 cm), while the radial and olecranon fossae were larger on left. Morphological analysis identified five olecranon fossa types, with oval being most common (44 %). The coronoid and radial fossae were predominantly triangular. No significant correlation was observed between humeral length or width and fossa circumference. The supratrochlear foramen, an anatomical variation which was found in 28.3 % of bones.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings have important implications for orthopedic surgery, such as intramedullary fixations, prosthetic design for elbow reconstruction, and forensic anthropology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100426
Mbalentle Madolo , Geney Gunston , Stuart More , Kentse Mpolokeng
Background
The anterior communicating artery complex (ACAC), which includes the A1 and A2 segments of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), is a common site for anatomical variation and aneurysm formation. While cerebral arterial variations have been linked to aneurysm development, limited data exists on these variations in the South African population.
Methods
This study assessed ACAC morphology through two components: dissection of 68 formalin-fixed adult brains (35 female, 33 male) and analysis of 200 adult magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) scans (145 female, 55 male). Anatomical variations in the ACAC were recorded and evaluated for their prevalence and potential association with cerebral aneurysms.
Results
Variations in the ACAC were prevalent in 67.6 % of dissection specimens and 43.5 % of angiographic images. The most frequent variations of the ACoA observed in both dissection and angiographic samples were X-shaped formations and hypoplasia. In dissections, the A1 segment frequently displayed hypoplasia, duplication, and fenestration, while the A2 segment typically presented the 'anastomosed' variation. In angiographic scans, the A2 segment often exhibited a triple ACA configuration. A history of ACAC aneurysms was present in 23.9 % of MRA scans. However, no significant correlation was observed between ACAC variations and aneurysm presence.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates significant morphological diversity within the ACAC, including newly described variations, and highlights inconsistencies with existing literature regarding aneurysm association. These findings underscore the need for region-specific anatomical data to inform surgical planning and risk assessment in cerebrovascular interventions.
{"title":"A dissection and angiographic study of morphological variations in the anterior communicating artery complex in a South African sample","authors":"Mbalentle Madolo , Geney Gunston , Stuart More , Kentse Mpolokeng","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The anterior communicating artery complex (ACAC), which includes the A1 and A2 segments of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), is a common site for anatomical variation and aneurysm formation. While cerebral arterial variations have been linked to aneurysm development, limited data exists on these variations in the South African population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study assessed ACAC morphology through two components: dissection of 68 formalin-fixed adult brains (35 female, 33 male) and analysis of 200 adult magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) scans (145 female, 55 male). Anatomical variations in the ACAC were recorded and evaluated for their prevalence and potential association with cerebral aneurysms.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Variations in the ACAC were prevalent in 67.6 % of dissection specimens and 43.5 % of angiographic images. The most frequent variations of the ACoA observed in both dissection and angiographic samples were X-shaped formations and hypoplasia. In dissections, the A1 segment frequently displayed hypoplasia, duplication, and fenestration, while the A2 segment typically presented the 'anastomosed' variation<strong>.</strong> In angiographic scans, the A2 segment often exhibited a triple ACA configuration. A history of ACAC aneurysms was present in 23.9 % of MRA scans. However, no significant correlation was observed between ACAC variations and aneurysm presence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrates significant morphological diversity within the ACAC, including newly described variations, and highlights inconsistencies with existing literature regarding aneurysm association. These findings underscore the need for region-specific anatomical data to inform surgical planning and risk assessment in cerebrovascular interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-19DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100424
Baylea N. Davenport , Rebecca L. Wilson , Alyssa A. Williams , Jaimi A. Gray , Edward L. Stanley , Helen N. Jones
Background
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is most commonly due to placental insufficiency. There are currently no treatments for placental insufficiency or FGR, and the only intervention is iatrogenic pre-term delivery. We have previously shown efficacy of repeated placental nanoparticle-mediated insulin-like 1 growth factor (IGF1) treatment in improving placental efficiency (increased fetal-placental weight ratio) and correcting fetal growth in a maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) guinea pig model of FGR. We hypothesize placenta structural changes (reduced exchange area, altered vascular structure) that we and others have previously shown in the FGR/MNR placenta which lead to deficits in placental function are mitigated by our repeated nanoparticle-mediated hIGF1 treatment.
Methods
Here we investigate the structural remodeling of the placenta in a maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) guinea pig model following 3 repeated intraplacental injections of nanoparticle-mediated hIGF1 that may underpin the published improvements in placental efficiency and fetal growth. Using immunohistochemistry and Dice-CT we investigated the micro- and macrovasculature changes of the placenta structure to identify changes in FGR and treatment.
Results
Sham-treated MNR placentas displayed disorganized microvasculature labyrinthine exchange areas with a reduction in placental capillary number and an increase in the volume of the placenta macrovasculature. Repeated nanoparticle-mediated hIGF1 treatment, however, resulted in an improved exchange area with normalized placental capillary number and macrovasculature volume.
Conclusions
This data demonstrates repeated nanoparticle-mediated hIGF1 delivery corrects aberrant placenta structure during FGR and placental insufficiency likely leading to improved gas exchange and transfer of nutrients to the fetus restoring fetal growth.
{"title":"Aberrant placental structure is corrected with repeated nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 treatments in a Guinea pig model of fetal growth restriction","authors":"Baylea N. Davenport , Rebecca L. Wilson , Alyssa A. Williams , Jaimi A. Gray , Edward L. Stanley , Helen N. Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is most commonly due to placental insufficiency. There are currently no treatments for placental insufficiency or FGR, and the only intervention is iatrogenic pre-term delivery. We have previously shown efficacy of repeated placental nanoparticle-mediated <em>insulin-like 1 growth factor</em> (<em>IGF1</em>) treatment in improving placental efficiency (increased fetal-placental weight ratio) and correcting fetal growth in a maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) guinea pig model of FGR. We hypothesize placenta structural changes (reduced exchange area, altered vascular structure) that we and others have previously shown in the FGR/MNR placenta which lead to deficits in placental function are mitigated by our repeated nanoparticle-mediated <em>hIGF1</em> treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Here we investigate the structural remodeling of the placenta in a maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) guinea pig model following 3 repeated intraplacental injections of nanoparticle-mediated <em>hIGF1</em> that may underpin the published improvements in placental efficiency and fetal growth. Using immunohistochemistry and Dice-CT we investigated the micro- and macrovasculature changes of the placenta structure to identify changes in FGR and treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sham-treated MNR placentas displayed disorganized microvasculature labyrinthine exchange areas with a reduction in placental capillary number and an increase in the volume of the placenta macrovasculature. Repeated nanoparticle-mediated <em>hIGF1</em> treatment, however, resulted in an improved exchange area with normalized placental capillary number and macrovasculature volume.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This data demonstrates repeated nanoparticle-mediated <em>hIGF1</em> delivery corrects aberrant placenta structure during FGR and placental insufficiency likely leading to improved gas exchange and transfer of nutrients to the fetus restoring fetal growth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-19DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100425
Zaw Myo Hein , Muhammad Danial Che Ramli , Usman Jaffer , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir
Background
Silent cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), marked by white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), are commonly detected incidentally on neuroimaging. Emerging evidence links early brain microstructural changes to modifiable cardio-cerebrovascular risks, even without neurological symptoms. This study aimed to explore the relationship between cardio-cerebrovascular risk, white matter tract integrity, and cognitive performance in asymptomatic adults, using QRISK3 profiling, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and neurocognitive evaluation.
Methods
Sixty neurologically asymptomatic adults (mean age: 39.8 ± 11.5 years) with low to moderate QRISK3 scores underwent standardized neurocognitive assessment 3T brain MRI, including DTI sequences. Lesion-guided region-of-interest (ROI) tractography was used to assess six bilateral white matter tracts commonly affected in CSVD: the anterior and superior corona radiata and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF).
Results
WMHs were identified in 20 individuals (33.3 %). Their presence was significantly associated with aging, systolic blood pressure, hypertension, and QRISK3 score (p < 0.05). While no significant cognitive impairment was observed, processing speed was negatively correlated with age and QRISK3. Although DTI metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) did not significantly differ across groups, tract-specific analysis revealed that higher QRISK3 scores were significantly associated with reduced white matter integrity in the left SLF.
Conclusion
These findings highlight the presence of early, subclinical white matter alterations in individuals at cardio-cerebrovascular risk, even in the absence of neurological symptoms. The integration of tract-specific DTI analysis with vascular risk profiling may provide a sensitive approach for detecting preclinical CSVD and guiding early intervention strategies in at-risk populations.
{"title":"Early white matter microstructural alterations in cerebral small vessel disease: A tract-specific diffusion tensor imaging and cardio-cerebrovascular risk perspective","authors":"Zaw Myo Hein , Muhammad Danial Che Ramli , Usman Jaffer , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100425","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100425","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Silent cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), marked by white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), are commonly detected incidentally on neuroimaging. Emerging evidence links early brain microstructural changes to modifiable cardio-cerebrovascular risks, even without neurological symptoms. This study aimed to explore the relationship between cardio-cerebrovascular risk, white matter tract integrity, and cognitive performance in asymptomatic adults, using QRISK3 profiling, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and neurocognitive evaluation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Sixty neurologically asymptomatic adults (mean age: 39.8 ± 11.5 years) with low to moderate QRISK3 scores underwent standardized neurocognitive assessment 3T brain MRI, including DTI sequences. Lesion-guided region-of-interest (ROI) tractography was used to assess six bilateral white matter tracts commonly affected in CSVD: the anterior and superior corona radiata and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>WMHs were identified in 20 individuals (33.3 %). Their presence was significantly associated with aging, systolic blood pressure, hypertension, and QRISK3 score (<em>p</em> < 0.05). While no significant cognitive impairment was observed, processing speed was negatively correlated with age and QRISK3. Although DTI metrics such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) did not significantly differ across groups, tract-specific analysis revealed that higher QRISK3 scores were significantly associated with reduced white matter integrity in the left SLF.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight the presence of early, subclinical white matter alterations in individuals at cardio-cerebrovascular risk, even in the absence of neurological symptoms. The integration of tract-specific DTI analysis with vascular risk profiling may provide a sensitive approach for detecting preclinical CSVD and guiding early intervention strategies in at-risk populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves connecting five spinal nerve roots (C5-C8 and T1) and is responsible for transmitting motor and sensory signals to the upper limb. The ventral rami typically form three trunks, superior (C5-C6), middle (C7), and inferior (C8-T1), where each trunk channels motor and sensory information to specific upper limb regions.
Methods
A unique variation of the trunks of the brachial plexus was discovered during a routine dissection of a male cadaver within an anatomy laboratory.
Results
We present a case of a prefixed, two trunk brachial plexus, formed by the fusion of the middle and inferior trunks, along with downstream variations in the terminal nerve branches.
Conclusions
While anatomical variations of the brachial plexus are documented in the literature, fusion of the middle and inferior trunks are not commonly observed in human anatomy and subsequently not documented in the literature. Furthermore, we observed a prefixed plexus and anomalous communicating branches of the musculocutaneous nerve to the median nerve as additional features of the network. Altogether, understanding these variations is crucial for physicians, as it can affect surgical procedures and clinical presentations.
{"title":"A two-trunked anatomical variance of the brachial plexus: A cadaveric case report","authors":"Catherine A. Cash , Camryn Buskey , Eistine Boateng , Adel Maklad , Hamoun Delaviz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The brachial plexus is a network of nerves connecting five spinal nerve roots (C5-C8 and T1) and is responsible for transmitting motor and sensory signals to the upper limb. The ventral rami typically form three trunks, superior (C5-C6), middle (C7), and inferior (C8-T1), where each trunk channels motor and sensory information to specific upper limb regions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A unique variation of the trunks of the brachial plexus was discovered during a routine dissection of a male cadaver within an anatomy laboratory.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We present a case of a prefixed, two trunk brachial plexus, formed by the fusion of the middle and inferior trunks, along with downstream variations in the terminal nerve branches.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While anatomical variations of the brachial plexus are documented in the literature, fusion of the middle and inferior trunks are not commonly observed in human anatomy and subsequently not documented in the literature. Furthermore, we observed a prefixed plexus and anomalous communicating branches of the musculocutaneous nerve to the median nerve as additional features of the network. Altogether, understanding these variations is crucial for physicians, as it can affect surgical procedures and clinical presentations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-17DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100423
G.J. Paton , S. Nalla , S.A. Williams , G.J. Louw
Background
Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are common anatomical variants where the last lumbar vertebra demonstrates unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the transverse processes, with articulation or fusion to the sacrum. This radio-anatomical study sought to investigate the morphological characteristics of LSTV in the South African population and describe unique variations that enhance the traditional Castellvi classification.
Methods
A retrospective radiographic review was performed on 3096 consecutive thoracoabdominal pelvic radiographs from two South African hospitals. Targeted osteological appraisal was conducted on selected skeletons containing LSTV sourced from the Raymond Dart Collection of Modern Human Skeletons. The presence of LSTV was classified according to Castellvi, identifying Types II, III, and IV, unilateral and bilateral subtypes.
Results
The prevalence of LSTV was 10 %. Morphological distribution was as follows: Type II (67.9 %), Type III (27.6 %), and Type IV (4.5 %). Subtype frequencies were IIA (41.9 %), IIB (26.0 %), IIIB (21.8 %), and IV (5.8 %). Laterality showed a predominance of bilateral cases (47.7 %), followed by left- (26.6 %) and right-sided (21.1 %) variants. Type IV morphology could not be classified by side using traditional methods. Transverse processes at the LSTV level were significantly longer than those in matched controls (p < 0.05).
Conclusion
This study proposes two refinements to the Castellvi system: First, Type IV morphology should be assigned left or right at the side of the lumbosacral fusion. Second, a novel transversoiliac articulation was associated with Type II morphology, representing a previously undescribed feature in LSTV morphology. These modifications may enhance diagnostic precision, support recognition of Bertolotti syndrome, and formulate appropriate treatment strategies.
腰骶过渡椎（LSTV）是一种常见的解剖变异，其中最后一节腰椎表现为单侧或双侧横突扩大，与骶骨关节或融合。本放射解剖学研究旨在调查南非人群LSTV的形态学特征，并描述增强传统Castellvi分类的独特变异。方法对南非两家医院连续拍摄的3096张胸腹盆腔x线片进行回顾性分析。对来自Raymond Dart Collection of Modern Human skeleton的含有LSTV的骨骼进行有针对性的骨学鉴定。根据Castellvi对LSTV的存在进行分类，分为II型、III型和IV型、单侧和双侧亚型。结果LSTV患病率为10%。形态分布为ⅱ型（67.9%）、ⅲ型（27.6%）、ⅳ型（4.5%）。亚型频次为IIA（41.9%）、IIB（26.0%）、IIIB（21.8%）和IV（5.8%）。侧侧病变以双侧病变为主（47.7%），其次为左侧病变（26.6%）和右侧病变（21.1%）。IV型形态学不能用传统方法进行侧分。LSTV水平的横突明显长于匹配对照组(p <；0.05)。本研究提出了对Castellvi系统的两种改进：首先，IV型形态学应分配在腰骶融合侧的左侧或右侧。其次，一种新的横髂关节与II型形态学有关，代表了LSTV形态学中先前未描述的特征。这些修改可以提高诊断的准确性，支持Bertolotti综合征的识别，并制定适当的治疗策略。
{"title":"Redefining lumbosacral transitional vertebrae classification: Morphological variation in a South African population","authors":"G.J. Paton , S. Nalla , S.A. Williams , G.J. Louw","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are common anatomical variants where the last lumbar vertebra demonstrates unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the transverse processes, with articulation or fusion to the sacrum. This radio-anatomical study sought to investigate the morphological characteristics of LSTV in the South African population and describe unique variations that enhance the traditional Castellvi classification.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective radiographic review was performed on 3096 consecutive thoracoabdominal pelvic radiographs from two South African hospitals. Targeted osteological appraisal was conducted on selected skeletons containing LSTV sourced from the Raymond Dart Collection of Modern Human Skeletons. The presence of LSTV was classified according to Castellvi, identifying Types II, III, and IV, unilateral and bilateral subtypes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of LSTV was 10 %. Morphological distribution was as follows: Type II (67.9 %), Type III (27.6 %), and Type IV (4.5 %). Subtype frequencies were IIA (41.9 %), IIB (26.0 %), IIIB (21.8 %), and IV (5.8 %). Laterality showed a predominance of bilateral cases (47.7 %), followed by left- (26.6 %) and right-sided (21.1 %) variants. Type IV morphology could not be classified by side using traditional methods. Transverse processes at the LSTV level were significantly longer than those in matched controls (p < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study proposes two refinements to the Castellvi system: First, Type IV morphology should be assigned left or right at the side of the lumbosacral fusion. Second, a novel transversoiliac articulation was associated with Type II morphology, representing a previously undescribed feature in LSTV morphology. These modifications may enhance diagnostic precision, support recognition of Bertolotti syndrome, and formulate appropriate treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100421
Connor Lee McCoy , John Joseph Cichewicz , Rainevan Miller , Soumya Sharma , Adel Maklad , Eistine Boateng
Background
Variation in the origin and course of the left vertebral artery have surgical and clinical implications in the management of medical conditions. Here, we show variant origin of the left vertebral artery in cadavers and propose potential causes for future molecular investigations.
Method
The aortic arches of 32 donors were dissected and observed for anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery in the cadaver laboratory at the University of Toledo, Ohio, USA.
Results
Out of 32 donors dissected during laboratory sessions, we observed two cases of the left vertebral artery originating directly from the aortic arch, medial to the left subclavian artery.
Conclusion
The study aims to stimulate discussions and future investigations into the molecular embryology of vasculogenesis concomitant with preconceptional and in utero exposures to understand the underlying causes of aberrant origin of the left vertebral artery. Additionally, we speculate that parental and embryonic environmental exposures influence the epigenetic landscape in germ cells and early embryos, thereby contributing to the programming of variant origin of blood vessels.
{"title":"Aberrant origin of left vertebral artery: A molecular embryological perspective","authors":"Connor Lee McCoy , John Joseph Cichewicz , Rainevan Miller , Soumya Sharma , Adel Maklad , Eistine Boateng","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Variation in the origin and course of the left vertebral artery have surgical and clinical implications in the management of medical conditions. Here, we show variant origin of the left vertebral artery in cadavers and propose potential causes for future molecular investigations.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The aortic arches of 32 donors were dissected and observed for anomalous origin of the left vertebral artery in the cadaver laboratory at the University of Toledo, Ohio, USA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 32 donors dissected during laboratory sessions, we observed two cases of the left vertebral artery originating directly from the aortic arch, medial to the left subclavian artery.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study aims to stimulate discussions and future investigations into the molecular embryology of vasculogenesis concomitant with preconceptional and <em>in utero</em> exposures to understand the underlying causes of aberrant origin of the left vertebral artery. Additionally, we speculate that parental and embryonic environmental exposures influence the epigenetic landscape in germ cells and early embryos, thereby contributing to the programming of variant origin of blood vessels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex determination and stature estimation from skeletal remains are basic components of forensic anthropological analysis, particularly when fragmentary remains limit conventional approaches. This study aimed to establish the population-specific standards for Northeastern Thais using tibial and fibular measurements.
Materials and methods
The study examined 200 identified adult skeletons (100 males, 100 females). The nine osteometric parameters (six tibial and three fibular) were measured bilaterally. All specimens were systematically documented for age, sex, and stature.
Results
For sex determination, the results showed that univariate logistic regression models achieved the accuracy rates up to 87.50 %, with maximum proximal epiphyseal breadth of the tibia demonstrating highest discriminatory power. Multivariate approaches could significantly enhance the accuracy to 91.30 % for left tibial parameters, with age-related variation revealing optimal results in the 45–59 age group. Fibular measurements showed lower accuracy but still maintained statistical significance, particularly for fibular weight. For stature estimation, the maximum tibial length served as the most reliable univariate predictor (SEE = 6.66 cm, R = 0.572), while multivariate equations incorporating complementary parameters from both tibia and fibula improved the accuracy. Age-stratified analysis demonstrated diminished accuracy in older cohorts, especially for fibular measurements.
Conclusion
The findings align with the previous studies while reflecting distinct patterns unique to Northeastern Thai populations with their specific genetic ancestry. These population-specific equations can enhance the biological profiling capabilities in forensic investigations when the conventional methods are inapplicable due to fragmentary remains.
从骨骼遗骸中确定性别和估计身高是法医人类学分析的基本组成部分，特别是当碎片遗骸限制了传统方法时。本研究旨在通过胫骨和腓骨测量建立泰国东北部人群的特定标准。材料和方法该研究检查了200具已确认的成人骨骼（男性100具，女性100具）。测量双侧9个骨测量参数（6个胫骨和3个腓骨）。对所有标本进行了年龄、性别和身材的系统记录。结果单变量logistic回归模型的性别判别准确率高达87.50%，其中胫骨近端骨骺宽度最大具有最高的判别能力。多变量方法可以显著提高左胫骨参数的准确性，达到91.30%，年龄相关的变化显示45-59岁年龄组的最佳结果。腓骨测量的准确性较低，但仍保持统计学意义，特别是腓骨重量。对于身高估计，最大胫骨长度是最可靠的单因素预测因子（SEE = 6.66 cm, R = 0.572），而包含胫骨和腓骨互补参数的多因素方程提高了准确性。年龄分层分析表明，在老年队列中准确性降低，尤其是腓骨测量。研究结果与先前的研究一致，同时反映了泰国东北部人群独特的独特模式，具有特定的遗传血统。这些特定人群的方程可以提高法医调查的生物分析能力，当传统的方法是不适用的，由于碎片遗骸。
{"title":"Sex determination and stature estimation using logistic and linear regression models: A population-specific study of tibia and Fibula in Northeastern Thais","authors":"Suthat Duangchit , Chanasorn Poodendaen , Phetcharat Phetnui , Pornpimol Tasu , Worrawit Boonthai , Nareelak Tangsrisakda , Sitthichai Iamsaard","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sex determination and stature estimation from skeletal remains are basic components of forensic anthropological analysis, particularly when fragmentary remains limit conventional approaches. This study aimed to establish the population-specific standards for Northeastern Thais using tibial and fibular measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>The study examined 200 identified adult skeletons (100 males, 100 females). The nine osteometric parameters (six tibial and three fibular) were measured bilaterally. All specimens were systematically documented for age, sex, and stature.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For sex determination, the results showed that univariate logistic regression models achieved the accuracy rates up to 87.50 %, with maximum proximal epiphyseal breadth of the tibia demonstrating highest discriminatory power. Multivariate approaches could significantly enhance the accuracy to 91.30 % for left tibial parameters, with age-related variation revealing optimal results in the 45–59 age group. Fibular measurements showed lower accuracy but still maintained statistical significance, particularly for fibular weight. For stature estimation, the maximum tibial length served as the most reliable univariate predictor (SEE = 6.66 cm, R = 0.572), while multivariate equations incorporating complementary parameters from both tibia and fibula improved the accuracy. Age-stratified analysis demonstrated diminished accuracy in older cohorts, especially for fibular measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings align with the previous studies while reflecting distinct patterns unique to Northeastern Thai populations with their specific genetic ancestry. These population-specific equations can enhance the biological profiling capabilities in forensic investigations when the conventional methods are inapplicable due to fragmentary remains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-10DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100419
Jessica Garlick, Graham Louw, Kentse Mpolokeng
Introduction
The circulus arteriosus cerebri (CAC), or Circle of Willis, exhibits significant anatomical variability, with fewer than 50 % of cases displaying the conventional configuration. CAC variations are associated with intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation and subsequent haemorrhagic stroke. Due to limited data on CAC variations in South Africa, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and types of arterial variations in a South African cadaveric sample and to document associated IAs.
Methods
This retrospective, cross-sectional and quantitative study had a sample size of 64. The CAC was dissected, removed from the base of the brain, photographed, and analysed morphologically. Variations were classified using the Ayre et al. (2021) system and recorded individually.
Results
The intact samples (n = 40) were classified according to Ayre et al. (2021) and 22.5 % of the sample displayed the conventional configuration. The predominant pattern of variation was group 5 (miscellaneous patterns), and variations were commonly observed in both the anterior and posterior circulations (55 %). Individual variations were observed (n = 64 brains; 81 variations). The leading variations were unilateral posterior communicating artery (PcoA) hypoplasia (17.3 %) and aplasia (14.8 %). The anterior communicating artery (AcoA) was the most variable artery (44.4 %), with short fusion of the anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs) being the most common variation (13.6 %) affecting the AcoA. Rare findings include type 4 and 5 PcoA terminations (double P2), not previously reported in South Africa. IA frequency was insufficient for analysis.
Conclusions
These variations may increase stroke and IA risk. Knowledge of CAC variations can support neurosurgical planning and execution. Further studies in a South African setting are recommended.
脑动脉环（CAC），或称威利斯环，具有明显的解剖变异性，只有不到50%的病例显示常规形态。CAC变异与颅内动脉瘤（IA）形成和随后的出血性中风有关。由于南非CAC变异的数据有限，本研究旨在评估南非尸体样本中动脉变异的患病率和类型，并记录相关的IAs。方法回顾性、横断面、定量研究，样本量64例。解剖CAC，从颅底取出，拍照，并进行形态学分析。使用Ayre等人（2021）的系统对变异进行分类，并单独记录。结果完整样本（n = 40）按照Ayre et al.（2021）分类，22.5%的样本显示常规配置。变异的主要模式是第5组（杂项模式），变异通常在前循环和后循环中观察到（55%）。观察到个体差异(n = 64个大脑；81变化)。单侧后交通动脉（PcoA）发育不全（17.3%）和发育不全（14.8%）居首。前交通动脉（AcoA）是最易变的动脉（44.4%），大脑前动脉（ACAs）的短融合是影响AcoA最常见的变异（13.6%）。罕见的发现包括4型和5型PcoA终止（双P2），以前未在南非报道。IA频率不足以进行分析。结论这些变异可能增加卒中和IA风险。了解CAC的变化可以支持神经外科的计划和执行。建议在南非进行进一步的研究。
{"title":"Morphometric analysis of circulus arteriosus cerebri variations in a South African cadaveric sample","authors":"Jessica Garlick, Graham Louw, Kentse Mpolokeng","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The <em>circulus arteriosus cerebri</em> (CAC), or Circle of Willis, exhibits significant anatomical variability, with fewer than 50 % of cases displaying the conventional configuration. CAC variations are associated with intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation and subsequent haemorrhagic stroke. Due to limited data on CAC variations in South Africa, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and types of arterial variations in a South African cadaveric sample and to document associated IAs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective, cross-sectional and quantitative study had a sample size of 64. The CAC was dissected, removed from the base of the brain, photographed, and analysed morphologically. Variations were classified using the Ayre et al. (2021) system and recorded individually.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The intact samples (n = 40) were classified according to Ayre et al. (2021) and 22.5 % of the sample displayed the conventional configuration. The predominant pattern of variation was group 5 (miscellaneous patterns), and variations were commonly observed in both the anterior and posterior circulations (55 %). Individual variations were observed (n = 64 brains; 81 variations). The leading variations were unilateral posterior communicating artery (PcoA) hypoplasia (17.3 %) and aplasia (14.8 %). The anterior communicating artery (AcoA) was the most variable artery (44.4 %), with short fusion of the anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs) being the most common variation (13.6 %) affecting the AcoA. Rare findings include type 4 and 5 PcoA terminations (double P2), not previously reported in South Africa. IA frequency was insufficient for analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These variations may increase stroke and IA risk. Knowledge of CAC variations can support neurosurgical planning and execution. Further studies in a South African setting are recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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