Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2026.100466
Arthur Tsalani Manjatika
Introduction
Muscular, nervous, and vascular variations in the anterior compartment of the arm are common if considered independently. However, the co-existence of variations involving all the anterior compartment of the arm structures is very rare. This case report aims to report a rare bilateral presentation of the muscular, nervous, and vascular variations in the anterior compartment of the arm.
Case presentation
An incidental finding during the routine dissections of the anterior compartments of the arm, elbow joint and forearm is presented. The musculocutaneous nerve was absent bilaterally. The coracobrachialis originated from the coracoid process of the scapula and the anterior aspect of the shoulder joint capsule bilaterally and was innervated by a direct branch from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. The third head of the biceps brachii was also present bilaterally. The brachialis muscle presented with two heads with dual innervation by the median and radial nerves and dual blood supply by brachial-ulnar and profunda brachii arteries. There was a bilateral high bifurcation of the brachial artery.
Conclusion
This case shows that anatomical variation of all the structures in the anterior compartment of the arm can exist at the same time bilaterally. This knowledge may be important clinically to avoid misdiagnosis and iatrogenic injuries to the anterior compartment of the arm due to the altered conventional anatomy.
{"title":"A rare bilateral absence of the musculocutaneous nerve associated with muscular and vascular variations: embryological considerations and clinical implications","authors":"Arthur Tsalani Manjatika","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Muscular, nervous, and vascular variations in the anterior compartment of the arm are common if considered independently. However, the co-existence of variations involving all the anterior compartment of the arm structures is very rare. This case report aims to report a rare bilateral presentation of the muscular, nervous, and vascular variations in the anterior compartment of the arm.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>An incidental finding during the routine dissections of the anterior compartments of the arm, elbow joint and forearm is presented. The musculocutaneous nerve was absent bilaterally. The coracobrachialis originated from the coracoid process of the scapula and the anterior aspect of the shoulder joint capsule bilaterally and was innervated by a direct branch from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. The third head of the biceps brachii was also present bilaterally. The brachialis muscle presented with two heads with dual innervation by the median and radial nerves and dual blood supply by brachial-ulnar and profunda brachii arteries. There was a bilateral high bifurcation of the brachial artery.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This case shows that anatomical variation of all the structures in the anterior compartment of the arm can exist at the same time bilaterally. This knowledge may be important clinically to avoid misdiagnosis and iatrogenic injuries to the anterior compartment of the arm due to the altered conventional anatomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2026.100467
Robert Haładaj , Nikola Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Ivan Varga
Background
Interest in the anatomy and function of the eye dates back to ancient times. For centuries, scholars explored the phenomenon of vision, moving from speculation to systematic anatomical observation.
Aim
This essay presents an overview of selected anatomists and scholars who played an important role in advancing the study of the eyeball and the visual apparatus.
Conclusions
Through centuries of study, anatomists advanced knowledge of the eye's structure and function, shaping the modern science of vision.
{"title":"Selected anatomists and scholars who contributed to the study of the visual apparatus and vision","authors":"Robert Haładaj , Nikola Haładaj , Roksana Haładaj , Ivan Varga","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Interest in the anatomy and function of the eye dates back to ancient times. For centuries, scholars explored the phenomenon of vision, moving from speculation to systematic anatomical observation.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This essay presents an overview of selected anatomists and scholars who played an important role in advancing the study of the eyeball and the visual apparatus.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Through centuries of study, anatomists advanced knowledge of the eye's structure and function, shaping the modern science of vision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exploring the neural control of mammalian abdominal visceral organs requires an understanding of celiac ganglia anatomy. In this study, Long-Evans rats were investigated to elucidate the detailed anatomical organization of the right celiac ganglion (RCG) and left celiac ganglion (LCG), their connections with other prevertebral ganglia, and the morphometry of their postganglionic neuronal components.
Methods
Twenty adult female rats were divided into two experimental groups: one examined for macroscopic anatomical features, including gross anatomy (n = 10) and histochemical properties (acetylcholinesterase n = 3); the other for celiac ganglia microanatomy, using histological techniques (n = 4) and scanning electron microscopy (n = 3).
Results
The RCG presented as pyriform-shaped or spindle-shaped (average length, 2.9 ± 0.6 mm; average width, 0.8 ± 0.2 mm), and included six primary nerves and five accessory nerves. The LCG was sickle-shaped (average length, 6.8 ± 1.0 mm; average width, 1.03 ± 0.1 mm), and included seven primary nerves and three accessory nerves. The RCG and LCG were connected by a short nerve trunk, or three long commissural branches, comprising unmyelinated nerve fibers, peripheral glial cells, and Remak Schwann cells. Nerves of the RCG and LCG innervate abdominal organs and form interganglionic connections, anastomosing with the left and right suprarenal ganglia and the superior mesenteric ganglia, together constituting a nerve plexus.
Conclusions
The celiac ganglia are bilateral, with morphologically and topographically asymmetrical components. Commissural bundles support, protect, and facilitate communication between the intra-ganglionic components.
{"title":"Descriptive analysis of the celiac ganglia in female rats: an asymmetrical pair with distinct neuronal pathways","authors":"César Pastelín Rojas , María-Esmeralda Rivera Castro , Juan-Manuel Bravo Benítez , Yolanda Cruz Gómez , Carolina Morán Raya","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Exploring the neural control of mammalian abdominal visceral organs requires an understanding of celiac ganglia anatomy. In this study, Long-Evans rats were investigated to elucidate the detailed anatomical organization of the right celiac ganglion (RCG) and left celiac ganglion (LCG), their connections with other prevertebral ganglia, and the morphometry of their postganglionic neuronal components.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty adult female rats were divided into two experimental groups: one examined for macroscopic anatomical features, including gross anatomy (n = 10) and histochemical properties (acetylcholinesterase n = 3); the other for celiac ganglia microanatomy, using histological techniques (n = 4) and scanning electron microscopy (n = 3).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The RCG presented as pyriform-shaped or spindle-shaped (average length, 2.9 ± 0.6 mm; average width, 0.8 ± 0.2 mm), and included six primary nerves and five accessory nerves. The LCG was sickle-shaped (average length, 6.8 ± 1.0 mm; average width, 1.03 ± 0.1 mm), and included seven primary nerves and three accessory nerves. The RCG and LCG were connected by a short nerve trunk, or three long commissural branches, comprising unmyelinated nerve fibers, peripheral glial cells, and Remak Schwann cells. Nerves of the RCG and LCG innervate abdominal organs and form interganglionic connections, anastomosing with the left and right suprarenal ganglia and the superior mesenteric ganglia, together constituting a nerve plexus.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The celiac ganglia are bilateral, with morphologically and topographically asymmetrical components. Commissural bundles support, protect, and facilitate communication between the intra-ganglionic components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2026.100465
Alejandro Bruna-Mejias , Martina Salazar-Ferrari , Antonia Silva-Garay , Ignacia Belen Chacon Valdebenito , Cynthia Ortiz -Ahumada , Martin Trujillo-Riveros , Jessica Paola Loaiza-Giraldo , Pablo Nova- Baeza , Mathias Orellana- Donoso , Andres Santana- Machuca , Gloria Cifuentes-Suazo , Gustavo Oyanedel-Amaro , Glen Paton , Shahed Nalla , Juan José Valenzuela-Fuenzalida , Juan Sanchis-Gimeno
Background
Occipitalization of the atlas, defined as a congenital fusion between the first cervical vertebra (C1) and the occipital bone, is an uncommon anatomical variant of the craniovertebral junction. Reported prevalence in the general population varies widely, and the condition is often identified incidentally during imaging or anatomical assessment.
Objective
To synthesize available evidence on the prevalence of atlas occipitalization and to describe its anatomical characteristics across different populations and study designs.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS from inception to January 2025. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by four reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using the Anatomical Quality Assessment (AQUA) tool. A random-effects meta-analysis was applied to estimate pooled prevalence values and explore predefined subgroups.
Results
Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, of which eleven were included in the meta-analysis, encompassing a total of 4219 subjects. The pooled prevalence of atlas occipitalization was 0.64 % (95 % confidence interval: 0.00–1.00 %). Variability in prevalence estimates was observed across populations and assessment methods.
Conclusion
Atlas occipitalization is a rare congenital anatomical variant of the craniovertebral junction. Although often asymptomatic, its identification is anatomically relevant due to potential associations with other craniovertebral anomalies. Awareness of this variant is important for accurate anatomical interpretation and for planning procedures involving the craniovertebral junction.
寰椎枕骨化被定义为第一颈椎（C1）与枕骨之间的先天性融合，是颅椎交界处一种罕见的解剖变异。在一般人群中报道的患病率差异很大，并且通常在成像或解剖评估中偶然发现这种情况。目的综合有关枕寰椎患病率的现有证据，并描述其在不同人群和研究设计中的解剖学特征。方法在MEDLINE、Scopus、Web of Science、谷歌Scholar、CINAHL、LILACS等数据库中检索自成立至2025年1月的文献。研究选择和数据提取由四位评论者独立完成。采用解剖质量评估（AQUA）工具评估方法学质量。随机效应荟萃分析用于估计汇总患病率值并探索预定义的亚组。结果25项研究符合定性综合纳入标准，其中11项纳入meta分析，共纳入4219名受试者。枕骨寰椎的总患病率为0.64 %（95 %可信区间：0.00-1.00 %）。观察到不同人群和评估方法的患病率估计值存在差异。结论寰枕畸形是一种罕见的先天性颅椎交界处畸形。虽然通常无症状，但由于其与其他颅椎异常的潜在关联，其识别具有解剖学意义。意识到这种变异对于准确的解剖解释和涉及颅椎交界处的计划手术是重要的。
{"title":"Occipitalization of the atlas: prevalence, functional and anatomical considerations. A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Alejandro Bruna-Mejias , Martina Salazar-Ferrari , Antonia Silva-Garay , Ignacia Belen Chacon Valdebenito , Cynthia Ortiz -Ahumada , Martin Trujillo-Riveros , Jessica Paola Loaiza-Giraldo , Pablo Nova- Baeza , Mathias Orellana- Donoso , Andres Santana- Machuca , Gloria Cifuentes-Suazo , Gustavo Oyanedel-Amaro , Glen Paton , Shahed Nalla , Juan José Valenzuela-Fuenzalida , Juan Sanchis-Gimeno","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Occipitalization of the atlas, defined as a congenital fusion between the first cervical vertebra (C1) and the occipital bone, is an uncommon anatomical variant of the craniovertebral junction. Reported prevalence in the general population varies widely, and the condition is often identified incidentally during imaging or anatomical assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To synthesize available evidence on the prevalence of atlas occipitalization and to describe its anatomical characteristics across different populations and study designs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS from inception to January 2025. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by four reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed using the Anatomical Quality Assessment (AQUA) tool. A random-effects meta-analysis was applied to estimate pooled prevalence values and explore predefined subgroups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, of which eleven were included in the meta-analysis, encompassing a total of 4219 subjects. The pooled prevalence of atlas occipitalization was 0.64 % (95 % confidence interval: 0.00–1.00 %). Variability in prevalence estimates was observed across populations and assessment methods.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Atlas occipitalization is a rare congenital anatomical variant of the craniovertebral junction. Although often asymptomatic, its identification is anatomically relevant due to potential associations with other craniovertebral anomalies. Awareness of this variant is important for accurate anatomical interpretation and for planning procedures involving the craniovertebral junction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-17DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2026.100464
Ballantyne Helen , Gul Samia , Sam Femina
Background
The foramen ovale (FO) is a key landmark in percutaneous procedures for trigeminal neuralgia (TN), with the lateral pterygoid plate (LPP) aiding its localization. TN interventions through FO have been reported to cause hemorrhage, cranial nerve palsy, and muscle weakness. Although studies have suggested potential neurovascular risks, there is limited scientific evidence to support them. This study aimed to evaluate whether specific skull types pose a higher risk due to the proximity of the FO to neurovascular structures.
Methods
Thirty dry human skulls were classified into four types based on the LPP and the FO positions. The distances from the FO to the sphenoidal spine, foramen spinosum, alveolar tuberosity, foramen lacerum, carotid canal, inferior orbital fissure (IOF), and foramen of Vesalius were recorded.
Results
There were no statistically significant differences in the position of the FO relative to most neighbouring structures across skull types. However, the removed type was significantly farther from the IOF, while the direct type was closer.
Conclusion
While previous studies have highlighted technical difficulties with needle insertion in the removed skull type, our findings emphasize the importance of carefully assessing the relationship between the FO and the LPP, as the direct skull type may increase the risk of injury to neurovascular structures traversing the IOF.
{"title":"Foramen ovale and its neighbourhood: skull variations that influence procedural safety","authors":"Ballantyne Helen , Gul Samia , Sam Femina","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The foramen ovale (FO) is a key landmark in percutaneous procedures for trigeminal neuralgia (TN), with the lateral pterygoid plate (LPP) aiding its localization. TN interventions through FO have been reported to cause hemorrhage, cranial nerve palsy, and muscle weakness. Although studies have suggested potential neurovascular risks, there is limited scientific evidence to support them. This study aimed to evaluate whether specific skull types pose a higher risk due to the proximity of the FO to neurovascular structures.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Thirty dry human skulls were classified into four types based on the LPP and the FO positions. The distances from the FO to the sphenoidal spine, foramen spinosum, alveolar tuberosity, foramen lacerum, carotid canal, inferior orbital fissure (IOF), and foramen of Vesalius were recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were no statistically significant differences in the position of the FO relative to most neighbouring structures across skull types. However, the removed type was significantly farther from the IOF, while the direct type was closer.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While previous studies have highlighted technical difficulties with needle insertion in the removed skull type, our findings emphasize the importance of carefully assessing the relationship between the FO and the LPP, as the direct skull type may increase the risk of injury to neurovascular structures traversing the IOF.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2026.100461
Binita Gupta, Kapil Kumar Malviya
Background
The renal hilum serves as the entry and exit point of the kidney, transmitting the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. The classical anatomical arrangement from anterior to posterior is the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. However, variations in this configuration are common and carry significant clinical implications for surgical and radiological procedures.
Objective
To examine and categorize variations in the arrangement of renal hilar structures through cadaveric dissection and to assess their clinical significance.
Materials and methods
A total of 112 kidneys (54 left and 58 right) obtained from cadaveric dissections were studied. The arrangement of the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis at the hilum was carefully observed and documented. Variations from the classical pattern were noted, categorised, and analysed for frequency and laterality.
Results
Out of 112 kidneys examined, only 18 (16 %) exhibited the classical anterior-to-posterior arrangement of renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. The remaining 94 kidneys (84 %) displayed eight distinct variation patterns. Variations were more frequent in the left kidneys, possibly reflecting their more complex embryological development. The most common deviations involved the prehilar branching of the renal artery and the presence of additional venous tributaries, which altered the usual hilar configuration.
Conclusion
Renal hilar variations are highly prevalent and must be carefully considered during surgical and radiological procedures. Awareness of these anatomical variations is crucial for preventing intraoperative complications such as haemorrhage or ischemia and for ensuring accurate interpretation of renal imaging. The paper highlights the importance of a detailed preoperative assessment and supports the need for a standardized classification of renal hilar anatomy.
{"title":"Morphological variability of renal hilar structures in humans: Insights from cadaveric observation","authors":"Binita Gupta, Kapil Kumar Malviya","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The renal hilum serves as the entry and exit point of the kidney, transmitting the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. The classical anatomical arrangement from anterior to posterior is the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. However, variations in this configuration are common and carry significant clinical implications for surgical and radiological procedures.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To examine and categorize variations in the arrangement of renal hilar structures through cadaveric dissection and to assess their clinical significance.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>A total of 112 kidneys (54 left and 58 right) obtained from cadaveric dissections were studied. The arrangement of the renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis at the hilum was carefully observed and documented. Variations from the classical pattern were noted, categorised, and analysed for frequency and laterality.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 112 kidneys examined, only 18 (16 %) exhibited the classical anterior-to-posterior arrangement of renal vein, renal artery, and renal pelvis. The remaining 94 kidneys (84 %) displayed eight distinct variation patterns. Variations were more frequent in the left kidneys, possibly reflecting their more complex embryological development. The most common deviations involved the prehilar branching of the renal artery and the presence of additional venous tributaries, which altered the usual hilar configuration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Renal hilar variations are highly prevalent and must be carefully considered during surgical and radiological procedures. Awareness of these anatomical variations is crucial for preventing intraoperative complications such as haemorrhage or ischemia and for ensuring accurate interpretation of renal imaging. The paper highlights the importance of a detailed preoperative assessment and supports the need for a standardized classification of renal hilar anatomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The human fetal cerebral wall undergoes key laminar organisation during mid-gestation, forming the basis for cortical development. The precentral gyrus is a critical motor region where early disturbances may affect neurodevelopment. This study examined the transient cortical layers of the fetal precentral cerebral wall during the second trimester. After ethics approval, ten normal fetal brains between 18 and 25 gestational weeks were analysed. Precentral cerebral wall tissue was sectioned at 5 μm and stained with haematoxylin–eosin and Luxol Fast Blue/Periodic Acid–Schiff. Six transient layers—marginal zone (MZ), cortical plate (CP), subcortical plate (SCP), intermediate zone (IZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and ventricular zone (VZ)—were identified and measured using CellSens software, and correlations with gestational age were assessed. Mean cerebral wall thickness was 5.5 ± 2.1 mm, with SCP and IZ consistently the thickest layers and VZ the thinnest. Significant positive correlations were observed between gestational age and both CP and SCP, as well as between MZ and CP, MZ and VZ, and SCP and IZ. Occasional specimens showed oedema in the SVZ and spongy IZ. These findings demonstrate that the second-trimester precentral cerebral wall exhibits six distinct transient layers with coordinated growth, particularly within the subplate and cortical plate, providing region-specific normative data that enhance anatomical understanding of cortical development during a critical developmental window.
{"title":"Microscopic anatomy of human fetal precentral cerebral wall in the fetuses of the second trimester","authors":"Veeresh , Shalini S. Nayak , Deepak Nayak , Aamna Kausar , Mamatha Hosapatna","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human fetal cerebral wall undergoes key laminar organisation during mid-gestation, forming the basis for cortical development. The precentral gyrus is a critical motor region where early disturbances may affect neurodevelopment. This study examined the transient cortical layers of the fetal precentral cerebral wall during the second trimester. After ethics approval, ten normal fetal brains between 18 and 25 gestational weeks were analysed. Precentral cerebral wall tissue was sectioned at 5 μm and stained with haematoxylin–eosin and Luxol Fast Blue/Periodic Acid–Schiff. Six transient layers—marginal zone (MZ), cortical plate (CP), subcortical plate (SCP), intermediate zone (IZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and ventricular zone (VZ)—were identified and measured using CellSens software, and correlations with gestational age were assessed. Mean cerebral wall thickness was 5.5 ± 2.1 mm, with SCP and IZ consistently the thickest layers and VZ the thinnest. Significant positive correlations were observed between gestational age and both CP and SCP, as well as between MZ and CP, MZ and VZ, and SCP and IZ. Occasional specimens showed oedema in the SVZ and spongy IZ. These findings demonstrate that the second-trimester precentral cerebral wall exhibits six distinct transient layers with coordinated growth, particularly within the subplate and cortical plate, providing region-specific normative data that enhance anatomical understanding of cortical development during a critical developmental window.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100460
Lucy E. Greenhagen , Joseph X. Anders , Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ethan L. Snow
Introduction
The brachial plexus courses above the first rib and between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. Morphological variations of the scalene muscles can be clinically significant, but biomechanical analyses of such variations are scarcely reported. The objective of this study is to perform an anatomical and biomechanical investigation of a unique interscalene muscle variation involving the brachial plexus.
Methods
A unilateral (left) interscalene muscle slip was discovered during routine dissection of an elderly male human cadaver. The anatomy was cleanly dissected and photographed in situ with scale. Mass, fascicle length, and mean fixed sarcomere length were measured for the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles, and the normalized maximal isometric force (Fmax) for each muscle was calculated.
Results
The 5.20 cm interscalene muscle slip was bicipital; its medial and lateral heads originated from the proximal aspect of the middle scalene muscle posterior to the C5 ventral ramus, converged to a common belly between the C6 and C7 ventral rami, and inserted on the distal aspect of the anterior scalene muscle anterior to the C7 ventral ramus. The Fmax of the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles were 13.58 N, 0.46 N, and 13.82 N, respectively.
Conclusion
The interscalene muscle variation may jeopardize the C5 and C6 ventral rami and complicate medical procedures involving the scalene triangle (e.g., interscalene nerve block). Rarity of the variation may cause its oversight as a differential diagnosis and misinform the treatment and therapeutic progress for other conditions. This report may benefit clinicians, anatomists, and medical students as they deliberate complicated differential diagnoses and medical procedures involving the scalene triangle region.
{"title":"Biomechanical analysis and clinical implications of an interscalene muscle slip involving the brachial plexus","authors":"Lucy E. Greenhagen , Joseph X. Anders , Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The brachial plexus courses above the first rib and between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. Morphological variations of the scalene muscles can be clinically significant, but biomechanical analyses of such variations are scarcely reported. The objective of this study is to perform an anatomical and biomechanical investigation of a unique interscalene muscle variation involving the brachial plexus.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A unilateral (left) interscalene muscle slip was discovered during routine dissection of an elderly male human cadaver. The anatomy was cleanly dissected and photographed in situ with scale. Mass, fascicle length, and mean fixed sarcomere length were measured for the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles, and the normalized maximal isometric force (<em>F</em><sub><em>max</em></sub>) for each muscle was calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 5.20 cm interscalene muscle slip was bicipital; its medial and lateral heads originated from the proximal aspect of the middle scalene muscle posterior to the C5 ventral ramus, converged to a common belly between the C6 and C7 ventral rami, and inserted on the distal aspect of the anterior scalene muscle anterior to the C7 ventral ramus. The <em>F</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> of the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles were 13.58 N, 0.46 N, and 13.82 N, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The interscalene muscle variation may jeopardize the C5 and C6 ventral rami and complicate medical procedures involving the scalene triangle (e.g., interscalene nerve block). Rarity of the variation may cause its oversight as a differential diagnosis and misinform the treatment and therapeutic progress for other conditions. This report may benefit clinicians, anatomists, and medical students as they deliberate complicated differential diagnoses and medical procedures involving the scalene triangle region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100459
Aliće Weiglein , Karin Fischer , Anne Albrecht , Constanze Nossol
Background
The middle colic artery is of key importance regarding the blood supply of the digestive tract. Visceral surgery, in particular, relies on detailed knowledge of the anatomical course of arteries in this region. Several variants of the bowel's arterial supply have been reported, and we contribute the description of yet another variant.
Case report
We observed an unusual origin and course of the MCA in a body donor from the voluntary donation program of the Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg. The donor had died from coronary heart disease and cardiac insufficiency, and the body was fixed by arterial perfusion with an ethanol-formaldehyde solution. Dissection was performed during regular undergraduate anatomy courses at the institute. We describe a variant middle colic artery (aMCA) that, instead of arising from the SMA, branches directly from the celiac trunk alongside the usual vessels. The aMCA descends behind the pancreas, gives off an inferior pancreatic artery, and then divides into two branches: one connecting to the regular MCA from the SMA and the other to the LCA from the IMA. While the IMA showed a normal branching pattern, the SMA lacked a right colic artery; no additional anatomical or pathological abnormalities were observed.
Conclusion
Although parts of the herein described variation have already been published - such as an aMCA arising from the celiac trunk or variations in connectivity of the MCA with the RCA and LCA - the combination of variations reported here is, to our best knowledge, not yet documented.
{"title":"Case report of variant origin and course of the middle colic artery","authors":"Aliće Weiglein , Karin Fischer , Anne Albrecht , Constanze Nossol","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The middle colic artery is of key importance regarding the blood supply of the digestive tract. Visceral surgery, in particular, relies on detailed knowledge of the anatomical course of arteries in this region. Several variants of the bowel's arterial supply have been reported, and we contribute the description of yet another variant.</div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>We observed an unusual origin and course of the MCA in a body donor from the voluntary donation program of the Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg. The donor had died from coronary heart disease and cardiac insufficiency, and the body was fixed by arterial perfusion with an ethanol-formaldehyde solution. Dissection was performed during regular undergraduate anatomy courses at the institute. We describe a variant middle colic artery (aMCA) that, instead of arising from the SMA, branches directly from the celiac trunk alongside the usual vessels. The aMCA descends behind the pancreas, gives off an inferior pancreatic artery, and then divides into two branches: one connecting to the regular MCA from the SMA and the other to the LCA from the IMA. While the IMA showed a normal branching pattern, the SMA lacked a right colic artery; no additional anatomical or pathological abnormalities were observed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Although parts of the herein described variation have already been published - such as an aMCA arising from the celiac trunk or variations in connectivity of the MCA with the RCA and LCA - the combination of variations reported here is, to our best knowledge, not yet documented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100459"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146080687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100458
Jency Thomas , Richard G.D. Fernandez , Narbada Saini , Joanne Marcucci , Hayder A. Al-Aubaidy
Background
This study evaluated student learning outcomes and perceptions in the third-year anatomy subject PAM3HAN at La Trobe University across three instructional models: fully in-person (2019), fully online (2020–2021), and blended (2022–2023). The aim was to determine how these delivery modes influenced academic performance, engagement, and the achievement of learning objectives.
Methods
A mixed-methods approach was used. Quantitative data, including mean subject scores, pass rates, and assessment component results, were compared across instructional periods. Qualitative data from Student Feedback on Subject (SFS) surveys were analysed thematically to explore perceptions of learning quality, practical engagement, instructional coherence, and assessment alignment.
Results
Student performance differed significantly across years (p < 0.05). Mean marks increased during fully online delivery, reflecting the influence of non-invigilated assessment conditions. However, students reported reduced engagement and difficulty visualising anatomical structures without hands-on experiences. The blended model restored cadaveric practicals while retaining online flexibility, leading to higher satisfaction and improved alignment between theoretical and practical learning.
Conclusion
While online delivery supports accessibility, it cannot replace the depth of learning provided by practical experiences. The blended model offered the most balanced approach, emphasising the importance of coherent curriculum design, integrated resources, and sustained opportunities for hands-on anatomical learning.
{"title":"Adapting anatomy education: A comparative analysis of learning and academic outcomes across in-person, online, and blended instruction in a third-year anatomy subject (2019–2023)","authors":"Jency Thomas , Richard G.D. Fernandez , Narbada Saini , Joanne Marcucci , Hayder A. Al-Aubaidy","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study evaluated student learning outcomes and perceptions in the third-year anatomy subject PAM3HAN at La Trobe University across three instructional models: fully in-person (2019), fully online (2020–2021), and blended (2022–2023). The aim was to determine how these delivery modes influenced academic performance, engagement, and the achievement of learning objectives.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A mixed-methods approach was used. Quantitative data, including mean subject scores, pass rates, and assessment component results, were compared across instructional periods. Qualitative data from Student Feedback on Subject (SFS) surveys were analysed thematically to explore perceptions of learning quality, practical engagement, instructional coherence, and assessment alignment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Student performance differed significantly across years (p < 0.05). Mean marks increased during fully online delivery, reflecting the influence of non-invigilated assessment conditions. However, students reported reduced engagement and difficulty visualising anatomical structures without hands-on experiences. The blended model restored cadaveric practicals while retaining online flexibility, leading to higher satisfaction and improved alignment between theoretical and practical learning.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While online delivery supports accessibility, it cannot replace the depth of learning provided by practical experiences. The blended model offered the most balanced approach, emphasising the importance of coherent curriculum design, integrated resources, and sustained opportunities for hands-on anatomical learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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