Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100377
Y. Lakshmisha Rao , Archi Raj , Mangala M. Pai , Mamatha Tonse , Jasmeen Kaur , J.M. Likitha , B.V. Murlimanju
Introduction
The objective of this study is to report the variant formation and course of the median nerve, which was observed in the right arm of a male cadaver.
Methods
During the routine dissection procedure, it was observed that the median nerve was formed by the blending of three roots, which included one medial and two lateral roots.
Results
It is also further observed that the median nerve pierced the humeral head of pronator teres just above the medial epicondyle and it passed through the cubital fossa more medially and deeper, making it invisible.
Conclusion
Entrapment of median nerve by the pronator teres is among the causes of the proximal median nerve entrapment syndrome. In this context, this interesting and rare variation of pronator teres muscle being pierced by the median nerve will be of interest to the orthopedic specialists, neurosurgeons and hand surgeons. The present study also observed variant formation of the median nerve by triple roots, which is important both for the surgical and anesthesiologic perspective.
{"title":"Median nerve piercing the humeral head of pronator teres muscle: An anatomical case report of atypical median nerve formation and course","authors":"Y. Lakshmisha Rao , Archi Raj , Mangala M. Pai , Mamatha Tonse , Jasmeen Kaur , J.M. Likitha , B.V. Murlimanju","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The objective of this study is to report the variant formation and course of the median nerve, which was observed in the right arm of a male cadaver.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>During the routine dissection procedure, it was observed that the median nerve was formed by the blending of three roots, which included one medial and two lateral roots.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>It is also further observed that the median nerve pierced the humeral head of pronator teres just above the medial epicondyle and it passed through the cubital fossa more medially and deeper, making it invisible.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Entrapment of median nerve by the pronator teres is among the causes of the proximal median nerve entrapment syndrome. In this context, this interesting and rare variation of pronator teres muscle being pierced by the median nerve will be of interest to the orthopedic specialists, neurosurgeons and hand surgeons. The present study also observed variant formation of the median nerve by triple roots, which is important both for the surgical and anesthesiologic perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sex determination and stature estimation from skeletal remains are still crucial components in creating biological profiles in forensic anthropology. The femur is particularly valuable due to its high sexual dimorphism and correlation with stature. This study aimed to develop sex estimation models and stature reconstruction equations using femoral measurements in a Northeastern Thai population.
Materials and method
The 400 dry femora were measured for its six parameters including femur maximum length (FL), femoral shaft length (FSL), femur epicondylar breadth (FEB), femur maximum head diameter (FHD), femur midshaft circumference (FMC) and femur weight (FW). Then all parameters were analyzed by using logistic regression for sex estimation and linear regression for stature reconstruction.
Results
Results showed significant sexual dimorphism across all measured parameters, with FHD being the best predictor of sex (correction rate, 88.5 %). The optimized multivariate model achieved the highest accuracy (91.0 %). For stature estimation, sex-specific equations demonstrated superior accuracy compared to combined-sex models. The FL and FSL showed the strongest correlations with stature.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated the importance of population-specific standards in forensic anthropology of the femur's reliability as a valuable tool for both sex determination and stature estimation. These results contribute significantly to forensic practice in Thailand, enhancing the accuracy of biological profile reconstruction in medicolegal investigations.
{"title":"Sex and stature estimations from dry femurs of Northeastern Thais: Using a logistic and linear regression approach","authors":"Worrawit Boonthai , Chanasorn Poodendaen , Juthamas Kamwong , Piyanan Sangchang , Suthat Duangchit , Sitthichai Iamsaard","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sex determination and stature estimation from skeletal remains are still crucial components in creating biological profiles in forensic anthropology. The femur is particularly valuable due to its high sexual dimorphism and correlation with stature. This study aimed to develop sex estimation models and stature reconstruction equations using femoral measurements in a Northeastern Thai population.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and method</h3><div>The 400 dry femora were measured for its six parameters including femur maximum length (FL), femoral shaft length (FSL), femur epicondylar breadth (FEB), femur maximum head diameter (FHD), femur midshaft circumference (FMC) and femur weight (FW). Then all parameters were analyzed by using logistic regression for sex estimation and linear regression for stature reconstruction.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results showed significant sexual dimorphism across all measured parameters, with FHD being the best predictor of sex (correction rate, 88.5 %). The optimized multivariate model achieved the highest accuracy (91.0 %). For stature estimation, sex-specific equations demonstrated superior accuracy compared to combined-sex models. The FL and FSL showed the strongest correlations with stature.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study demonstrated the importance of population-specific standards in forensic anthropology of the femur's reliability as a valuable tool for both sex determination and stature estimation. These results contribute significantly to forensic practice in Thailand, enhancing the accuracy of biological profile reconstruction in medicolegal investigations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100375
Lutho Daza, Julia Fernandes, Geney Gunston, Jeshika Luckrajh-Williams
Background
Ulnar tunnel syndrome (UTS) is a rare peripheral neuropathy associated with the entrapment of the distal portion of the ulnar nerve (UN) in its course through the fibro-osseous ulnar tunnel (eponymously known as Guyon's canal) at the wrist. The UN within the ulnar tunnel is prone to injury or compression resulting in an UTS. Therefore, it is of clinical importance to know the anatomical variations in the branching pattern of the UN within the ulnar tunnel. UTS is characterised by sensory deficits and muscular weakness, impaired sensation of the volar fingertips, and weakness in grasping with intrinsic hand muscles. This study aimed to examine the anatomical variations of the UN in the palm of the hand within a select South African cadaveric population.
Methods
The variations in the branching patterns of the UN were examined in 81 cadavers (n = 162) and described according to the classification system of Murata et al. (2004) [10]. Communicating branches were classified according to their description in previous literature. The length of the ulnar tunnel was measured from the level of the pisiform bone to the level of the hook of hamate.
Results
The branching pattern was found as Type 1 (52.9 %), Type 2 (34 %), Type 3 (2.7), Type 4 (6.5 %), Type 5 (3.9 %). Berrettini, Riche-Cannieu and Kaplan anastomoses were found in 51.6 %, 2 % and 3.3 % of specimens, respectively.
Conclusion
It is important for surgeons to be aware of these anatomical variations as they may lead to misdiagnosis and complications during surgical procedures during the treatment of UTS.
背景尺骨隧道综合征（UTS）是一种罕见的周围神经病，与尺神经（UN）远端在穿过腕部纤维骨性尺骨隧道（同名的古永氏管）的过程中被卡住有关。尺骨隧道内的尺神经很容易受到损伤或压迫而导致 UTS。因此，了解尺骨隧道内 UN 分支模式的解剖变化具有重要的临床意义。UTS的特征是感觉障碍和肌肉无力，指尖外侧感觉受损，手部固有肌肉抓握无力。本研究的目的是在选定的南非尸体群体中检查手掌中 UN 的解剖变异。方法在 81 具尸体（n = 162）中检查了 UN 分支模式的变异，并根据 Murata 等人（2004 年）的分类系统进行了描述[10]。沟通的分支根据以往文献中的描述进行分类。尺骨隧道的长度从梨状骨水平测量到锤骨钩水平。结果发现分支模式为 1 型（52.9%）、2 型（34%）、3 型（2.7%）、4 型（6.5%）和 5 型（3.9%）。结论外科医生必须意识到这些解剖变异，因为它们可能会在治疗UTS的手术过程中导致误诊和并发症。
{"title":"Variations of the ulnar nerve within the ulnar tunnel and palm in a select South African population","authors":"Lutho Daza, Julia Fernandes, Geney Gunston, Jeshika Luckrajh-Williams","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ulnar tunnel syndrome (UTS) is a rare peripheral neuropathy associated with the entrapment of the distal portion of the ulnar nerve (UN) in its course through the fibro-osseous ulnar tunnel (eponymously known as Guyon's canal) at the wrist. The UN within the ulnar tunnel is prone to injury or compression resulting in an UTS. Therefore, it is of clinical importance to know the anatomical variations in the branching pattern of the UN within the ulnar tunnel. UTS is characterised by sensory deficits and muscular weakness, impaired sensation of the volar fingertips, and weakness in grasping with intrinsic hand muscles. This study aimed to examine the anatomical variations of the UN in the palm of the hand within a select South African cadaveric population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The variations in the branching patterns of the UN were examined in 81 cadavers (n = 162) and described according to the classification system of Murata et al. (2004) [10]. Communicating branches were classified according to their description in previous literature. The length of the ulnar tunnel was measured from the level of the pisiform bone to the level of the hook of hamate.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The branching pattern was found as Type 1 (52.9 %), Type 2 (34 %), Type 3 (2.7), Type 4 (6.5 %), Type 5 (3.9 %). Berrettini, Riche-Cannieu and Kaplan anastomoses were found in 51.6 %, 2 % and 3.3 % of specimens, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>It is important for surgeons to be aware of these anatomical variations as they may lead to misdiagnosis and complications during surgical procedures during the treatment of UTS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring the bone tissue: Instrumental methods for characterization and biomedical research application","authors":"Lokadolalu Chandrachar Prasanna , Yashwanth Sing Bothra , Kumar Megur Ramakrishna Bhat , Vishwanath Managuli","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100374","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100365
Vandana Blossom , Sheetal D. Ullal , Rajalakshmi Rai , Amit Massand , Chettiar Ganesh Kumar , Teresa Joy , Melisha Michael D souza , B.V. Murlimanju
Background
Neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex and hippocampus is the key contributor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin (E-coli phenol extract) used to induce the neuroinflammation in animal models. Our study is aimed to study the protective effect of metformin on the neuronal morphology of the frontal cortex and hippocampal regions in lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation.
Methods
This is an animal model study, which utilized the twenty-four male Wistar rats of about 6 weeks old. The rats were divided into 4 groups, which included control, experimental and treatment groups. 170 μg/kg of LPS injection was administered intraperitoneally once a week for the first eight weeks and the treatment groups received metformin, which was administered orally (100 mg and 200 mg/kg body weight/day). Rotarod test was used to confirm the neuronal loss and clinical analysis among the groups.
Results
Neuronal loss caused by the exposure to LPS in the dentate gyrus, CA4, CA3, CA2, CA1 (cornu ammonis regions) and frontal cortex, has been improved by the metformin treatment. Among the two doses of metformin, 200 mg/kg body weight exhibited better effect than the 100 mg/kg/body weight. The rotarod test findings suggested that, in the MF treated groups, the number of falls were reduced.
Conclusion
The histological analysis and clinical observation by the rotarod test revealed that, metformin attenuated the neuroinflammatory damage, suggesting that it has a neuroprotective role. This study recommends repurposing the usage of metformin as a neuroprotective agent.
{"title":"Effect of metformin on the neuronal morphology of frontal cortex and hippocampal regions in lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation in male Wistar rats","authors":"Vandana Blossom , Sheetal D. Ullal , Rajalakshmi Rai , Amit Massand , Chettiar Ganesh Kumar , Teresa Joy , Melisha Michael D souza , B.V. Murlimanju","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuroinflammation in the frontal cortex and hippocampus is the key contributor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin (E-coli phenol extract) used to induce the neuroinflammation in animal models. Our study is aimed to study the protective effect of metformin on the neuronal morphology of the frontal cortex and hippocampal regions in lipopolysaccharide induced neuroinflammation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is an animal model study, which utilized the twenty-four male <em>Wistar rats</em> of about 6 weeks old. The rats were divided into 4 groups, which included control, experimental and treatment groups. 170 μg/kg of LPS injection was administered intraperitoneally once a week for the first eight weeks and the treatment groups received metformin, which was administered orally (100 mg and 200 mg/kg body weight/day). Rotarod test was used to confirm the neuronal loss and clinical analysis among the groups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Neuronal loss caused by the exposure to LPS in the dentate gyrus, CA4, CA3, CA2, CA1 (cornu ammonis regions) and frontal cortex, has been improved by the metformin treatment. Among the two doses of metformin, 200 mg/kg body weight exhibited better effect than the 100 mg/kg/body weight. The rotarod test findings suggested that, in the MF treated groups, the number of falls were reduced.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The histological analysis and clinical observation by the rotarod test revealed that, metformin attenuated the neuroinflammatory damage, suggesting that it has a neuroprotective role. This study recommends repurposing the usage of metformin as a neuroprotective agent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Modified Stoppa approach is a minimally invasive method of accessing the pelvis when treating pelvic ring and acetabular fractures. Although this approach is reported to be effective in exposing pelvic fractures, there are iatrogenic risks associated with the procedure. These risks arise from the inadvertent severing of vessels along the pelvic brim, resulting in bleeding, prolonged recovery, or even death. The specific vessels of concern include the corona mortis (CM) anastomosis and aberrant vasculature, which course over the superior pubic ramus.
Methods
The current study aimed to create and validate clinically significant safe zones to avoid injury to these anomalous vessels during the Modified Stoppa approach. Measurements were taken between the CM and crossing vessels (CV), as well as various bony landmarks encountered during the anterior approach, using 63 cadavers. Measurements were statistically analyzed for any significant differences between sides and sex using t-tests, and safe zones were formulated. The safe zones were then assessed for precision using a stepwise cadaver simulation of the Modified Stoppa approach.
Results
Safe zones from the pubic tubercle were calculated as 57.96 mm (SD ± 21.40) for the CM, while safe zones for the CV were reported as 48.07 mm (SD ± 25.52). These safe zones proved to be accurate when implemented during the cadaver simulation of the Modified Stoppa approach, as all cases of CM and aberrant vessels were positioned outside the prescribed zones.
Conclusion
The results reiterate the clinical significance of the CM and its impact on orthopedic surgery and patient care.
背景在治疗骨盆环和髋臼骨折时，改良 Stoppa 法是一种进入骨盆的微创方法。据报道，虽然这种方法能有效暴露骨盆骨折，但手术存在先天性风险。这些风险来自于不慎切断骨盆边缘的血管，导致出血、恢复期延长甚至死亡。目前的研究旨在创建和验证具有临床意义的安全区，以避免在改良 Stoppa 方法中损伤这些异常血管。使用 63 具尸体测量了 CM 和交叉血管 (CV) 之间的距离，以及前方入路过程中遇到的各种骨性地标。使用 t 检验对测量结果进行统计分析，以确定不同侧和性别之间是否存在显著差异，并制定了安全区。结果经计算，CM 距耻骨结节的安全区为 57.96 mm（SD ± 21.40），而 CV 的安全区为 48.07 mm（SD ± 25.52）。在对改良 Stoppa 入路进行尸体模拟时，这些安全区被证明是准确的，因为所有 CM 和异常血管的位置都在规定区域之外。
{"title":"The evaluation of safe zones for the corona mortis using a cadaver simulation of the Modified Stoppa approach","authors":"Jade Naicker , Zithulele Nkosinathi Tshabalala , Andries Masenge , Obakeng Modisane , Steven Matshidza , Nkhensani Mogale","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Modified Stoppa approach is a minimally invasive method of accessing the pelvis when treating pelvic ring and acetabular fractures. Although this approach is reported to be effective in exposing pelvic fractures, there are iatrogenic risks associated with the procedure. These risks arise from the inadvertent severing of vessels along the pelvic brim, resulting in bleeding, prolonged recovery, or even death. The specific vessels of concern include the corona mortis (CM) anastomosis and aberrant vasculature, which course over the superior pubic ramus.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The current study aimed to create and validate clinically significant safe zones to avoid injury to these anomalous vessels during the Modified Stoppa approach. Measurements were taken between the CM and crossing vessels (CV), as well as various bony landmarks encountered during the anterior approach, using 63 cadavers. Measurements were statistically analyzed for any significant differences between sides and sex using t-tests, and safe zones were formulated. The safe zones were then assessed for precision using a stepwise cadaver simulation of the Modified Stoppa approach.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Safe zones from the pubic tubercle were calculated as 57.96 mm (SD ± 21.40) for the CM, while safe zones for the CV were reported as 48.07 mm (SD ± 25.52). These safe zones proved to be accurate when implemented during the cadaver simulation of the Modified Stoppa approach, as all cases of CM and aberrant vessels were positioned outside the prescribed zones.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results reiterate the clinical significance of the CM and its impact on orthopedic surgery and patient care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100371
Jonasz Tempski , Grzegorz Fibiger , Katarzyna Majka , Ignacy Jastrzębski , Oliwia Andrasz , Dominik Łazarz , Jakub Pękala , Konrad Malinowski , Marcin Czternastek
The labyrinthine artery (LA), is a major vessel responsible for blood supply of labyrinth and cochlea in the inner ear, as well as cranial nerves, including vestibulocochlear and facial nerves. Its origin varies throughout numerous reports, however the most commonly reported origins include anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and basilar artery (BA). Nevertheless, arteries such as superior cerebellar, vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar artery have also been reported as the sources of LA. What is more, the relationship between LA and vestibulocochlear and facial nerves has been described vaguely in many publications. The aforementioned not only represent anatomical idiosyncrasies, but the area of LA origin is also crucial from a clinical perspective, especially when performing a wide spectrum of skull base approaches, most commonly involving exposure of cerebellopontine angle. The thorough knowledge regarding LA course, branches, correlation with cranial nerves can be critical in prevention of iatrogenic lesions, which may occur during various approaches such as middle cranial fossa, rectosigmoid and labyrinthine (both trans- and retro) ones. Lastly, we should remember that many different variants of LA can lead to a broader range of symptoms in the case of vascular changes, such as aneurysms.
This publication's aim is to provide a brief overview on all possible variants of labyrinthine arteries described in the literature, as well as its trajectories in relation to vestibulocochlear and facial nerves.
迷宫动脉（LA）是负责内耳迷宫和耳蜗以及颅神经（包括前庭大神经和面神经）供血的主要血管。小脑前下动脉（AICA）和基底动脉（BA）是最常见的起源。不过，小脑上动脉、椎动脉和小脑后下动脉等动脉也被报道为 LA 的来源。此外，LA 与前庭神经和面神经之间的关系在许多出版物中也有模糊的描述。上述情况不仅代表了解剖学上的特殊性，而且从临床角度来看，LA 的起源区域也是至关重要的，尤其是在进行各种颅底入路时，最常见的是暴露小脑角。透彻了解 LA 的走向、分支、与颅神经的相关性对于预防先天性病变至关重要，这些病变可能在各种入路中发生，如中颅窝、直乙状结肠和迷宫（经后和经前）入路。最后，我们应该记住，如果发生血管病变（如动脉瘤），LA 的许多不同变异可能会导致更广泛的症状。本出版物旨在简要概述文献中描述的迷宫动脉的所有可能变异，以及其与前庭大神经和面神经的关系轨迹。
{"title":"Anatomy of labyrinthine artery and its clinical significance in neurosurgical procedures - A narrative review","authors":"Jonasz Tempski , Grzegorz Fibiger , Katarzyna Majka , Ignacy Jastrzębski , Oliwia Andrasz , Dominik Łazarz , Jakub Pękala , Konrad Malinowski , Marcin Czternastek","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The labyrinthine artery (LA), is a major vessel responsible for blood supply of labyrinth and cochlea in the inner ear, as well as cranial nerves, including vestibulocochlear and facial nerves. Its origin varies throughout numerous reports, however the most commonly reported origins include anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) and basilar artery (BA). Nevertheless, arteries such as superior cerebellar, vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar artery have also been reported as the sources of LA. What is more, the relationship between LA and vestibulocochlear and facial nerves has been described vaguely in many publications. The aforementioned not only represent anatomical idiosyncrasies, but the area of LA origin is also crucial from a clinical perspective, especially when performing a wide spectrum of skull base approaches, most commonly involving exposure of cerebellopontine angle. The thorough knowledge regarding LA course, branches, correlation with cranial nerves can be critical in prevention of iatrogenic lesions, which may occur during various approaches such as middle cranial fossa, rectosigmoid and labyrinthine (both trans- and retro) ones. Lastly, we should remember that many different variants of LA can lead to a broader range of symptoms in the case of vascular changes, such as aneurysms.</div><div>This publication's aim is to provide a brief overview on all possible variants of labyrinthine arteries described in the literature, as well as its trajectories in relation to vestibulocochlear and facial nerves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor coordination and cognitive functions. Series of events such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation occur during the development, which are tightly regulated by specific genes. Understanding the expression patterns of key genes involved in these processes during various stages of fetal development can provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms of cerebellar development. This study aims to investigate the expression patterns of Calbindin-D28k, NeuN (neuronal nuclease), ATOH1 (Atonal homolog 1), and EN2 (Engrailed -2) in the human fetal cerebellum.
Methods
This is a descriptive observational study carried out in human fetal cerebellum, fluorescent immunohistochemistry was performed to study the expression of Calbindin-D28k and NeuN, and while the expression of ATOH1 and EN2 genes were quantified with the help of qPCR.
Results
Calbindin-D28k was highly immunoreactive in the Purkinje cells and located in their cytoplasm, nucleus and dendrites whereas absent in their axons. NeuN was expressed weakly in the perinuclear cytoplasm and nucleus of granule cells whereas absent in their dendrites and axons. ATOH1 gene was upregulated during third trimester whereas EN2 gene was upregulated during second as well as third trimesters.
Conclusion
Distribution and intensity of Calbindin-D28k and NeuN proteins in the human fetal cerebellum increased with the increase in fetal age. Expression pattern of ATOH1 and EN2 genes indicated that second and third trimesters are the crucial periods for the proliferation, migration and maturation of granule cells. These genes may play a crucial role in the establishment of normal morphology of human fetal cerebellum and its development.
{"title":"Expression pattern of Calbindin-D28k, NeuN proteins, ATOH1 and EN2 genes in the human fetal cerebellum","authors":"Phanindra Prasad Poudel , Arnab Ghosh , Chacchu Bhattarai , Saman Pradhan , Nirmal Panthi , Dela Singh Joshi , Shanti Khadka , Sandhya Kumari , Guruprasad Kalthur , Vani Lakshmi R. , Sneha Guruprasad Kalthur","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Human cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor coordination and cognitive functions. Series of events such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation occur during the development, which are tightly regulated by specific genes. Understanding the expression patterns of key genes involved in these processes during various stages of fetal development can provide valuable insights into the complex mechanisms of cerebellar development. This study aims to investigate the expression patterns of Calbindin-D28k, NeuN (neuronal nuclease), <em>ATOH1</em> (<em>Atonal homolog 1)</em>, and <em>EN2</em> (<em>Engrailed -2)</em> in the human fetal cerebellum.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This is a descriptive observational study carried out in human fetal cerebellum, fluorescent immunohistochemistry was performed to study the expression of Calbindin-D28k and NeuN, and while the expression of <em>ATOH1</em> and <em>EN2</em> genes were quantified with the help of qPCR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Calbindin-D28k was highly immunoreactive in the Purkinje cells and located in their cytoplasm, nucleus and dendrites whereas absent in their axons. NeuN was expressed weakly in the perinuclear cytoplasm and nucleus of granule cells whereas absent in their dendrites and axons. <em>ATOH1</em> gene was upregulated during third trimester whereas <em>EN2</em> gene was upregulated during second as well as third trimesters.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Distribution and intensity of Calbindin-D28k and NeuN proteins in the human fetal cerebellum increased with the increase in fetal age. Expression pattern of <em>ATOH1</em> and <em>EN2</em> genes indicated that second and third trimesters are the crucial periods for the proliferation, migration and maturation of granule cells. These genes may play a crucial role in the establishment of normal morphology of human fetal cerebellum and its development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100368
M. Praveen Shenoy, Mangala M. Pai, B.V. Murlimanju, Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar, Latha V. Prabhu, M.D. Prameela
Background
The facial condensation of deep fascia form retinacula, Superior and Inferior, with a primary function to hold the extensor tendons of the foot in position. The morphology of inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) is clinically important in the tendon rupture repair and foot drop surgeries. The anatomy of ankle and foot IER is not much investigated and this prompted us to conceptualize this study to investigate the morphology and morphological variants of IER.
Methods
This descriptive, cross-sectional institutional based study included 50 dorsa of feet from the 25 embalmed adult cadavers.
Results
The present study observed that, the anatomy of IER is complex wherein multiple septa of varied thickness arise from its undersurface from both the stem and limbs, defining its compartments. Five well defined compartments existed, which lodged the extensor tendons. The third compartment was deep and overlapped by the extensor digitorum longus tendons. Fourth compartment was well defined and lodged the extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius tendons, separated by an ill-defined septum. However, in 6 specimens (12 %), the peroneus tertius traversed the fifth compartment, which otherwise did not have any contents. Some morphological variants of the tendons were also noted as they passed beneath the IER.
Conclusion
Our study is novel in determining the compartment format, deeper connections of IER, and relations with deeper structures along with the anatomical variations, which are clinically important in ankle arthroscopy, tendinoscopy, tendon repairs and foot drop stabilization surgeries.
{"title":"Revisiting the anatomy of inferior extensor retinaculum of foot and ankle, a study based on fifty embalmed adult cadaveric lower extremities","authors":"M. Praveen Shenoy, Mangala M. Pai, B.V. Murlimanju, Rajanigandha Vadgaonkar, Latha V. Prabhu, M.D. Prameela","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The facial condensation of deep fascia form retinacula, Superior and Inferior, with a primary function to hold the extensor tendons of the foot in position. The morphology of inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) is clinically important in the tendon rupture repair and foot drop surgeries. The anatomy of ankle and foot IER is not much investigated and this prompted us to conceptualize this study to investigate the morphology and morphological variants of IER.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This descriptive, cross-sectional institutional based study included 50 dorsa of feet from the 25 embalmed adult cadavers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The present study observed that, the anatomy of IER is complex wherein multiple septa of varied thickness arise from its undersurface from both the stem and limbs, defining its compartments. Five well defined compartments existed, which lodged the extensor tendons. The third compartment was deep and overlapped by the extensor digitorum longus tendons. Fourth compartment was well defined and lodged the extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius tendons, separated by an ill-defined septum. However, in 6 specimens (12 %), the peroneus tertius traversed the fifth compartment, which otherwise did not have any contents. Some morphological variants of the tendons were also noted as they passed beneath the IER.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our study is novel in determining the compartment format, deeper connections of IER, and relations with deeper structures along with the anatomical variations, which are clinically important in ankle arthroscopy, tendinoscopy, tendon repairs and foot drop stabilization surgeries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100366
Michela Vincis , Claire Lewis , Denis Barry , Marcello Trucas
Background
Anatomical variations of the abdominal aorta are crucial when considering the success of clinical procedures including diagnostic imaging, oncologic resections, organ transplantations, laparoscopic surgeries, management of penetrating abdominal injuries, and interventional radiological procedures. Accurate knowledge of these vessels is essential for these procedures to be effective. The literature underlying the relationships of the anterior visceral branches of the aorta, especially regarding their origins and distances from the aortic bifurcation, is limited. As part of routine anatomical dissection, we identified multiple rare aortic vessel variants in a cadaveric female with associated visceral adaptations.
Methods
A 99-year-old formalin embalmed female donor was dissected at the Discipline of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin. The branches of the abdominal aorta were isolated, and their course and relationships with related abdominal organs were visualised.
Results
A ptotic arrangement of the liver, pancreas, stomach and gall bladder displacement, and multiple rare aortic branch variants were identified, including variations in the inferior phrenic arteries, a long hepatosplenic trunk, a long cystic artery originating from the gastroduodenal artery, the anterior origin of the right renal artery adjacent to the superior mesenteric artery, and the bilateral absence of the ovarian arteries.
Conclusions
These variations, combined with the inferior displacement of several abdominal viscera make this case exceptionally rare and significant for its potential clinical and surgical implications. This work demonstrates how the simultaneous presence of multiple rare abdominal vascular variations, and the concomitant displacement of abdominal organs has led to a complete adaptation of the vascular system and organ function. The donor had reached almost one hundred years of age without any significant symptoms, demonstrating how a systemic study of the patient is important prior to surgical intervention, where the presence of vascular variants is suspected.
{"title":"Multiple rare abdominal aortic branch variations in the case of a centenarian woman. Case report and review of the literature","authors":"Michela Vincis , Claire Lewis , Denis Barry , Marcello Trucas","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2024.100366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Anatomical variations of the abdominal aorta are crucial when considering the success of clinical procedures including diagnostic imaging, oncologic resections, organ transplantations, laparoscopic surgeries, management of penetrating abdominal injuries, and interventional radiological procedures. Accurate knowledge of these vessels is essential for these procedures to be effective. The literature underlying the relationships of the anterior visceral branches of the aorta, especially regarding their origins and distances from the aortic bifurcation, is limited. As part of routine anatomical dissection, we identified multiple rare aortic vessel variants in a cadaveric female with associated visceral adaptations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A 99-year-old formalin embalmed female donor was dissected at the Discipline of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin. The branches of the abdominal aorta were isolated, and their course and relationships with related abdominal organs were visualised.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A ptotic arrangement of the liver, pancreas, stomach and gall bladder displacement, and multiple rare aortic branch variants were identified, including variations in the inferior phrenic arteries, a long hepatosplenic trunk, a long cystic artery originating from the gastroduodenal artery, the anterior origin of the right renal artery adjacent to the superior mesenteric artery, and the bilateral absence of the ovarian arteries.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These variations, combined with the inferior displacement of several abdominal viscera make this case exceptionally rare and significant for its potential clinical and surgical implications. This work demonstrates how the simultaneous presence of multiple rare abdominal vascular variations, and the concomitant displacement of abdominal organs has led to a complete adaptation of the vascular system and organ function. The donor had reached almost one hundred years of age without any significant symptoms, demonstrating how a systemic study of the patient is important prior to surgical intervention, where the presence of vascular variants is suspected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 100366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142706580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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