The human fetal cerebral wall undergoes key laminar organisation during mid-gestation, forming the basis for cortical development. The precentral gyrus is a critical motor region where early disturbances may affect neurodevelopment. This study examined the transient cortical layers of the fetal precentral cerebral wall during the second trimester. After ethics approval, ten normal fetal brains between 18 and 25 gestational weeks were analysed. Precentral cerebral wall tissue was sectioned at 5 μm and stained with haematoxylin–eosin and Luxol Fast Blue/Periodic Acid–Schiff. Six transient layers—marginal zone (MZ), cortical plate (CP), subcortical plate (SCP), intermediate zone (IZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and ventricular zone (VZ)—were identified and measured using CellSens software, and correlations with gestational age were assessed. Mean cerebral wall thickness was 5.5 ± 2.1 mm, with SCP and IZ consistently the thickest layers and VZ the thinnest. Significant positive correlations were observed between gestational age and both CP and SCP, as well as between MZ and CP, MZ and VZ, and SCP and IZ. Occasional specimens showed oedema in the SVZ and spongy IZ. These findings demonstrate that the second-trimester precentral cerebral wall exhibits six distinct transient layers with coordinated growth, particularly within the subplate and cortical plate, providing region-specific normative data that enhance anatomical understanding of cortical development during a critical developmental window.
{"title":"Microscopic anatomy of human fetal precentral cerebral wall in the fetuses of the second trimester","authors":"Veeresh , Shalini S. Nayak , Deepak Nayak , Aamna Kausar , Mamatha Hosapatna","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2026.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human fetal cerebral wall undergoes key laminar organisation during mid-gestation, forming the basis for cortical development. The precentral gyrus is a critical motor region where early disturbances may affect neurodevelopment. This study examined the transient cortical layers of the fetal precentral cerebral wall during the second trimester. After ethics approval, ten normal fetal brains between 18 and 25 gestational weeks were analysed. Precentral cerebral wall tissue was sectioned at 5 μm and stained with haematoxylin–eosin and Luxol Fast Blue/Periodic Acid–Schiff. Six transient layers—marginal zone (MZ), cortical plate (CP), subcortical plate (SCP), intermediate zone (IZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and ventricular zone (VZ)—were identified and measured using CellSens software, and correlations with gestational age were assessed. Mean cerebral wall thickness was 5.5 ± 2.1 mm, with SCP and IZ consistently the thickest layers and VZ the thinnest. Significant positive correlations were observed between gestational age and both CP and SCP, as well as between MZ and CP, MZ and VZ, and SCP and IZ. Occasional specimens showed oedema in the SVZ and spongy IZ. These findings demonstrate that the second-trimester precentral cerebral wall exhibits six distinct transient layers with coordinated growth, particularly within the subplate and cortical plate, providing region-specific normative data that enhance anatomical understanding of cortical development during a critical developmental window.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100460
Lucy E. Greenhagen , Joseph X. Anders , Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ethan L. Snow
Introduction
The brachial plexus courses above the first rib and between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. Morphological variations of the scalene muscles can be clinically significant, but biomechanical analyses of such variations are scarcely reported. The objective of this study is to perform an anatomical and biomechanical investigation of a unique interscalene muscle variation involving the brachial plexus.
Methods
A unilateral (left) interscalene muscle slip was discovered during routine dissection of an elderly male human cadaver. The anatomy was cleanly dissected and photographed in situ with scale. Mass, fascicle length, and mean fixed sarcomere length were measured for the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles, and the normalized maximal isometric force (Fmax) for each muscle was calculated.
Results
The 5.20 cm interscalene muscle slip was bicipital; its medial and lateral heads originated from the proximal aspect of the middle scalene muscle posterior to the C5 ventral ramus, converged to a common belly between the C6 and C7 ventral rami, and inserted on the distal aspect of the anterior scalene muscle anterior to the C7 ventral ramus. The Fmax of the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles were 13.58 N, 0.46 N, and 13.82 N, respectively.
Conclusion
The interscalene muscle variation may jeopardize the C5 and C6 ventral rami and complicate medical procedures involving the scalene triangle (e.g., interscalene nerve block). Rarity of the variation may cause its oversight as a differential diagnosis and misinform the treatment and therapeutic progress for other conditions. This report may benefit clinicians, anatomists, and medical students as they deliberate complicated differential diagnoses and medical procedures involving the scalene triangle region.
{"title":"Biomechanical analysis and clinical implications of an interscalene muscle slip involving the brachial plexus","authors":"Lucy E. Greenhagen , Joseph X. Anders , Grzegorz Wysiadecki , Ethan L. Snow","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The brachial plexus courses above the first rib and between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. Morphological variations of the scalene muscles can be clinically significant, but biomechanical analyses of such variations are scarcely reported. The objective of this study is to perform an anatomical and biomechanical investigation of a unique interscalene muscle variation involving the brachial plexus.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A unilateral (left) interscalene muscle slip was discovered during routine dissection of an elderly male human cadaver. The anatomy was cleanly dissected and photographed in situ with scale. Mass, fascicle length, and mean fixed sarcomere length were measured for the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles, and the normalized maximal isometric force (<em>F</em><sub><em>max</em></sub>) for each muscle was calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The 5.20 cm interscalene muscle slip was bicipital; its medial and lateral heads originated from the proximal aspect of the middle scalene muscle posterior to the C5 ventral ramus, converged to a common belly between the C6 and C7 ventral rami, and inserted on the distal aspect of the anterior scalene muscle anterior to the C7 ventral ramus. The <em>F</em><sub><em>max</em></sub> of the anterior scalene, interscalene, and middle scalene muscles were 13.58 N, 0.46 N, and 13.82 N, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The interscalene muscle variation may jeopardize the C5 and C6 ventral rami and complicate medical procedures involving the scalene triangle (e.g., interscalene nerve block). Rarity of the variation may cause its oversight as a differential diagnosis and misinform the treatment and therapeutic progress for other conditions. This report may benefit clinicians, anatomists, and medical students as they deliberate complicated differential diagnoses and medical procedures involving the scalene triangle region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100458
Jency Thomas , Richard G.D. Fernandez , Narbada Saini , Joanne Marcucci , Hayder A. Al-Aubaidy
Background
This study evaluated student learning outcomes and perceptions in the third-year anatomy subject PAM3HAN at La Trobe University across three instructional models: fully in-person (2019), fully online (2020–2021), and blended (2022–2023). The aim was to determine how these delivery modes influenced academic performance, engagement, and the achievement of learning objectives.
Methods
A mixed-methods approach was used. Quantitative data, including mean subject scores, pass rates, and assessment component results, were compared across instructional periods. Qualitative data from Student Feedback on Subject (SFS) surveys were analysed thematically to explore perceptions of learning quality, practical engagement, instructional coherence, and assessment alignment.
Results
Student performance differed significantly across years (p < 0.05). Mean marks increased during fully online delivery, reflecting the influence of non-invigilated assessment conditions. However, students reported reduced engagement and difficulty visualising anatomical structures without hands-on experiences. The blended model restored cadaveric practicals while retaining online flexibility, leading to higher satisfaction and improved alignment between theoretical and practical learning.
Conclusion
While online delivery supports accessibility, it cannot replace the depth of learning provided by practical experiences. The blended model offered the most balanced approach, emphasising the importance of coherent curriculum design, integrated resources, and sustained opportunities for hands-on anatomical learning.
{"title":"Adapting anatomy education: A comparative analysis of learning and academic outcomes across in-person, online, and blended instruction in a third-year anatomy subject (2019–2023)","authors":"Jency Thomas , Richard G.D. Fernandez , Narbada Saini , Joanne Marcucci , Hayder A. Al-Aubaidy","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study evaluated student learning outcomes and perceptions in the third-year anatomy subject PAM3HAN at La Trobe University across three instructional models: fully in-person (2019), fully online (2020–2021), and blended (2022–2023). The aim was to determine how these delivery modes influenced academic performance, engagement, and the achievement of learning objectives.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A mixed-methods approach was used. Quantitative data, including mean subject scores, pass rates, and assessment component results, were compared across instructional periods. Qualitative data from Student Feedback on Subject (SFS) surveys were analysed thematically to explore perceptions of learning quality, practical engagement, instructional coherence, and assessment alignment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Student performance differed significantly across years (p < 0.05). Mean marks increased during fully online delivery, reflecting the influence of non-invigilated assessment conditions. However, students reported reduced engagement and difficulty visualising anatomical structures without hands-on experiences. The blended model restored cadaveric practicals while retaining online flexibility, leading to higher satisfaction and improved alignment between theoretical and practical learning.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While online delivery supports accessibility, it cannot replace the depth of learning provided by practical experiences. The blended model offered the most balanced approach, emphasising the importance of coherent curriculum design, integrated resources, and sustained opportunities for hands-on anatomical learning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100457
Amit Kumar Gupta , Chandrashekar Patil , Jeffrin Reneus Paul
{"title":"Measurement reliability and clinical translation of clival and foramen magnum morphometry in a Botswana CT cohort","authors":"Amit Kumar Gupta , Chandrashekar Patil , Jeffrin Reneus Paul","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100457","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100457"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100456
Juan Pablo Martinez-Cano , Sebastian Forero , Juan Francisco Londoño , Jacobo Triviño-Arias , Alfredo Martinez-Rondanelli
Background
The medial patellofemoral, patellomeniscal, and patellotibial ligaments are described as key stabilizers on the medial aspect of the patella. However, most anatomical studies have relied on specimens preserved in formalin or frozen for extended periods, potentially altering native tissue characteristics. The aim is to describe the anatomical characteristics of the medial patellofemoral, patellomeniscal, and patellotibial ligaments using fresh cadaveric specimens.
Materials and methods
This prospective descriptive case series analyzed 15 fresh cadaveric knees obtained from the National institute of legal medicine and forensic sciences in XXXX. The ligaments were dissected and described, in terms of size and insertions.
Results
The three ligaments were identified in all the specimens. The medial patellofemoral ligament has a mean length of 61.9 mm, the origin has a mean width of 24.9 mm (patella and vastus medialis oblique (VMO)) and it inserts between the adductor tubercle and medial epicondyle with a mean width of 9.3 mm. The medial patellomeniscal and patellotibial ligaments origin more distal in the medial patella with a mean width of 11.7 mm and a mean length of 40.1 mm and 42.2 mm, and a mean angle with the patellar tendon of 36.1° and 16.7°, respectively.
Conclusion
The medial patellofemoral ligament is a flat structure which has dual origin in the patella and VMO, and inserts between the medial epicondyle and adductor tubercle. The medial patellomeniscal and medial patellotibial ligaments share a common insertion in the mid-distal patella. These three anatomical structures were consistently found in all the cadaveric specimens. The description of these structures can help to develop more anatomical techniques to reconstruct the medial stabilizers of the knee.
{"title":"Anatomy of the medial stabilizers ligaments of the patella: anatomical study in fresh cadavers","authors":"Juan Pablo Martinez-Cano , Sebastian Forero , Juan Francisco Londoño , Jacobo Triviño-Arias , Alfredo Martinez-Rondanelli","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The medial patellofemoral, patellomeniscal, and patellotibial ligaments are described as key stabilizers on the medial aspect of the patella. However, most anatomical studies have relied on specimens preserved in formalin or frozen for extended periods, potentially altering native tissue characteristics. The aim is to describe the anatomical characteristics of the medial patellofemoral, patellomeniscal, and patellotibial ligaments using fresh cadaveric specimens.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This prospective descriptive case series analyzed 15 fresh cadaveric knees obtained from the National institute of legal medicine and forensic sciences in XXXX. The ligaments were dissected and described, in terms of size and insertions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The three ligaments were identified in all the specimens. The medial patellofemoral ligament has a mean length of 61.9 mm, the origin has a mean width of 24.9 mm (patella and vastus medialis oblique (VMO)) and it inserts between the adductor tubercle and medial epicondyle with a mean width of 9.3 mm. The medial patellomeniscal and patellotibial ligaments origin more distal in the medial patella with a mean width of 11.7 mm and a mean length of 40.1 mm and 42.2 mm, and a mean angle with the patellar tendon of 36.1° and 16.7°, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The medial patellofemoral ligament is a flat structure which has dual origin in the patella and VMO, and inserts between the medial epicondyle and adductor tubercle. The medial patellomeniscal and medial patellotibial ligaments share a common insertion in the mid-distal patella. These three anatomical structures were consistently found in all the cadaveric specimens. The description of these structures can help to develop more anatomical techniques to reconstruct the medial stabilizers of the knee.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100454
Sambhram Samdeshi , Krishna Chaitanya Reddy Dandala , Thirupathirao Vishnumukkala , Prarthana Kalerammana Gopalakrishna , Gandrakota Ravindranadh , Mohammad Yusuf Bin Abdul Latif , Sowmya Ramakrishnappa , Saravanan Jagadeesan , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir , Sreenivasulu Sura , Zaw Myo Hein
Introduction
Understanding medical students' perceptions of anatomy teaching resources is crucial for developing effective and engaging educational strategies that enhance long-term knowledge retention. This study examined students’ preferences for various gross anatomy and histology learning resources and evaluated their perceived effectiveness in achieving specific anatomy learning outcomes (LOs).
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey was administered to a total of 317 (Year 1–5) medical students at a private Malaysian medical university using convenience sampling. Participants ranked different anatomy teaching resources and rated their usefulness across 12 defined LOs. Data was analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests.
Results
Of 317 respondents, prosection of human tissues emerged as the most preferred and effective gross anatomy resource (53.3 %), followed by plastic anatomical models and online multimedia materials, while printed resources were least favored. For histology, light microscopy (LM) was preferred by 61 % of students, although both LM and virtual microscopy (VM) were perceived as comparably effective in meeting learning objectives. Preferences varied significantly by academic phase and country of origin but not by gender.
Conclusion
Medical students favored hands-on and visually rich learning modalities that provide tactile and spatial engagement. These findings highlight the continued relevance of prosection of human tissues and LM in anatomy education while supporting a blended teaching approach that integrates digital resources to complement traditional methods and optimize student engagement and learning outcomes.
{"title":"Medical students’ perceptions of anatomy teaching resources and their impact on learning outcomes: Insights from a private medical university in Malaysia","authors":"Sambhram Samdeshi , Krishna Chaitanya Reddy Dandala , Thirupathirao Vishnumukkala , Prarthana Kalerammana Gopalakrishna , Gandrakota Ravindranadh , Mohammad Yusuf Bin Abdul Latif , Sowmya Ramakrishnappa , Saravanan Jagadeesan , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir , Sreenivasulu Sura , Zaw Myo Hein","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100454","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100454","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Understanding medical students' perceptions of anatomy teaching resources is crucial for developing effective and engaging educational strategies that enhance long-term knowledge retention. This study examined students’ preferences for various gross anatomy and histology learning resources and evaluated their perceived effectiveness in achieving specific anatomy learning outcomes (LOs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional online survey was administered to a total of 317 (Year 1–5) medical students at a private Malaysian medical university using convenience sampling. Participants ranked different anatomy teaching resources and rated their usefulness across 12 defined LOs. Data was analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 317 respondents, prosection of human tissues emerged as the most preferred and effective gross anatomy resource (53.3 %), followed by plastic anatomical models and online multimedia materials, while printed resources were least favored. For histology, light microscopy (LM) was preferred by 61 % of students, although both LM and virtual microscopy (VM) were perceived as comparably effective in meeting learning objectives. Preferences varied significantly by academic phase and country of origin but not by gender.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Medical students favored hands-on and visually rich learning modalities that provide tactile and spatial engagement. These findings highlight the continued relevance of prosection of human tissues and LM in anatomy education while supporting a blended teaching approach that integrates digital resources to complement traditional methods and optimize student engagement and learning outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100452
G. Tanthuma , J.L. Kruger , B. Segwagwe , P. Mazengenya
Introduction
The clivus and foramen magnum are important landmarks in skull base surgeries. Incidental clival anatomical variations such as the fossa navicularis magna and canalis basilaris medianus, can mimic pathological lesions or fractures while the foramen magnum can be congenitally narrowed in conditions like achondroplasia and atlantooccipital fusion. This study investigated the morphology and morphometric dimensions of the clivus and foramen magnum in the adult population of Botswana using Computed Tomography (CT).
Materials and methods
This retrospective study analyzed 86 CT images of adult patients obtained from Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital, Gaborone. Measurements of the clivus and foramen magnum were acquired from reconstructed sagittal and axial CT planes. The clivus was evaluated for anatomical variations. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and independent t-tests to determine differences by sex and age group. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d.
Results
A single case of fossa navicularis magna was observed (1.2 %). Significant sex differences were identified in the clivus length (p = 0.001), foramen magnum anteroposterior diameter (p < 0.001), and transverse diameter (p = 0.001), with males exhibiting larger dimensions. No significant differences were found among age groups. Positive correlations were observed between clival and foramen magnum parameters (p < 0.01).
Conclusion
The morphometric characteristics of the clivus and foramen magnum were stable across age groups but exhibited marked sexual dimorphism, with males showing larger measurements. These findings provide baseline data relevant to skull base surgery, radiological diagnosis, and forensic identification within the Botswana population.
{"title":"Anatomical variations of the clivus and related craniometric measurements in the adult population of Botswana: A CT-Based study","authors":"G. Tanthuma , J.L. Kruger , B. Segwagwe , P. Mazengenya","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The clivus and foramen magnum are important landmarks in skull base surgeries. Incidental clival anatomical variations such as the fossa navicularis magna and canalis basilaris medianus, can mimic pathological lesions or fractures while the foramen magnum can be congenitally narrowed in conditions like achondroplasia and atlantooccipital fusion. This study investigated the morphology and morphometric dimensions of the clivus and foramen magnum in the adult population of Botswana using Computed Tomography (CT).</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This retrospective study analyzed 86 CT images of adult patients obtained from Sir Ketumile Masire Teaching Hospital, Gaborone. Measurements of the clivus and foramen magnum were acquired from reconstructed sagittal and axial CT planes. The clivus was evaluated for anatomical variations. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and independent <em>t</em>-tests to determine differences by sex and age group. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen's d.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A single case of fossa navicularis magna was observed (1.2 %). Significant sex differences were identified in the clivus length (p = 0.001), foramen magnum anteroposterior diameter (p < 0.001), and transverse diameter (p = 0.001), with males exhibiting larger dimensions. No significant differences were found among age groups. Positive correlations were observed between clival and foramen magnum parameters (p < 0.01).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The morphometric characteristics of the clivus and foramen magnum were stable across age groups but exhibited marked sexual dimorphism, with males showing larger measurements. These findings provide baseline data relevant to skull base surgery, radiological diagnosis, and forensic identification within the Botswana population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145486176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100437
Andrzej Żytkowski , Stanisław Orkisz
{"title":"Corrigendum to “The meaning of modern neuroanatomy” [Transl. Res. Anat. 37 (2024) 100361]","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100437","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The drill-hole injury model is used to evaluate the efficacy of interventions aimed at enhancing fracture healing and supporting clinical application. However, despite its frequent use, the detailed anatomical understanding required for accurate assessment of bone repair remains limited. This study aimed to conduct morphological and histological analyses of cortical bone healing following drill-hole injury in rat tibiae, providing fundamental anatomical insights to support future use of this model in translational research.
Methods
A 2.0-mm drill-hole injury was made bilaterally in rat proximal tibiae of rats. The rats were euthanized at predetermined time points, and the tibiae were collected for analysis. The outer surface and longitudinal and transverse sections of the defect were examined. For cross-sectional evaluation, the drill-hole injury was divided into defect and intramedullary regions.
Results
By day 5, a transition from inflammation to bone formation was observed. New bone was visible on the intramedullary region inner surface by day 7, expanding toward the defect region and narrowing progressively. Bone remodeling began in the intramedullary region after day 10, while bone formation in the defect region continued. By day 28, surface closure was macroscopically apparent on scanning electron microscopy images, but histology showed incomplete internal architecture and bone quality.
Conclusions
Accurate evaluation of the healing process in the drill-hole injury model requires a three-dimensional perspective and the incorporation of morphological and histological analyses. Such anatomical insights may have been overlooked previously and provide critical baseline data for precise bone-healing assessment in future translational research using this model.
{"title":"Anatomical reassessment of the rat cortical drill-hole injury model","authors":"Nao Yashima , Takumi Okunuki , Wataru Minamizono , Kaoru Fujikawa , Hirai Suito , Shingo Nakai , Masafumi Osako","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100450","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The drill-hole injury model is used to evaluate the efficacy of interventions aimed at enhancing fracture healing and supporting clinical application. However, despite its frequent use, the detailed anatomical understanding required for accurate assessment of bone repair remains limited. This study aimed to conduct morphological and histological analyses of cortical bone healing following drill-hole injury in rat tibiae, providing fundamental anatomical insights to support future use of this model in translational research.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A 2.0-mm drill-hole injury was made bilaterally in rat proximal tibiae of rats. The rats were euthanized at predetermined time points, and the tibiae were collected for analysis. The outer surface and longitudinal and transverse sections of the defect were examined. For cross-sectional evaluation, the drill-hole injury was divided into defect and intramedullary regions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>By day 5, a transition from inflammation to bone formation was observed. New bone was visible on the intramedullary region inner surface by day 7, expanding toward the defect region and narrowing progressively. Bone remodeling began in the intramedullary region after day 10, while bone formation in the defect region continued. By day 28, surface closure was macroscopically apparent on scanning electron microscopy images, but histology showed incomplete internal architecture and bone quality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Accurate evaluation of the healing process in the drill-hole injury model requires a three-dimensional perspective and the incorporation of morphological and histological analyses. Such anatomical insights may have been overlooked previously and provide critical baseline data for precise bone-healing assessment in future translational research using this model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100450"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pancreas has anatomical variations in surface morphology and positional relationships with adjacent organs, which can influence diagnostic interpretation and surgical risk. Despite extensive reports in several populations, the precise classification of pancreatic surface morphology, the position of the pancreatic tail relative to the spleen, and the incidence of artery pseudoaneurysms (AP) have never been documented in the Northeastern Thais.
Materials and methods
This study was conducted using 69 embalmed cadaveric samples from Northeastern Thai body donors. Pancreatic surface morphology (PSM) was classified, and the position of the pancreatic tail in relation to the spleen was observed. Concurrently, the vascular anatomy was investigated for the presence of AP. Data were analyzed for prevalence by morphological type, sex, tail-spleen relationship (TSR), and arterial anomaly.
Results
It was found that PSM was classified into 9 types: oblique (Type 1, 50.7 %), sigmoid (Type 2, 13.0 %), inverted V (Type 3, 2.9 %), L-shaped (Type 4, 2.90 %), inverted L (Type 5, 1.5 %), transverse (Type 6, 24.6 %), horseshoe (Type 7, 1.5 %), U-shaped (Type 8, 1.5 %), and short (Type9, 1.5 %), with notable sex-specific differences. The TSR was most commonly observed at the lower pole of the spleen (53.6 %), followed by the hilum (33.3 %), upper pole (7.3 %), and in 5.8 % of cases, did not reach the spleen. Incidence of AP was 2.9 %, identified in the hepatic artery of one female and the splenic artery of one male.
Conclusion
We reported nine distinct PSM types, with the oblique type being most prevalent, and differences between sexes in a Northeastern Thai population. The pancreatic tail was most frequently located at the lower pole of the spleen. These findings can impact clinical practice and future research in pancreatic anatomy and pathology.
{"title":"A triple incidence report of pancreatic surface morphology, tail-spleen relationships, and artery pseudoaneurysm","authors":"Tanamin Sithsetthakool , Phatthiraporn Aorachon , Yutthaphong Patjorn , Nichapa Phunchago , Sitthichai Iamsaard","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The pancreas has anatomical variations in surface morphology and positional relationships with adjacent organs, which can influence diagnostic interpretation and surgical risk. Despite extensive reports in several populations, the precise classification of pancreatic surface morphology, the position of the pancreatic tail relative to the spleen, and the incidence of artery pseudoaneurysms (AP) have never been documented in the Northeastern Thais.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This study was conducted using 69 embalmed cadaveric samples from Northeastern Thai body donors. Pancreatic surface morphology (PSM) was classified, and the position of the pancreatic tail in relation to the spleen was observed. Concurrently, the vascular anatomy was investigated for the presence of AP. Data were analyzed for prevalence by morphological type, sex, tail-spleen relationship (TSR), and arterial anomaly.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>It was found that PSM was classified into 9 types: oblique (Type 1, 50.7 %), sigmoid (Type 2, 13.0 %), inverted V (Type 3, 2.9 %), L-shaped (Type 4, 2.90 %), inverted L (Type 5, 1.5 %), transverse (Type 6, 24.6 %), horseshoe (Type 7, 1.5 %), U-shaped (Type 8, 1.5 %), and short (Type9, 1.5 %), with notable sex-specific differences. The TSR was most commonly observed at the lower pole of the spleen (53.6 %), followed by the hilum (33.3 %), upper pole (7.3 %), and in 5.8 % of cases, did not reach the spleen. Incidence of AP was 2.9 %, identified in the hepatic artery of one female and the splenic artery of one male.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We reported nine distinct PSM types, with the oblique type being most prevalent, and differences between sexes in a Northeastern Thai population. The pancreatic tail was most frequently located at the lower pole of the spleen. These findings can impact clinical practice and future research in pancreatic anatomy and pathology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"41 ","pages":"Article 100453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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