Pub Date : 2025-04-13DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100402
Felix Scholkmann , Yiming Shen , Pan-Dong Ryu
Background
Numerous studies have documented the existence of an additional vascular system in mammals: the primo vascular system (PVS), consisting of primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes.
Methods
The PVS was investigated in five Sprague-Dawley rats. The dye Alcian blue was injected into the lymph node near the lumbar spine (lumbar lymph node) in one rat to stain the lymphatic tissue to determine whether the lymphatic vessels (LVs) contained PVs.
Results
A PV (diameter: ∼30–50 μm) inside a LV (diameter: ∼120–200 μm) was identified near the inferior vena cava. Microscopy images of this specimen are shown in this report and analysed. A reference is given to a detailed guide on how to find, extract and analyse the PVs within the LVs of rats.
Conclusions
The case report documents a PV inside an LV and shows that LVs can contain a secondary vessel that could be identified as a PV and part of the PVS.
{"title":"Microscopic analysis of a primo vessel within a lymphatic vessel in a Sprague-Dawley rat","authors":"Felix Scholkmann , Yiming Shen , Pan-Dong Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Numerous studies have documented the existence of an additional vascular system in mammals: the primo vascular system (PVS), consisting of primo vessels (PVs) and primo nodes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The PVS was investigated in five Sprague-Dawley rats. The dye Alcian blue was injected into the lymph node near the lumbar spine (lumbar lymph node) in one rat to stain the lymphatic tissue to determine whether the lymphatic vessels (LVs) contained PVs.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A PV (diameter: ∼30–50 μm) inside a LV (diameter: ∼120–200 μm) was identified near the inferior vena cava. Microscopy images of this specimen are shown in this report and analysed. A reference is given to a detailed guide on how to find, extract and analyse the PVs within the LVs of rats.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The case report documents a PV inside an LV and shows that LVs can contain a secondary vessel that could be identified as a PV and part of the PVS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100400
Mamatha Hosapatna , Shreya Saha , Muralimanju B V , Soumyalatha Naveen , Rohini Punja
Background
The oblique popliteal ligament (OPL) plays a crucial role in knee stability, yet its anatomical variations are not fully understood. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive morphometric and morphological analysis of the OPL in the South Indian population.
Methods
Twenty cadaveric knee specimens were dissected and examined. The length and width of the OPL were measured using digital calipers. Morphological characteristics, including shape and attachment patterns, were observed and classified.
Results
The mean length of the OPL was 28.9 ± 3.7 mm, with a width of 17.5 ± 4.3 mm at the origin and 18.3 ± 4.4 mm at the midpoint. Three main types of OPL were identified: Type 1 (45 %) with an accessory upper band, Type 2 (30 %) with a broad medial attachment, and Type 4 (25 %) with a fan-like appearance. Five shape variations were observed: band shape (30 %), trident shape (25 %), complex shape (20 %), Z-shape (15 %), and Y-shape (10 %).
Conclusion
This study reveals significant variability in OPL morphology and dimensions. These findings have important implications for understanding knee biomechanics, improving surgical techniques, and enhancing the interpretation of imaging studies of the posterior knee.
{"title":"Anatomical characterization of oblique popliteal ligament and its clinical significance on knee joint stability","authors":"Mamatha Hosapatna , Shreya Saha , Muralimanju B V , Soumyalatha Naveen , Rohini Punja","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The oblique popliteal ligament (OPL) plays a crucial role in knee stability, yet its anatomical variations are not fully understood. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive morphometric and morphological analysis of the OPL in the South Indian population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty cadaveric knee specimens were dissected and examined. The length and width of the OPL were measured using digital calipers. Morphological characteristics, including shape and attachment patterns, were observed and classified.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The mean length of the OPL was 28.9 ± 3.7 mm, with a width of 17.5 ± 4.3 mm at the origin and 18.3 ± 4.4 mm at the midpoint. Three main types of OPL were identified: Type 1 (45 %) with an accessory upper band, Type 2 (30 %) with a broad medial attachment, and Type 4 (25 %) with a fan-like appearance. Five shape variations were observed: band shape (30 %), trident shape (25 %), complex shape (20 %), Z-shape (15 %), and Y-shape (10 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study reveals significant variability in OPL morphology and dimensions. These findings have important implications for understanding knee biomechanics, improving surgical techniques, and enhancing the interpretation of imaging studies of the posterior knee.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-08DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100401
Andrzej Żytkowski , Jakub Dębski , Stanisław Orkisz
Background
Skull dissection and brain removal for dissection remain key steps in neuroanatomical procedures, both in anatomical education and scientific research. A technically correct skull opening and dissection determines the ability to explore the structures of the central nervous system further. It allows for preserving skull base topography for educational or scientific purposes.
Aim
This article compares selected skull opening techniques applied in anatomical and neuroanatomical practice. The paper also highlights technical modifications and offers technical suggestions for skull dissection in teaching and research.
Conclusions
Classical skull opening techniques, such as calvarial cap removal and median bisection, remain fundamental in anatomical dissection. Their modifications allow for enhanced visualization of intracranial structures and better preservation of cranial nerves. These approaches support both educational and technical goals in neuroanatomical training.
{"title":"Techniques of skull opening and brain extraction: Contemporary approaches and technical considerations","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Jakub Dębski , Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Skull dissection and brain removal for dissection remain key steps in neuroanatomical procedures, both in anatomical education and scientific research. A technically correct skull opening and dissection determines the ability to explore the structures of the central nervous system further. It allows for preserving skull base topography for educational or scientific purposes.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This article compares selected skull opening techniques applied in anatomical and neuroanatomical practice. The paper also highlights technical modifications and offers technical suggestions for skull dissection in teaching and research.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Classical skull opening techniques, such as calvarial cap removal and median bisection, remain fundamental in anatomical dissection. Their modifications allow for enhanced visualization of intracranial structures and better preservation of cranial nerves. These approaches support both educational and technical goals in neuroanatomical training.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pneumatocysts are benign lesions often detected by accident during full-FOV CBCT imaging. They appear as tiny, well-circumscribed, radiolucent lesions with a sclerotic rim. Dentists are likely to view this lesion on CBCT scans because of the growing use of this imaging modality in dentistry to assess maxillofacial structures. Identifying the pathognomonic characteristics of this benign, innocuous lesion is critical to prevent pointless studies and patient alarm.
Objectives
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pneumatocysts in the cervical spine and correlate it with age and sex.
Methodology
Large field-of-view computed tomography (CBCT) volumes in the radiology archives (338 total scans) were screened for vertebral pneumatocysts. When observing pneumatocysts on the scan, the number of pneumatocysts and the vertebra in which they were present were noted.
Results
Among the 338 patients, eight had pneumatocysts. We found no sex correlation but a definite correlation with age; the prevalence of pneumatocysts also increased as age increased.
Conclusion
Pneumatocysts in the cervical spine are rare. In our eight cases, these intravertebral pneumatocysts were discovered as unintentional findings on CBCT scans performed for dentomaxillofacial diagnostic purposes. To our knowledge, few studies have investigated these lesions via CBCT.
{"title":"Cervical spine pneumatocysts in cone beam CT scan volumes: Looking beyond the Jaws","authors":"Nandita Shenoy, Aishwarya Nair, Junaid Ahmed, Nanditha Sujir","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pneumatocysts are benign lesions often detected by accident during full-FOV CBCT imaging. They appear as tiny, well-circumscribed, radiolucent lesions with a sclerotic rim. Dentists are likely to view this lesion on CBCT scans because of the growing use of this imaging modality in dentistry to assess maxillofacial structures. Identifying the pathognomonic characteristics of this benign, innocuous lesion is critical to prevent pointless studies and patient alarm.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pneumatocysts in the cervical spine and correlate it with age and sex.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>Large field-of-view computed tomography (CBCT) volumes in the radiology archives (338 total scans) were screened for vertebral pneumatocysts. When observing pneumatocysts on the scan, the number of pneumatocysts and the vertebra in which they were present were noted.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the 338 patients, eight had pneumatocysts. We found no sex correlation but a definite correlation with age; the prevalence of pneumatocysts also increased as age increased.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Pneumatocysts in the cervical spine are rare. In our eight cases, these intravertebral pneumatocysts were discovered as unintentional findings on CBCT scans performed for dentomaxillofacial diagnostic purposes. To our knowledge, few studies have investigated these lesions via CBCT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Variations in the route followed by the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) and the position of the mental foramen (MF) could impact the placement of the neurovascular bundle, a vital consideration during mandibular surgeries. This study was conducted to investigate the morphology and the morphometry of the IAC and the position of the MF as seen on panoramic radiographs in a South African population.
Methods
A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 digital panoramic radiographs. The morphology, i.e., the anteroposterior course, the vertical and horizontal position, and the morphometric parameters of the IAC were obtained and analyzed. The mental foramen position was categorized and analyzed.
Results
Elliptic arc canals were the most frequently observed (55.00 %) anteroposterior course (APC) of the IAC. The intermediate position was the most common vertical position (48.30 %) of the IAC. The commonest horizontal relation of the IAC was type 1 (45.50 %), with a statistically significant difference between the right and left sides of the mandible. Many of the MF (50.00 %) were located at Position 4, with a statistically significant difference between the ages of 15–19 and 40–50. The mean measurement of the IAC decreased from the first molar to the third molar, with statistically significant differences between sexes and across age groups. The average diameter of the IAC was about 3–4 mm and was relatively constant.
Conclusion
As seen in other populations, most Black South Africans had a favorable APC of the IAC for rehabilitative purposes. Considering the vertical position, most of the canals (51.7 %) were in the high-risk zone (high and low canals), and females had a higher frequency of high canals. Clinicians should expect to find the MF symmetrically in line with the root tip of the second premolars: however, the position of the MF moves posteriorly with advancing age.
{"title":"Morphological and morphometric analysis of the inferior alveolar canal and mental foramen in black South Africans: A panoramic radiographic study","authors":"Ikeoluwa A. Oluwafemi , Nicolene Jooste , Pamela Pillay , Sundika Ishwarkumar-Govender","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Variations in the route followed by the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) and the position of the mental foramen (MF) could impact the placement of the neurovascular bundle, a vital consideration during mandibular surgeries. This study was conducted to investigate the morphology and the morphometry of the IAC and the position of the MF as seen on panoramic radiographs in a South African population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 digital panoramic radiographs. The morphology, i.e., the anteroposterior course, the vertical and horizontal position, and the morphometric parameters of the IAC were obtained and analyzed. The mental foramen position was categorized and analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Elliptic arc canals were the most frequently observed (55.00 %) anteroposterior course (APC) of the IAC. The intermediate position was the most common vertical position (48.30 %) of the IAC. The commonest horizontal relation of the IAC was type 1 (45.50 %), with a statistically significant difference between the right and left sides of the mandible. Many of the MF (50.00 %) were located at Position 4, with a statistically significant difference between the ages of 15–19 and 40–50. The mean measurement of the IAC decreased from the first molar to the third molar, with statistically significant differences between sexes and across age groups. The average diameter of the IAC was about 3–4 mm and was relatively constant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>As seen in other populations, most Black South Africans had a favorable APC of the IAC for rehabilitative purposes. Considering the vertical position, most of the canals (51.7 %) were in the high-risk zone (high and low canals), and females had a higher frequency of high canals. Clinicians should expect to find the MF symmetrically in line with the root tip of the second premolars: however, the position of the MF moves posteriorly with advancing age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100397
Parul Nagar , Jefferson Prince , Srikant N. , B.V. Murlimanju , Ritu Gupta , Shravan Shetty , Dharnappa Poojary
Background
The anterior tooth has various nonmetric traits, which vary between different populations. These traits serve as a valuable source of information for anthropologists and forensic odontologists, and some of these traits exhibit sexual dimorphism.
Methods
Dental casts of 163 patients in South Indian population, 69 males and 93 females, were scanned and digitized, and the anterior tooth traits of shoveling, double-shoveling, curvature, peg-lateral, and tuberculum dentale were observed and graded according to the scoring system by Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). Palatogingival groove was noted as present or absent.
Results
The prevalence of shoveling in the mandibular central incisor was 15.9 %–18.3 % and shoveling in the maxillary central incisor was 20 %–26.9 %. Shoveling was found in 24.7 %–28.6 % in the maxillary lateral incisor. The curvature of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 24.3 %–28 %. Tuberculum dentale was seen in 38.6 %–43 %. Double shoveling of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 7.1 %–7.5 %. Peg lateral was found in 8.6 % of males and 1.1 % of females, exhibiting significant gender differences. Palatogingival groove was present in 9.7 %–11.6 %. Sexual dimorphism in relation to shoveling pattern of lateral incisor and increased prevalence of palatogingival groove on the left side was noted.
Significance
Apart from shoveling, other anterior nonmetric traits have not been studied widely in different populations. These traits, which show variations, and their prevalence have been recorded in this study.
{"title":"Prevalence of anterior tooth traits among a sample of the coastal population of South India and comparative review of prevalence among the Eurasian population","authors":"Parul Nagar , Jefferson Prince , Srikant N. , B.V. Murlimanju , Ritu Gupta , Shravan Shetty , Dharnappa Poojary","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The anterior tooth has various nonmetric traits, which vary between different populations. These traits serve as a valuable source of information for anthropologists and forensic odontologists, and some of these traits exhibit sexual dimorphism.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Dental casts of 163 patients in South Indian population, 69 males and 93 females, were scanned and digitized, and the anterior tooth traits of shoveling, double-shoveling, curvature, peg-lateral, and tuberculum dentale were observed and graded according to the scoring system by Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). Palatogingival groove was noted as present or absent.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The prevalence of shoveling in the mandibular central incisor was 15.9 %–18.3 % and shoveling in the maxillary central incisor was 20 %–26.9 %. Shoveling was found in 24.7 %–28.6 % in the maxillary lateral incisor. The curvature of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 24.3 %–28 %. Tuberculum dentale was seen in 38.6 %–43 %. Double shoveling of the maxillary central incisor was seen in 7.1 %–7.5 %. Peg lateral was found in 8.6 % of males and 1.1 % of females, exhibiting significant gender differences. Palatogingival groove was present in 9.7 %–11.6 %. Sexual dimorphism in relation to shoveling pattern of lateral incisor and increased prevalence of palatogingival groove on the left side was noted.</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>Apart from shoveling, other anterior nonmetric traits have not been studied widely in different populations. These traits, which show variations, and their prevalence have been recorded in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-31DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100396
Glen J. Paton , Keegan G. Reynolds , Shahed Nalla
Background
This exploratory quantitative study examined the relationship between the transverse foramen (TF) and the anomalous arcuate foramen (AF) in the atlas vertebrae of a South African skeletal population comprising two cohorts, namely an AF-Present (AF-P) groups (n = 60) and an AF-Absent (AF-A) control group (n = 60).
Methods
The study analyzed the size relationship between the AF, and ipsilateral and contralateral TF. Potential correlations between TF dimensions and AF presence were evaluated using metric and non-metric shape assessments.
Results
In the AF-P cohort, the mean surface area of the left AF measured 31.46 mm2, and the left TF measured 31.52 mm2. The mean surface area size of the right AF was 30.96 mm2, while the right TF measured 30.24 mm2. The TF mean surface area in the AF-P group was larger than the AF-A group, with mean areas of 2.57 mm2 and 1.78 mm2 larger (left: 28.95 mm2 and right: 28.46 mm2, respectively). Males exhibited significantly larger TFs than females on the right side for anteroposterior, transverse and surface area measurements. The surface area of the right AF correlated strongly with the width and surface area of the left TF, and only the surface area of the right TF.
Conclusion
The general trend was that when the right AF surface area increased, as did the dimensions of the TF bilaterally. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of the size-relationship of AF and TF size variations, which may affect vertebral artery dynamics with movements or cervical spine manipulation.
{"title":"Size-relationship between transverse and arcuate foramina of atlas vertebrae in a modern South African skeletal population sample","authors":"Glen J. Paton , Keegan G. Reynolds , Shahed Nalla","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This exploratory quantitative study examined the relationship between the transverse foramen (TF) and the anomalous arcuate foramen (AF) in the atlas vertebrae of a South African skeletal population comprising two cohorts, namely an AF-Present (AF-P) groups (n = 60) and an AF-Absent (AF-A) control group (n = 60).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study analyzed the size relationship between the AF, and ipsilateral and contralateral TF. Potential correlations between TF dimensions and AF presence were evaluated using metric and non-metric shape assessments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the AF-P cohort, the mean surface area of the left AF measured 31.46 mm<sup>2</sup>, and the left TF measured 31.52 mm<sup>2</sup>. The mean surface area size of the right AF was 30.96 mm<sup>2</sup>, while the right TF measured 30.24 mm<sup>2</sup>. The TF mean surface area in the AF-P group was larger than the AF-A group, with mean areas of 2.57 mm<sup>2</sup> and 1.78 mm<sup>2</sup> larger (left: 28.95 mm<sup>2</sup> and right: 28.46 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively). Males exhibited significantly larger TFs than females on the right side for anteroposterior, transverse and surface area measurements. The surface area of the right AF correlated strongly with the width and surface area of the left TF, and only the surface area of the right TF.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The general trend was that when the right AF surface area increased, as did the dimensions of the TF bilaterally. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of the size-relationship of AF and TF size variations, which may affect vertebral artery dynamics with movements or cervical spine manipulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100395
Zaw Myo Hein , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir , Muhammad Danial Che Ramli , Ibrahim El-Serafi , Banthit Chetsawang
Background
Neuron-glial 2 (NG2) cells, or polydendrocytes, are dynamic glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. These cells interact with neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, modulating inflammatory responses, synaptic activity, and blood-brain barrier integrity. While NG2 cells have protective roles, their aberrant activation can contribute to scarring, inflammation, and neuronal degeneration.
Methods
This narrative review synthesizes current literature on the molecular and functional properties of NG2 cells with a focus on their involvement in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Relevant studies were identified through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as “NG2 cells,” “neuroinflammation,” and “neurodegenerative diseases.” Articles were selected based on relevance to NG2 cell biology, their interactions with other glial cells, and their therapeutic implications. Findings were categorized into key themes, including NG2 cell activation, inflammatory signaling, and potential therapeutic targets.
Conclusion
NG2 cells are key players in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, serving both protective and pathological roles. Understanding their mechanisms of action can aid in identifying therapeutic strategies targeting NG2 cell activation, including anti-inflammatory agents, epigenetic modulators, natural compounds, and monoclonal antibodies. Future research should explore NG2 cell-targeted interventions to develop novel treatments for CNS disorders.
{"title":"Neuron-Glial2 (NG2) cells: A promising target for neuroinflammation-related neurodegeneration","authors":"Zaw Myo Hein , Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir , Muhammad Danial Che Ramli , Ibrahim El-Serafi , Banthit Chetsawang","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuron-glial 2 (NG2) cells, or polydendrocytes, are dynamic glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. These cells interact with neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, modulating inflammatory responses, synaptic activity, and blood-brain barrier integrity. While NG2 cells have protective roles, their aberrant activation can contribute to scarring, inflammation, and neuronal degeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This narrative review synthesizes current literature on the molecular and functional properties of NG2 cells with a focus on their involvement in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Relevant studies were identified through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using keywords such as “NG2 cells,” “neuroinflammation,” and “neurodegenerative diseases.” Articles were selected based on relevance to NG2 cell biology, their interactions with other glial cells, and their therapeutic implications. Findings were categorized into key themes, including NG2 cell activation, inflammatory signaling, and potential therapeutic targets.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>NG2 cells are key players in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, serving both protective and pathological roles. Understanding their mechanisms of action can aid in identifying therapeutic strategies targeting NG2 cell activation, including anti-inflammatory agents, epigenetic modulators, natural compounds, and monoclonal antibodies. Future research should explore NG2 cell-targeted interventions to develop novel treatments for CNS disorders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100394
Ndumiso Siphelele Hlengwa , Okikioluwa Stephen Aladeyelu , Seke Nzau Mafuika , Livashin Naidu , Carmen Olivia Rennie
Introduction
A detailed understanding of the anatomical dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is essential in the surgical treatment of ankle joint injuries and ligament rehabilitation. While previous studies have explored the general morphology and morphometry of the LCL, there remains a gap in understanding how these characteristics vary based on sex and laterality. This study aimed to investigate the morphological and morphometric variations of the LCL, focusing on differences between sexes and between right and left ankles.
Method
Thirty-one ankles from sixteen human cadavers were dissected to investigate the LCL of the ankle. The LCL consists of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). Each ligament of the LCL was classified into three types according to the number of bands, i.e., Type I– single band, Type II– double bands (IIa-partially separated & IIb-completely separated), and Type III– triple bands for morphological observation. The length, width, and thickness of these ligaments were measured using a calliper for morphometric analysis and compared among sex and laterality.
Result
Type I was the most observed in all three ligaments (ATFL-61.3 %; CFL-87.1 %; PTFL-96.8 %). Significant sex differences were observed, with males having more Type I, while females had more Type II and III (p < 0.05). PTFL was significantly longer (25.31 ± 3.87 mm) and wider (7.05 ± 2.07 mm) in females (p < 0.05). CFL was significantly longer on the right (37.09 ± 4.57 mm; p < 0.05).
Conclusion
Morphological and morphometric variations significantly exist in the ligaments that make up the LCL in relation to sex and laterality. These identified variations could improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance surgical planning, and inform sex-specific rehabilitation strategies.
{"title":"Anatomical variations of the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle: Implications of sex and laterality on morphology and morphometry","authors":"Ndumiso Siphelele Hlengwa , Okikioluwa Stephen Aladeyelu , Seke Nzau Mafuika , Livashin Naidu , Carmen Olivia Rennie","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>A detailed understanding of the anatomical dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) is essential in the surgical treatment of ankle joint injuries and ligament rehabilitation. While previous studies have explored the general morphology and morphometry of the LCL, there remains a gap in understanding how these characteristics vary based on sex and laterality. This study aimed to investigate the morphological and morphometric variations of the LCL, focusing on differences between sexes and between right and left ankles.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Thirty-one ankles from sixteen human cadavers were dissected to investigate the LCL of the ankle. The LCL consists of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). Each ligament of the LCL was classified into three types according to the number of bands, i.e., Type I– single band, Type II– double bands (IIa-partially separated & IIb-completely separated), and Type III– triple bands for morphological observation. The length, width, and thickness of these ligaments were measured using a calliper for morphometric analysis and compared among sex and laterality.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Type I was the most observed in all three ligaments (ATFL-61.3 %; CFL-87.1 %; PTFL-96.8 %). Significant sex differences were observed, with males having more Type I, while females had more Type II and III (p < 0.05). PTFL was significantly longer (25.31 ± 3.87 mm) and wider (7.05 ± 2.07 mm) in females (p < 0.05). CFL was significantly longer on the right (37.09 ± 4.57 mm; p < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Morphological and morphometric variations significantly exist in the ligaments that make up the LCL in relation to sex and laterality. These identified variations could improve diagnostic accuracy, enhance surgical planning, and inform sex-specific rehabilitation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-20DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2025.100393
Andrzej Żytkowski , Jakub Dębski , Stanisław Orkisz
Background
The Klingler's brain dissection technique, originally introduced by Ludwig Klingler in 1935, can be considered an useful research toll for investigating the structural organization of white matter tracts in the human brain. The method involves freezing formalin-fixed brain tissue, which facilitates the separation of fiber tracts, making it a crucial tool for both neuroanatomical education and research on brain connectivity.
Aim
Given the practical relevance of this technique in both research and neurosurgical training, this review aims to recall the original Klingler's method, analyze key modifications introduced in recent years, and evaluate its significance in contemporary anatomical and neuroimaging research.
Conclusions
The Klingler's fiber dissection technique remains a cornerstone of neuroanatomical research, particularly in combination with modern imaging techniques such as tractography. Its ability to reveal the three-dimensional architecture of white matter fibers has solidified its role in both anatomical education and neurosurgical planning.
{"title":"The Klingler's brain dissection technique: Review of the original procedure and technical considerations","authors":"Andrzej Żytkowski , Jakub Dębski , Stanisław Orkisz","doi":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tria.2025.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Klingler's brain dissection technique, originally introduced by Ludwig Klingler in 1935, can be considered an useful research toll for investigating the structural organization of white matter tracts in the human brain. The method involves freezing formalin-fixed brain tissue, which facilitates the separation of fiber tracts, making it a crucial tool for both neuroanatomical education and research on brain connectivity.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>Given the practical relevance of this technique in both research and neurosurgical training, this review aims to recall the original Klingler's method, analyze key modifications introduced in recent years, and evaluate its significance in contemporary anatomical and neuroimaging research.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The Klingler's fiber dissection technique remains a cornerstone of neuroanatomical research, particularly in combination with modern imaging techniques such as tractography. Its ability to reveal the three-dimensional architecture of white matter fibers has solidified its role in both anatomical education and neurosurgical planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37913,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Anatomy","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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