Translational Research in Anatomy最新文献

Exploring the septum pellucidum: Short review of anatomical insights and the clinical impact of septum pellucidum and cavum septi pellucidi 探索透明隔：对透明隔和透明腔的解剖学认识和临床影响的简短回顾

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100364

Background

The septum pellucidum (SP) is a thin, triangular, and delicate structure in the brain. It consists of two layers of white and gray matter and topographically is located between the lateral ventricles. The SP is part of the limbic system, which involves emotions, behavior, and memory.

Aim

This concise review provides an overview of the anatomy, development, and clinical significance of the SP, with a specific focus on cavum septi pellucidi (CSP). It also discusses its implications for brain function and its potential link to neurological disorders.

Conclusions

As an essential structure within the limbic system, the SP and its associated variations, like CSP, offer valuable insights into brain development and function, particularly concerning emotions, memory, and psychiatric disorders. Understanding the role of the septum pellucidum and its developmental anomalies may shed light on various neuropsychiatric conditions and help guide future research and clinical practices.

背景透明隔（SP）是大脑中一个薄而脆弱的三角形结构。它由两层白质和灰质组成，在地形上位于侧脑室之间。这篇简明综述概述了大脑边缘系统的解剖、发育和临床意义，并特别关注隔腔（cavum septi pellucidi，CSP）。结论作为边缘系统的重要结构，SP 及其相关变异（如 CSP）为大脑发育和功能，尤其是情绪、记忆和精神疾病提供了宝贵的见解。了解透明隔的作用及其发育异常可揭示各种神经精神疾病，并有助于指导未来的研究和临床实践。

引用次数: 0

Microsurgical assessment of thymus vascular anatomy 胸腺血管解剖显微手术评估

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100363

Background

The thymus is pivotal for immune system development by facilitating T-cell maturation. Current treatments for congenital athymia typically involve avascular transplantation of allogeneic thymic tissue. However, vascularizing an infant thymus for transplantation could offer improved outcomes, necessitating a detailed understanding of its vascular anatomy.

Method

Between June and November 2022, we conducted a feasibility study at our tertiary care university hospital, examining seven thymus glands that were surgically removed and discarded during corrective surgeries for congenital heart disease in patients aged 16 days to 17 months.

Results

Angiographic analysis revealed distinct vascular pathways in infant thymic lobes, with arteries averaging 0.5 mm and veins 0.8 mm in diameter, both showing adequate perfusion with Belzer solution.

Conclusion

These findings provide critical insights into the vascular anatomy of the infant thymus, underscoring its potential for microvascular revascularization and transplantation.

背景胸腺促进 T 细胞成熟，对免疫系统的发育至关重要。目前治疗先天性无胸腺症的方法通常包括异体胸腺组织的无血管移植。方法2022年6月至11月期间，我们在大学附属三级医院进行了一项可行性研究，对年龄在16天至17个月的先天性心脏病患者在矫正手术中切除并丢弃的7个胸腺进行了检查。结果血管造影分析表明，婴儿胸腺叶中的血管通路各不相同，动脉平均直径为 0.5 毫米，静脉平均直径为 0.8 毫米，两者都能充分灌注贝尔泽溶液。

引用次数: 0

Cerebral convexity arachnoid cysts: A focused systematic review with defining characteristics 大脑凸面蛛网膜囊肿：具有明确特征的重点系统综述

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100362

Introduction

Arachnoid cysts are non-neoplastic accumulations of cerebrospinal fluid formed within partitioned layers of the arachnoid mater. They represent about 1% of all intracranial masses in humans. Most arachnoid cysts present in the middle cranial fossa, but few occur along the cerebral convexity. Gross imaging of cerebral convexity arachnoid cysts (CCACs) is extremely scarce. The purpose of this study is to conduct a focused systematic review of CCACs and report their defining clinical characteristics.

Methods

A systematic literature review was conducted to compile and summarize primary sources of anatomical and clinical information about CCACs. A large CCAC was discovered and dissected in a human cadaver. The CCAC was photographed in situ, and its impacts on contiguous gyri and sulci were documented and presented as a representative example of a CCAC.

Results

CCAC formation is attributed to congenital (primary) or trauma-related (secondary) etiologies. While they are often asymptomatic, CCAC location and size can influence symptomology. The anticipated increase in intracranial pressure can elicit mild (e.g., headache) to severe (e.g., seizure, hydrocephalus) sequelae. The present study exhibits a remarkably large CCAC that developed within the left central sulcus, displacing the precentral and postcentral gyri. The central sulcus artery and vein were present and appeared unaffected.

Conclusions

Management of CCACs can range from close observation with no intervention in asymptomatic cases to surgical intervention. Typical surgical options include microsurgical fenestration via craniotomy, neuroendoscopic fenestration, and various forms of shunting. The efficacy of one surgical approach over another remains highly debated. As CCACs are mostly diagnosed with CT and/or MRI, gross imaging of CCACs is extremely rare. This study provides clinical anatomists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons with visual insight and perspective into the physical and clinical characteristics of CCACs.

导言蛛网膜囊肿是在蛛网膜分隔层内形成的非肿瘤性脑脊液积聚。它们约占人类颅内肿块总数的 1%。大多数蛛网膜囊肿位于颅中窝，但也有少数沿脑凸发生。脑凸部蛛网膜囊肿（CCACs）的大体成像极为罕见。本研究的目的是对CCACs进行一次有针对性的系统回顾，并报告其定义性临床特征。方法对文献进行系统回顾，汇编和总结有关CCACs的解剖和临床信息的主要来源。在一具人体尸体上发现并解剖了一个大的CCAC。结果CCAC的形成归因于先天性（原发性）或创伤相关（继发性）病因。虽然它们通常没有症状，但 CCAC 的位置和大小会影响症状。预期的颅内压增高可引起轻微（如头痛）至严重（如癫痫发作、脑积水）的后遗症。本研究显示，左侧中央沟内发育了一个非常大的 CCAC，使中央前回和中央后回移位。结论CCAC的治疗范围包括无症状病例的密切观察和不干预，以及手术干预。典型的手术方案包括开颅显微外科手术、神经内窥镜手术和各种形式的分流术。对于一种手术方法比另一种方法的疗效，目前仍存在很大争议。由于 CCAC 大多通过 CT 和/或 MRI 诊断，CCAC 的大体成像极为罕见。这项研究为临床解剖学家、神经学家和神经外科医生提供了直观的视角，让他们了解CCAC的物理和临床特征。

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引用次数: 0

Intracranial injuries in the autopsy material of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Lodz with analysis of anatomical lesions caused by traumatic brain injuries 罗兹医科大学法医系尸体解剖材料中的颅内损伤以及脑外伤引起的解剖学病变分析

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100360

Background

In 2022, 408 autopsies were performed in the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Lodz Medical University, of which as many as 82 concerned deaths with intracranial injuries, which represents about 20 % of all performed autopsies.

Aim

The article presents a comparative analysis of deaths of people with intracranial injuries in terms of frequency, the structure of victims (gender, age, sobriety), type of injury (intracranial bleeding, bruises of nerve tissue, nerve tissue tears, posttraumatic brain oedema, etc.), causes and circumstances of death, place of death (house, hospital, street) survival time, type of tool/object used, and the obtained data were compared with publications from other departments of forensic medicine.

Results

The victims were definitely male. Regarding age, deaths mainly concerned people between 31 and 70. The most common cause of death was multi-organ injuries, craniocerebral, intracranial and the least other injuries. Regarding the circumstances of the deaths, most of the cases were accidents; the fewest were homicides.

背景2022年，罗兹医科大学法医系进行了408例尸检，其中82例涉及颅内损伤死亡，约占所有尸检的20%。本文从频率、受害者结构（性别、年龄、清醒程度）、损伤类型（颅内出血、神经组织挫伤、神经组织撕裂、外伤后脑水肿等）、死亡原因和情况等方面对颅内损伤导致的死亡进行了比较分析。将所得数据与其他法医部门的出版物进行比较。就年龄而言，死亡者主要集中在 31 岁至 70 岁之间。最常见的死因是多器官损伤、颅脑损伤和颅内损伤，其他损伤最少。就死亡情况而言，大多数是意外事故，最少的是凶杀案。

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引用次数: 0

The meaning of modern neuroanatomy 现代神经解剖学的意义

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100361

Background

Neuroanatomy, the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system, has developed gradually to become a cornerstone of neurological sciences. As understanding of the brain and its intricate networks continues to evolve, modern neuroanatomy integrates advanced technologies and multidisciplinary approaches to provide deeper insights into the complexities of the human brain.

Aim

This report aims to present the meaning of modern neuroanatomy, its tools, applications, and the future perspectives.

Conclusions

The data gained from modern neuroanatomy have profound implications for understanding brain function, diagnosing and treating neurological disorders, and addressing ethical and societal challenges.

背景神经解剖学是对神经系统的结构和组织的研究，已逐渐发展成为神经科学的基石。本报告旨在介绍现代神经解剖学的意义、工具、应用和未来展望。结论现代神经解剖学获得的数据对了解大脑功能、诊断和治疗神经系统疾病以及应对伦理和社会挑战具有深远影响。

引用次数: 0

Morphometric evaluation of suprascapular notch and superior angle of the scapula using three-dimensional computed tomography in the Indian population 在印度人群中使用三维计算机断层扫描对肩胛骨上切迹和肩胛骨上角进行形态学评估

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100359

Background

Among the various aspects of scapular anatomy, the suprascapular notch has gained attention as its anatomical variation is a predisposing factor for compression of the suprascapular nerve in this region, potentially impacting orthopedic surgery. This study aims to investigate the morphology of suprascapular notch (SSN) and its variation with age and sexual dimorphism. It also seeks to classify and correlate the superior angle of the scapula with the SSN in the Indian population.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 360 computed tomography scans of scapulae of 180 adults was conducted. The morphology of SSN was classified according to Rengachary's classification (types I-VI), and the maximum depth (MD) and maximum width (MW) of SSN were measured. The superior angle of the scapula was classified based on morphological characteristics.

Results

Type I SSN was the most prevalent, suggesting lower susceptibility to suprascapular nerve entrapment. Males had significantly greater MD than females. Identical types of SSN and superior angles on both sides of the scapula were statistically significant, though variations on each side were also observed. There was no significant difference in age. The superior angle of the scapula was classified into four types: Hilly, mountain peak, crescent, and chimney, with the hilly type being the most common. No correlation was found between SSN and the superior angle.

Conclusion

These findings may provide a comprehensive understanding necessary for accurate diagnoses of related abnormalities and for performing safe and effective endoscopic and open surgical procedures in the suprascapular region.

背景在肩胛骨解剖的各个方面中，肩胛骨上切迹受到了关注，因为其解剖变异是该区域肩胛上神经受压的一个易感因素，可能会对骨科手术产生影响。本研究旨在调查肩胛上切迹（SSN）的形态及其随年龄和性别畸形的变化。方法对 180 名成人的 360 例肩胛骨计算机断层扫描进行了回顾性分析。根据 Rengachary 的分类（I-VI 型）对 SSN 的形态进行了分类，并测量了 SSN 的最大深度（MD）和最大宽度（MW）。根据形态特征对肩胛骨上角进行了分类。结果I型SSN最常见，表明肩胛上神经卡压的易感性较低。男性的 MD 明显高于女性。两侧肩胛骨的 SSN 类型和上角相同，但两侧也有差异，这在统计学上有显著意义。年龄差异不明显。肩胛骨上角分为四种类型：丘陵型、山峰型、新月型和烟囱型，其中丘陵型最为常见。结论这些发现可为准确诊断相关异常以及在肩胛骨上区进行安全有效的内窥镜和开放手术提供必要的全面了解。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing the effectiveness of teaching neuroanatomy: A comparative study using stained and unstained brain sections to interpret cross sectional neuroanatomy 提高神经解剖学的教学效果：使用染色和未染色脑切片解读神经解剖横断面的比较研究

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100358

Background

Neuroanatomy is considered one of the most challenging parts of anatomy curriculum and the complexity in understanding neuroanatomy generates from the lack of a 3-dimensional view of the structures. Since everything appears grey and white and is difficult to differentiate the various structures in a cross section of brain, staining aids in the visual interpretation and retention. There are various staining methods employed such as Mulligan's method, Alston's method, Prussian blue reaction method, however the results obtained by Alston's method was the best as gathered from previous literature.

Material and methods

The study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, formalin fixed brain slices measuring 10 mm thickness were stained using Alston's method. 250 medical students of the first professional year were demonstrated features such as the internal capsule, caudate nucleus, lentiform and thalamus in the stained and unstained transverse sections of cerebrum during their neuroanatomy practical sessions. Following which a feedback was collected regarding both the specimens using Microsoft Forms.

Results

There was a positive feedback from the students with 83 % of them preferring the stained over the unstained section. Excerpts from the open ended question where all in favour of the stained sections -“much easier to see and identify the parts in the stained section because of the clear distinction between white and grey matter”.

Conclusions

Macroscopic staining of sections of the brain using Alston's method could be implemented as a valuable method for effective teaching of neuroanatomy since students appreciated the structures better in the stained sections which enhanced their retention of neuroanatomy. Since Alston stain produces the least shrinkage, these stained sections could be utilized for research studies and such specimens could also be plastinated.

背景神经解剖学被认为是解剖学课程中最具挑战性的部分之一，理解神经解剖学的复杂性源于缺乏结构的三维视图。由于一切都呈现灰白色，很难区分大脑横截面上的各种结构，因此染色有助于视觉解读和记忆。有多种染色方法可供选择，如穆利根染色法、阿尔斯通染色法、普鲁士蓝反应法等，但从以往文献中收集的资料来看，阿尔斯通染色法的效果最好。250 名医学专业一年级学生在神经解剖学实践课上展示了染色和未染色的大脑横向切片中的内囊、尾状核、扁桃体和丘脑等特征。结果学生们的反馈很积极，83%的学生更喜欢染色切片而不是未染色切片。结论使用阿尔斯通方法对大脑切片进行显微染色可作为一种有效的神经解剖学教学方法，因为学生能更好地观察染色切片中的结构，从而提高他们对神经解剖学的记忆。由于阿尔斯通染色法产生的收缩最小，这些染色切片可用于研究，此类标本也可进行塑化。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomical variations of the human mandible and prevalence of duplicated mental and mandibular foramina in the collection of the State University of Londrina 隆德里纳州立大学收藏品中人类下颌骨的解剖变异以及重复的精神孔和下颌孔的普遍性

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100357

Background

The knowledge of the morphology of the human mandible is essential for diverse dental procedures. The potential anatomical variations of the bone, including the presence of accessory foramina, may culminate in significant clinical outcomes and implications, directly impacting dental surgery and anesthesia.

Aim of study

This study aimed to evaluate the general morphology of human mandibles in the collection of the State University of Londrina, South Brazil, and to determine the presence of anatomical variations.

Materials and methods

A total of 63 mandibles were measured bilaterally with a pachymeter for various dimensions, and a proportional calculation of each parameter was obtained, based on the size of the length of each mandibular base. In addition to the general descriptive morphology of the mandibles, considering that six mandibles presented duplicated foramina, they were divided into two groups, and the mandibles with no anatomical variation (normal group, N = 57) were compared to those with duplicated foramina (N = 6). Data were checked for normal distribution and then tested statistically.

Results

Six out of 63 mandibles (9.52 %) presented duplicated foramina, either mental or mandibular. Significant differences between the normal group and the duplicated foramina group were found in the lengths between mandibular angle and condylar process on both sides (right: 65.14 mm vs. 74.91 mm, p = 0.001; left: 65.04 mm vs. 72.34 mm, p = 0.019); between mandibular angle and coronoid process on the right side (59.55 mm vs. 67.67 mm, p = 0.007); and in the diameter of the left mandibular foramen (3.71 mm vs. 4.64 mm, p = 0.04), with the duplicated foramina group presenting a higher average for all parameters.

Conclusion

These findings provide a morphological pattern for the Department of Anatomy of the State University of Londrina collection and highlight the presence of anatomical variations of the human mandible, specifically regarding duplicated foramina. The presence of accessory mental and mandibular foramina is clinically significant for dental procedures, potentially impacting the anesthesia. Understanding these variations is crucial for dental surgeons to prevent complications. Future research should further explore the functional implications and clinical significance of these variations.

背景了解人类下颌骨的形态对各种牙科手术至关重要。研究目的本研究旨在评估南巴西隆德里纳州立大学收藏的人类下颌骨的总体形态，并确定是否存在解剖变异。材料和方法用测径仪测量了 63 个下颌骨的各种尺寸，并根据每个下颌骨基部长度的大小按比例计算出每个参数。除了下颌骨的一般描述性形态外，考虑到有 6 个下颌骨有重复的孔，因此将它们分为两组，将没有解剖学变化的下颌骨（正常组，N = 57）与有重复孔的下颌骨（N = 6）进行比较。结果在 63 个下颌骨中，有 6 个（9.52%）出现了重复的椎孔，包括椎孔或下颌孔。正常组与重复下颌孔组在两侧下颌角与髁突之间的长度（右侧：65.14 mm vs. 74.91 mm，p = 0.001；左侧：65.04 mm vs. 72.34 mm，p = 0.019）；右侧下颌角与冠状突之间的长度（59.55 mm vs. 67.67 mm，p = 0.007）；以及左侧下颌孔的直径（3.结论：这些发现为隆德里纳州立大学解剖学系提供了一种形态模式，突出了人类下颌骨解剖变异的存在，特别是在重复下颌孔方面。附属精神孔和下颌孔的存在对牙科手术具有重要的临床意义，可能会影响麻醉效果。了解这些变化对牙科医生预防并发症至关重要。未来的研究应进一步探讨这些变异的功能影响和临床意义。

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引用次数: 0

Exhibition of the rare deep abductor-flexor of the fifth digit with concurrent hypothenar aberrations 展示罕见的第五指深内收屈，同时伴有下颌畸形

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100356

Introduction

Intrinsic coordination of the fifth digit of the hand is largely controlled by the abductor digiti minimi (ADM), flexor digiti minimi brevis (FDMB), and opponens digiti minimi (ODM) muscles (i.e., the hypothenar muscles). Hypothenar muscle variations have been reported; however, biomechanical analyses are seldom performed and descriptions of rare variants such as the deep abductor-flexor of the fifth digit (DAF5) are especially scarce. This study aims to investigate an especially unique case involving the rare DAF5 among additional hypothenar muscle aberrations with biomechanical analysis and discussion of clinical implications.

Methods

An especially unique case of multiple unilateral (left) hypothenar muscle aberrations was discovered during routine human cadaver dissection. The aberrations were cleaned of extraneous fascia and photographed in situ. Mass and fascicle length were measured and mean postmortem fixed sarcomere states were determined via light microscopy to calculate a normalized maximal isometric force (F_max) for each muscle.

Results

The concurrent aberrations included two accessory ADM muscles, three accessory FDMB muscles, an accessory ODM muscle, and a bicipital DAF5. The curved long head of DAF5 (F_max = 4.77 N) originated from the transverse carpal ligament (across midline), while the straight short head (F_max = 1.23 N) originated from the pisiform. The two heads united to form a prominent 3 cm tendon which inserted on the medial aspect of the base of the fifth proximal phalanx. Notably, the long head separated the ulnar artery (superficial) from the ulnar nerve (deep).

Conclusions

The presence of consecutive hypothenar anomalies could influence fifth digit coordination for proper hand function, and the concomitant DAF5 could implicate the underlying median and ulnar nerves. Insights from this report may inform occupational and physical therapists, orthopedic surgeons, and medical anatomy educators when treating or deliberating related cases.

导言手部第五位指头的内在协调主要由小指内收肌(ADM)、小指外屈肌(FDMB)和小指对侧肌(ODM)（即指下肌）控制。有报道称，腓肠肌变异；然而，很少进行生物力学分析，对第五指深内收-屈肌（DAF5）等罕见变异的描述尤其稀少。本研究旨在调查一个特别独特的病例，该病例涉及罕见的 DAF5 以及其他下横肌畸形，并对其进行生物力学分析和临床意义讨论。对畸变部位的多余筋膜进行了清理，并拍摄了原位照片。测量了肌肉的质量和筋膜长度，并通过光学显微镜确定了死后固定的平均肌节状态，从而计算出每块肌肉的归一化最大等长力（Fmax）。DAF5 的弯曲长头（Fmax = 4.77 N）源于腕横韧带（横跨中线），而笔直短头（Fmax = 1.23 N）源于腕岬。这两个头结合在一起，形成一条突出的 3 厘米长的肌腱，插入第五近节指骨基部的内侧。值得注意的是，长头将尺动脉（浅层）与尺神经（深层）分开。结论：连续的足下垂异常可能会影响第五位手指的协调，从而影响手的正常功能，而同时出现的 DAF5 可能会牵连到下面的正中神经和尺神经。本报告的见解可为职业和物理治疗师、骨科医生和医学解剖教育工作者在治疗或讨论相关病例时提供参考。

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引用次数: 0

Bipartition of the atlanto-occipital joint surfaces in a South African sample 南非样本中寰枕关节面的双分区

Q3 Medicine

Translational Research in Anatomy

Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2024.100355

Background

One variation of the atlanto-occipital joint contains a groove or crest dividing the superior articulating facet of C1 and/or the corresponding occipital condyle. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of bipartition of the facets associated with the atlanto-occipital joint and to determine the relationships between the corresponding joint surfaces, bilateral and unilateral facets as well as demographic factors in a South African sample.

Materials and methods

Data about shape and bipartition found on the superior articular facets of the atlas and the occipital condyles were collected from 109 skulls and atlases from the Pretoria Bone Collection, South Africa. Shape data was categorically classified according to existing criteria from literature.

Results

The results revealed the occasional occurrence of a double facet at both the superior articular facet of the atlas (15.6 %), and the occipital condyle (7.34 %). Shape and facet number of the superior articulating facet and corresponding occipital condyle were significantly correlated. The prevalence of bipartition of neither the superior articular facets nor the occipital condyles were statistically significantly different between the left and right sides. Sex and age did not statistically significantly contribute to prevalence of bipartition in this population. However, population group statistically significantly contributed to prevalence of bipartition (p = 0.019), with the White South African sample having a much higher prevalence (88.24 % superior articulating facet, 100 % occipital condyle) of bipartition compared to the Black South African sample (11.76 % superior articular facet, 0 % occipital condyle).

Conclusion

Awareness of this joint variation and instances where it is more likely to occur may be valuable for neuro-vascular and orthopaedic surgeons when doing invasive treatments around the craniocervical junction, and chiropractors when assessing and treating patients.

背景寰枕关节的一种变异包含一个凹槽或嵴，将 C1 的上关节面和/或相应的枕骨髁分隔开。本研究旨在估算与寰枕关节相关的面的双分区发生率，并确定南非样本中相应关节面、双侧和单侧面以及人口统计学因素之间的关系。材料和方法从南非比勒陀利亚骨骼收藏馆的109个头骨和头骨图谱中收集了有关寰椎和枕骨髁上关节面的形状和双分区的数据。结果显示，寰椎上关节面（15.6%）和枕骨髁（7.34%）偶尔会出现双刻面。寰椎上关节面和相应枕骨髁的形状和切面数有显著相关性。左侧和右侧上关节面和枕骨髁的双分区发生率均无明显统计学差异。在该人群中，性别和年龄对双关节面的患病率没有明显的统计学影响。不过，从统计学角度看，人口组别对双侧髁状突的发生率有明显影响（p = 0.019），南非白人样本的双侧髁状突发生率（88.24 % 上关节面，100 % 枕骨髁）远高于南非黑人样本（11.结论了解这种关节变异以及更容易发生这种变异的情况，对于神经血管外科医生和矫形外科医生在颅颈交界处进行侵入性治疗时，以及脊骨神经科医生在评估和治疗患者时，都是非常有价值的。

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引用次数: 0